Strains of pathogens that mildly harm, but do not kill, the host plant are termed as avirulent.
Factory pathogens is spreading and living with a malign strain of factory pathogen on the host or nonhost factory in the fields. The actuality of numerous strains of factory pathogens, living in one niche leads the commerce among them.
This commerce includes two kind,( A) enmity, and( B) Mutualism. The useful part of avirulent or nonpathogenic strain is by showing the capability to negative against malign strain by numerous mechanisms. While the contraryside of avirulent or in harmonious strain forms a dangerous partthrough cooperation with malign strain in the colonization of the host factory.
This cooperation may contribute to the circumstance-of the factory complaint epidemic. There's collective benefit passing between inharmonious strain and malign strain of factory pathogens . In conclusion, the mixing among strains of the factorypathogens may lead to elevation a new malign strain that's further destructive for the shops.
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The ________ is a highly conserved amino acid sequence found in immunoglobulin, tcr, and mhc proteins.
Answer: I have no idea
Explanation:
but good luck
in which phase of periodontal disease progression does pge2 mediate bone destruction by stimulating large numbers of osteoclasts to resorb alveolar bone? group of answer choices a) initial lesion b) established lesion c) early lesion d) advanced lesion
(d) Advanced lesion/ periodontitis is the phase in which periodontal disease progression does pge2 mediate bone destruction by stimulating large numbers of osteoclasts to resorb the alveolar bone.
A severe gum illness called periodontitis. It is brought on by germs that have been let to build up on your teeth and gums. Your teeth and bones may be harmed when periodontitis worsens. The harm can be prevented, though, if periodontitis is treated quickly and good dental hygiene is maintained.
The gum inflammation known as gingivitis is the precursor of periodontitis. Your gums bleeding when you brush or floss your teeth is one of the early symptoms of gingivitis. You could see some tooth discolouration as well. Plaque refers to this. A accumulation of germs and food particles on your teeth is called plaque.
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The orbital period of an object is 2 × 107 s and its total radius is 4 × 1010 m.
The tangential speed of the satellite is
m/s. (Round to the nearest whole number, do not add any punctuation.)
what evolutionary advantage does compartmentalization of core metabolic processes offer eukaryotes? responses evolution of the mitochondria allowed eukaryotes to perform respiration. evolution of the mitochondria allowed eukaryotes to perform respiration. with the evolution of mitochondria in eukaryotes, the krebs cycle and electron transport chain also evolved. with the evolution of mitochondria in eukaryotes, the krebs cycle and electron transport chain also evolved. evolution of a nucleus in eukaryotes separates the processes of transcription and translation and they can be regulated separately. evolution of a nucleus in eukaryotes separates the processes of transcription and translation and they can be regulated separately. a nucleus in bacteria provides separation of respiration from transcription.
FILL IN THE BLANK. a terminator in mrna synthesis is a(n) __________.
Answer:
Specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that signals a stop
Explanation:
A terminator in mRNA synthesis is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that signals a stop.
What does it mean to examine all sides of scientific evidence of a scientific explanation?
Scientific evidence can be used to support or refute a scientific theory or hypothesis; however, scientists can also utilize evidence in other contexts, such as when they apply theories to real-world issues.
What three components comprise a scientific explanation?The assertion (or justification), the supporting data (or observations), and the justification (or the reasoning). explanation of the evidence's significance and the reasons it supports the assertion.
Claim + Evidence + Reasoning = Scientific Explanation
What should a scientific explanation include and in what order?An explanation of a situation, action, or idea that uses a predetermined set of scientific facts, principles, and presumptions. The steps of the scientific process should be followed in this order: observations, queries, hypotheses, experiments, interpretation of the results, and drawing conclusions.
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the cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in an enlarged area of the dorsal root called the gray commissure. the cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in an enlarged area of the dorsal root called the gray commissure. true false submit
It is false that the cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in an enlarged area of the dorsal root called the gray commissure.
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are in the dorsal root ganglia. The cell bodies of motor neurons are found in the gray matter of the spinal cord in the ventral region.
A collection of neurons is referred to as a nucleus if it is found in the central nervous system; a ganglion (PNS) is the name given to it if it is found in the peripheral nervous system. Ganglia are the structures that lie between the central and peripheral nervous systems together with the anterior white commissure, which connects the two halves of the spinal cord, the grey commissure is a thin strip of grey matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord. In the Rexed classification, it is lamina X. Commissure in grey.
