What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions? How do they affect the enthalpy and the temperature of the system and the surroundings?

Answer:

71.9 L

Explanation:

PV = nRT

STP means 273K and 1.00 atm

(1.00 atm)(V) = (3.21 mol)(0.08206 L*atm/mol*K)(273K)

V = 71.9 L

The amount of energy required is 319kJ mol ⁻¹.

Wavelength is the distance between identical points in adjacent cycles of a waveform signal propagating in space or along a wire. In wireless systems, this length is usually expressed in meters, centimeters, or millimeters. Wavelength is the distance between two wave crests and the same for wave troughs.

Wavelength can be defined as the distance between two consecutive peaks or valleys. Measured in the direction of the wave. Wavelength is the distance between two wave crests and the same for wave troughs. Frequency is the number of oscillations that pass through a particular point in one second, measured in cycles per second.

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A reaction between an acid and a base occurs when vinegar and baking soda are combined. Baking soda serves as the base, and vinegar is the acid. A gas known as carbon dioxide bubbles and foams as a result of this reaction between the two. Because there is nowhere else for this gas, it expands the balloon, resulting in the self-inflating balloon.

SCIENCE: Carbon dioxide is a gas produced when baking soda and vinegar are combined. The gas starts to extend in the jug and begins to expand the inflatable. The balloon will expand in size the more gas produced.

Because their particles travel at high speeds in all directions, gases expand quickly. Since the carbon dioxide gas has nowhere else to go, it begins to fill the balloon as it fills the bottle. The balloon expands as the carbon dioxide gas fills it.

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irradiation of quartz that contains traces of aluminum will produce cairngorm

To produce the morion variety of peaty quartz, any quartz can be irradiated. Furthermore, when exposed to 0.5 to 1.5 mrd of ores 60, gamma, X-ray, or electron radiation, all quartz would then turn a blackish or brownish colour. However, this will not result in uniform colour. Irradiated smoky quartz does not present any radiation risk. Irradiating a crystal causes some energy to accumulate in the crystalline structure, which can change the optical characteristics, most notably the colour. For centuries, gem nutrients have indeed been prized and sought after. If they are transparent, they can be segmented and refined to create attractive stones to be used in jewellery and other ornamental purposes

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The correct option is e)t  a and b only. Riboflavin and deoxyribose are both components of the molecule, while phosphodiester bonds link the two together.

Molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. The atoms that make up a molecule can be from the same element, such as two hydrogen atoms, or from different elements, such as a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom. Molecules can be as small as two atoms or as large as thousands of atoms. The properties of a molecule depend on how the atoms are arranged and the type of bonds that are formed.

Riboflavin is a B vitamin found in foods such as milk, eggs, and green vegetables, while deoxyribose is a five-carbon sugar that forms the backbone of DNA. Phosphodiester bonds are covalent chemical bonds which link the two components of the molecule together.

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NNaO3  is the empirical formula of the compound, a compound contains 27.04% sodium, 16.48% nitrogen and 56.52% oxygen

⇒Find molar mass of each component: N=14.0067, Na=22.98976928, O=15.9994

⇒Convert to moles: N=1.1765797796769, Na=1.1761753530743, O=3.5295073565259

⇒Find smallest mole value: 1.1761753530743

⇒Divide all components by the smallest value: N=1.0003438489011, Na=1, O=3.0008343120781

⇒Round to closest whole numbers: N=1, Na=1, O=3

⇒Combine to get the empirical formula: NNaO3,

The scientific name for nitrogen is N, and it is an element that has no colour nor smell. The ground beneath our feet, the water we drink, and the air we breathe all contain nitrogen. In reality, nitrogen makes up the majority of the atmosphere on Earth, making up around 78% of the atmosphere.

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There would be more of the bicarbonate ion present in the solution at low pH.

We know that the pH has to do with the degree of the acidity of the alkalinity of a given solution. We know that carbonic acid can be able to dissociate in solution via a reversible reaction.

In this case, when the pH is low, we know that there would now be more of the bicarbonate ion as the acid would  begin to dissociate so as to counter the constraint of the pH that has been imposed on the system.

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The study of the atom contribute to our understanding of the periodic table of the elements by providing information about the structure of the atom and the arrangement of the elements.

This study reveals how the elements are arranged.

Understanding atoms let scientists learn more about the building blocks of elements, which helped organize the periodic table. Scientists were able to organize the periodic table using the atomic weights and atomic numbers obtained from experiments that revealed the properties of individual atoms. Which is a system of categorizing the elements based on their atomic qualities, by comprehending the structure of the atom and the arrangement of the components.