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For an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, when the enzyme is denatured and loses its shape, what is affected?
Enzymes are biocatalysts. They increase the rate of a chemical reaction and any change in the shape of enzyme due to its denaturation will make the enzyme ineffective and slow down the biochemical reaction.
What is an enzyme?Enzymes are the biocatalysts which when present in a reaction increases the rate of a biochemical reaction. This increase in the rate of a reaction is possible due to the lowering of activation energy which is required by the reactant molecules to transform into product molecules.
The function of enzyme is dependent upon the ability of an enzyme to bind to its specific substrate, as enzymes show the property of specificity that is they only bind to specific substrate molecules. The loss of an enzyme's three-dimensional structure or any modulation in the structure as a result of denaturation of the enzyme renders the enzyme ineffective. As a result, the biochemical reactions are slowed down to the rates that are not sustainable for life and takes very long time to complete and form product molecules.
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what is the name of semi-permeable membrane which encloses the cytoplasm and all of the cellular organelles?
The semi-permeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm and all of the cellular organelles is called the plasma membrane.
The semi-permeable membrane which encloses the cytoplasm and all of the cellular organelles is called the Plasma Membrane. This membrane is made up of two layers of phospholipids, which form a lipid bilayer. The phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail, which ensures that the membrane is impermeable to large molecules, such as proteins and sugars. In addition, the membrane contains various proteins and carbohydrates which give it a variety of functions. These proteins act as receptors for molecules, allowing them to move into and out of the cell, and as enzymes that catalyze reactions. Additionally, the carbohydrates on the outer surface of the membrane help to identify the cell and enable it to recognize other cells. The plasma membrane also contains cholesterol, which helps to maintain its fluidity and stability.
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What are the criteria for classification?
There are nine main criteria for classification:
SymmetryBody cavityAppendagesSkeletonSegmentationCirculatory systemEmbryonic developmentHabitatGerm layersThe criteria are :
Animals can be radially symmetrical, bilaterally symmetrical, or asymmetrical, according to the following classification criteria: 1. Animals' bodies may or may not be divided into segments. Animals may have organs or components that are attached to the trunk or outside of the body. Animals can have either an exoskeleton or an endoskeleton. Evolution of the embryoAn animal's circulatory system can be open or closed.Animals can have a coelomate, psuedocoelomate, or coelomate body cavity.Animals can be either terrestrial or aquatic in their habitat. Aquatic creatures can exist in both freshwater and saltwater.Animals can have diploblastic or triploblastic germ layers.To know more about criteria for classification refer here:
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Which method is used to extract minerals from stream bends and along coasts?
A)
placer mining
B)
subsurface mining
C)
surface mining
D)
reclamation
E)
weathering
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
E
Answer:
C. Surface mining
Explanation:
surface mining is a category of mining that involves removing overlying mineral deposits
The formation of simple to complex organic molecules leading to emergence of life on the earth occurred in the reducing atmosphere of primitive earth. Such phenomenon was facilitated by
A. absence of carbon.
B. absence of oxygen.
C. presence of nitrogen.
D. presence of hydrogen.
Answer:
D. presence of hydrogen.
Explanation:
The formation of simple to complex organic molecules leading to the emergence of life on Earth occurred in the reducing atmosphere of the primitive Earth. Such phenomenon was facilitated by the presence of hydrogen.
The early Earth was a very different place than it is today. The atmosphere was rich in reducing gases such as methane, ammonia, and water vapor, but it was relatively poor in oxygen. This lack of oxygen, combined with the presence of hydrogen and other reducing gases, provided the conditions necessary for the formation of simple organic molecules.
Over time, these simple organic molecules combined to form more complex molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. These molecules eventually gave rise to the first living cells, marking the beginning of life on Earth.
The presence of hydrogen was critical to this process. Hydrogen is a highly reactive gas, and it can easily react with other molecules to form more complex compounds. In the reducing atmosphere of the primitive Earth, hydrogen played a key role in the formation of simple organic molecules, which eventually gave rise to life.
In summary, the formation of simple to complex organic molecules leading to the emergence of life on Earth occurred in the reducing atmosphere of the primitive Earth. This phenomenon was facilitated by the presence of hydrogen, which played a key role in the formation of simple organic molecules and the emergence of life.
This type of phenomenon was facilitated by presence of hydrogen.