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176.36g is the molecular weight of the unknown gas

At equal volumes, t2/t1= √M2 / √M1

Let the molecular mass of the unknown gas be x

16.6/5 = √x /4

√x = 16.4 × 4 / 5 = 13.28

x = 13.28*13.28

x = 176.36g

The entire mass of the atoms required to form a molecule per mole, expressed in grams, is what makes up the molar mass, also known as the molecular weight. Grams per mole are used to measure molar mass. The mass of 1 mole of a material, expressed in M grams, is its molecular weight, also known as its molar mass, abbreviated M. The mass of a given substance's molecules is its molecular weight. While molar mass and molecular weight have distinct definitions and measurement systems, their values are equivalent.

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Octahedral type of molecular geometries are possible for the complex ion [Co(en)(H2O)4]2+.

In chemistry, an octahedral molecular geometry (also called a square bipyramid) is a compound with six atoms or groups of atoms or ligands arranged symmetrically around a central atom and defining the vertices of the octahedron represents the shape of The octahedron has eight faces, so the prefix is ​​okta. The octahedral shape is characterized by Octahedral bond angle values of 90° and 180° define the octahedral shape. The angles between the four atoms forming the square bases of the two pyramids of the octahedral structure are 90°, as is the angle between each of these atoms and one of the apex atoms.

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Complete question :

Which of the following geometries for the complex ion [Co(en)(H2O)4]2+ are possible?

Check all that apply

trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal

octahedral

linear

tetrahedral or square planar

trigonal planar

The percentage abundance of lithium 6 is 6% and percentage abundance of lithium 7 is 94%.

Relative atomic mass is defined as the ratio of the average mass of atoms of a chemical element in a given sample to the atomic mass constant. The atomic mass constant is defined as being 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

R.A.M = (Mass.no ×Abundance) / (Total abundance)

Let the abundance of Li-6 be x

Relative abundance of Li-7 will be 100−x.

6.94 = (6 × x)+ 7(100−x) / 100

6x + 700 – 7x = 694

X = 6%

Li-6 has 6%, Li-7 has 94% because the sum of the percent natural abundances of all the isotopes of any given element must total 100%.  atoms that have the same atomic number (number of protons), but different mass numbers that is number of protons and neutrons are called isotopes.

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The chemical element KMnO4 is the same as potassium permanganate. Manganese is in the +7 oxidation state in this salt. The salt is also referred to as "potash permanganate." The ion of permanganate is a potent oxidizer.

Another popular technique for treating water to remove sulfur is manganese greensand. It is often advised for water with less hydrogen sulfide than 6.0 mg/l. A unique coating on a manganese greensand filter causes hydrogen sulfide gas to oxidize into solid sulfur particles, which are then filtered. Potassium permanganate is used to rejuvenate the greensand after all of the manganese oxide has been used up. Potassium permanganate is a purple oxidizing chemical that is added to the untreated water to maintain the manganese greensand filter.

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You can use the molecular mass of Co with its percentage composition to discover the molar mass of cyanocobalamin is 59.903g.

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H3O+ is present in aqueous solutions with a concentration of 8.8 1012 M at 25 °C. Determine the amount of OH present. Please include significant digits in your response. OH ([OH]) concentration: Take water's ability to ionize itself as an example. 2 H2O(aq), H3O+(aq), and OH (aq)

Kw = [H3O+] [OH] = 1.0 1014 [OH] = 1.0 1014 / [H3O+][OH] = 1.0 1014 / 8.8 1012 [OH] = 1.1 103 M is the equilibrium constant for this reaction.

In pure water, there are 10-6mol dm-3 H3O + ions present.

The hydronium ion concentration in moles per liter must be known in order to compute the pH of an aqueous solution (molarity). After that, the pH is determined using the formula pH = - log [H3O+].

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The system gains heat and has work done on it by the surrounding, this condition would always result in an increase in the internal energy of a system. thus the option D is correct.

When a system is heated or has work done on it by its environment, the internal energy of the system is constantly raised. Energy is an immaterial substance that is concerned with performing work on an item. One of the fundamental conservation rules that holds true throughout the cosmos is the conservation of energy. A type of energy is internal energy. The total kinetic energy of each gas molecule can be considered to be the internal energy U of our system. In other words, when the gas's temperature T rises, its molecules move more quickly and its internal energy U rises.

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The concentration, in m/v percent, of a solution prepared from 50. g nacl and 2.5 l of water is 2 %.

The mass/volume percent is the ratio of a solution's total volume to the mass of the solute that makes up that solution. Since this type of concentration has been expressed as a percentage, the given proportion should be multiplied by 100.

The calculation if concentration is shown as:

It can be calculate as follows:

% NaCl = Mass of NaCl / Total mass × 100 %

% NaCl = 50 gram / 2500 × 100 %

%  NaCl = 2 %.

As a result, the solution made from 50 g of nacl and 2.5 l of water will have a 2% concentration.

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The amount of nickel(ii) iodide that should be added for making the solution is 71.3 kilograms.

As the molality and weight of water is given, we will use the formula of molality to find the mass of nickel(ii) iodide.

Molality = number of moles of nickel(ii) iodide/weight of solvent in kilograms

Number of moles = mass/molar mass

Molar mass = 312.5 grams

Keep the values -

0.643 = moles/355

Moles = 228.3

Mass = 228.3 × 312.5

Performing multiplication on Right Hand Side of the equation

Mass = 71,332.8 grams

Mass = 71.3 kilograms

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Kinetic energy directly proportional to the speed and/or the masses of a raised object.

An item possesses kinetic energy when it is in motion. Applying force is necessary if we wish to accelerate an item. We must put forth effort in order to apply a force. Once the job is finished, energy is transferred to the item, which then moves at a new, constant speed.

The amount of kinetic energy that is transmitted is determined by the mass and speed attained. The relationship between kinetic energy and an object's mass and squared velocity is given by K.E. = 1/2 mv².

Thus, Kinetic energy directly proportional to the speed and/or the masses of a raised object.

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HOOCCH2CH2COOH + H2NCH2CH2NH2 ----> Polymer + H2O is the chemical equation for formation of a polymer via a condensation reaction from the monomers succinic acid (hoocch2ch2cooh) and ethylenediamine (h2nch2ch2nh2).

A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule, releasing a small molecule such as water or methanol as a byproduct. Condensation reactions are often used to synthesize polymer, which are large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers.

To write a chemical equation for the formation of a polymer via a condensation reaction from the monomers succinic acid and ethylenediamine, we can start by representing the monomers as follows:

Succinic acid: HOOCCH2CH2COOH

Ethylenediamine: H2NCH2CH2NH2

In a condensation reaction, the monomers combine through a dehydration synthesis reaction, in which a molecule of water is released as a byproduct. The resulting polymer consists of repeating units of the monomers linked by a covalent bond.

The general chemical equation for a condensation reaction between two monomers can be written as follows:

Monomer 1 + Monomer 2 --> Polymer + byproduct

In this case, the polymer produced by the condensation reaction between succinic acid and ethylenediamine would be a polyamine with repeating units of the monomers linked by a covalent bond. The chemical equation for the formation of this polymer via a condensation reaction would be:

HOOCCH2CH2COOH + H2NCH2CH2NH2 -> Polymer + H2O

It is important to note that the actual structure of the polymer produced in this reaction will depend on the specific conditions of the reaction and the specific monomers involved. The chemical equation provided is a general representation of a condensation reaction between these monomers and does not represent the exact structure of the polymer that would be produced.

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That the breakdown or dissolution of the drug after administration constitutes the pharmaceutic phase of drug activity, which must occur in medicine composition.

Describe healthcare.

Healthcare can be simply defined as organised medical care provided to an individual, group, or even community by a physician, nurse, or other qualified healthcare practitioner.

However, medically related Patients may contract infections from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens while receiving therapy for another ailment.

For this reason, the primary goal of healthcare is to improve quality of life and healthy living through the provision of high-quality healthcare services.

As a result, the nurse is aware that the pharmaceutic phase of drug action, which must occur after administration of the medication, is the drug's breakdown or dissolution.

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We would dilute 10mL of this concentrated solution to make 500ml of a 1x TAE buffer solution.

Dilution is one of the easiest ways to make buffers. This is only applicable, though, if the working solution, which is the desired solution, has the same pH as the stock solution, which is the readily available, more concentrated solution. The dilution equation is employed in the preparation of buffer by dilution:

[tex]C_{1} V_{1} = C_{2} V_{2}[/tex]

where V refers to volume and C represents concentration. The subscripts 1 and 2 often denote the working solution and stock, respectively. Notably, both sides of the equation must always use the same units for concentration and volume.

From a stock of 50X TAE buffer, make 500mL of 1.0X TAE buffer as follows:

[tex]C_{1} V_{1} = C_{2} V_{2}[/tex]

(50X)V1=(1.0X)(500mL)

∴V1=10mL of 50X TAE Buffer

Calculating the volume of the water-based solvent is also necessary to finish the preparation. The remaining amount of water is needed to make the appropriate amount of working solution, which is 500mL.

[tex]V_{water}[/tex]=500mL−10mL=490mL

As a result, 490mL of water is used to dilute 10mL of 50X TAE Buffer.

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Isotopes are two or more atom types that share the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei), location in the periodic table, and chemical element. Still, they have different nucleon numbers (mass numbers) as a result of having a different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Although the chemical properties of each isotope of a given element are nearly identical, they differ in their atomic weights and physical characteristics.

Along with 27 radioisotopes, copper (29Cu) has two stable isotopes: 63Cu and 65Cu. The radioisotope 67Cu, with a half-life of 61.83 hours, is the most durable; 54Cu, with a half-life of roughly 75 ns, is the least stable. A minute or less is the average half-life.

The percentage of copper atoms in 65 Cu is 25%.

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At 25 K temperature, 0.950 moles of oxygen gas occupy 7.50 l and exert 2.60 atm of pressure.

Ideal gas law will be used to calculate the temperature -

PV = nRT, where Pis pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is gas constant and T is temperature. The value of gas constant to be used in the formula is 0.082 L atm/mol/K

Temperature = (2.60×7.5)/(0.082×0.95)

Performing multiplication in both numerator and denominator on Right Hand Side of the equation

Temperature = 19.5/0.78

Performing division on Right Hand Side of the equation

Temperature = 25 K

Thus, the temperature of oxygen gas is 25 K.

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There are two terms that are related to measurements, one is accuracy and other is precision. Therefore, Group A makes the most accurate measurements of the object. The correct option is option D.

The capacity of an instrument to measure an exact number is known as accuracy. In other words, it refers to how closely the measured value resembles a reference or genuine value.

Small readings can be taken to determine accuracy. The modest reading decreases the calculation's inaccuracy. Group A makes the most accurate measurements of the object.

Therefore, Group A makes the most accurate measurements of the object. The correct option is option D.

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The amount of sample left after 3.40 hours will be 338 mg.

T= Half life x log (m./m)/log(2)

You could use this formula:

Where Th = half-life.

M. = the  beginning mount

M = the ending amount

T= 3.40 hours

Half life = 2.4463.3 min

M.= 0.589g

m= ?

Then plug the number into the given equation:

T=  2.4463 x log(0.589 /m)/log(2)

T= 2.4463 x log (0.589/m) /log(2)

T= 2.4463× -0.22/ log m× 0.3

3.4× 60 = 2.4463× log m ×0.3

log m= 3.4× 60/ 2.4463 ×0.3

log m=  279.4

m= 2.511 g = 251mg

So the amount left after  the 3.40 hours will be = 589- 251 mg = 338 mg of the sample.

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The number of protons in each isotopes is the same. Because both isotopes have the same amount of orbital electrons, the claims made about them are accurate.

An element is a basic thing that is difficult to divide into smaller parts. A material that cannot be broken down by non-nuclear processes is referred to as an element in chemistry and physics. An element is a unique component of a bigger system or set in computers and mathematics.

Any material that cannot be broken down into simpler compounds by regular chemical processes is a chemical element, often known as an element.

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The standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction at 25°C is approximately - 111.158 KJ/mol.

To calculate the standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) at 25°C for the reaction CH4(g) + 1/2 O2(g) → CH3OH(g), we can use the formula:

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°

where ΔH° is the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, T is the temperature in kelvin, and ΔS° is the standard entropy change for the reaction.

Assigning the respective values given in the question, we have:

ΔG° = (-126.4 kJ/mol) - (298 K)(-51.1 J/mol*K)

= -126.4 kJ/mol - (-15.2418 KJ/mol)

= - 111.158 KJ/mol

Therefore, the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction at 25°C is approximately - 111.158 KJ/mol. This value tells us that the reaction is thermodynamically favorable and will tend to occur spontaneously under standard conditions.

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Complete question:

Methanol, CH3OH, can be made by oxidation of methane in limited quantity.

CH4(g) + 1/2 O2(g) CH3OH(g)

ΔH = -126.4

ΔS = -51.1

Calculate ΔG° at 25°C.

The process that is represented by this redox equation

6 H₂O + 6 CO₂ --->  C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ is  photosynthesis.

The correct option is C.

A redox reaction is a reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously at the same time and to the same extent.

In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another.

The species that transferred electrons becomes oxidized whereas the species that accepts electrons becomes reduced.

Hence, a reduction reaction is a reaction in which a chemical species accepts electrons while an oxidation reaction is a reaction in which a chemical species donates electrons.

Considering the given reaction:

6 H₂O + 6 CO₂ --->  C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

In the given reaction, carbon is reduced while oxygen is oxidized.

The reaction shows the process of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is reduced to produce glucose.

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