How are simple to complex organic molecules formed on Earth?Life on Earth arose from the formation of simple to complex organic molecules in the depleting atmosphere of the primitive Earth, which was facilitated by the presence of hydrogen.
The early Earth was a very different place when it compares to today. The atmosphere was rich in reducing gases like methane, ammonia, and water vapor, but it was relatively low in oxygen due to which it combined with the presence of hydrogen and other reducing gases providing the prerequisites for the formation of complex organic molecules.
The presence of hydrogen was critical to the process because it is a highly reactive gas that can readily react with other molecules to form more complex compounds. In the depleting atmosphere of the primitive Earth, hydrogen played a key role in the formation of the complex organic molecules that gave rise to life.
Thus, this type of phenomenon was facilitated by presence of hydrogen.
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how would you determine the probability of getting an f2 offspring that is homozygous recessive for both traits?
With the help of Punnett square, we can determine that there is a 25% probability of getting an f2 offspring that is homozygous recessive for both traits.
To determine the probabilities, we can utilize a Punnett square table or just do some simple scenario planning. Each parent has a genotype of Ff, where each allele has an equal chance of being passed on to a child. Therefore, there is a 50% chance that a parent will contribute the dominant allele F1 and a 50% chance that a parent will contribute the recessive allele f2. Here is a list of the possibilities:
There is a 50% x 50% = 25% probability that both of the offspring's alleles are dominant.
There is a 50% x 50% = 25% probability that both of the offspring's alleles are recessive and homozygous.
There is a 50% x 50% + 50% x 50% = 25% + 25% = 50% probability that the offspring is heterozygous.
Therefore, for parents who share the genotype F1F2, there is a 25% chance that their offspring will be F1F1, a 25% chance that they will be F2F2, and a 50% chance that they will be F1F2. These probabilities are significant because of what comes afterward.
The complete question is:
When Mendel set up a Parental (P) cross between true-breeding purple and white flowered plants to generate the F1 and then allowed the F1 to self-pollinate to generate the F2 he saw a dominant-to-recessive ratio of 3:1, how would you determine the probability of getting an f2 offspring that is homozygous recessive for both traits?
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explain the importance of exocytosis (secretion) in cellular communication and the regulation of metabolic processes, including digestion.
Exocytosis effectively ousts the loss from the cells to keep a stable interior climate. During the course of endocytosis, cells use proteins and lipids from the plasma layer to deliver vesicles.
The exocytosis cycle conveys proteins, lipids, and carbs to the plasma layer or the extracellular space to support plant cell development, improvement, and reaction to natural boosts. Endocytosis is the course of effectively moving atoms into the cell by immersing them in its layer. Endocytosis and exocytosis are utilized by all cells to ship atoms that can't go through the film inactively. Exocytosis gives the contrary capability and pushes particles out of the cell. Endocytosis and exocytosis are significant systems for bringing substances into and out of a phone. Cells use exocytosis to discharge proteins. A significant number of the proteins made on the harsh endoplasmic reticulum and handled by the Golgi device are arranged into vesicles bound for the plasma layer.
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why are 4 h needed for every atp synthesized and exported by mitochondria, even though only 3 h need to be translocated by the atp synthase complex to synthesize one atp?
The 1 H+ needed to cotransport the Pineeds must be taken into account in the equation since the ATP synthase activity would stall if there was not enough Pi available.
Because the conversion of ADP to ATP depends on the oxidative processes taking place in the mitochondria, this procedure is referred as oxidative phosphorylation. The final phase of OXPHOS, the ATP synthase, is driven by a continuous proton motive force, which also powers the synthesis of ATP. To cotransport the Pi required for the ATP synthase complex to phosphorylate ADP, the phosphate translocase needs one H+. The 1 H+ needed to cotransport the Pineeds must be taken into account in the equation since the ATP synthase activity would stall if there was not enough Pi available.One FADH2 molecule creates 2 molecules of ATP, while one NADH molecule generates 3 molecules of ATP. In ETS, 10 NADH molecules are generated, but only 2 FADH2 molecules. This means that 34 molecules of ATP were produced overall from these NADH & FADH2 molecules.
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In terms of its involvement in mutagenesis, 5BU is best described as View Available Hint(s) O a rare form of adenine that can base pair with cytosine O a chemical that alters the structure of nitrogenqus bases O a base analog that, if incorporated into a DNA molecule during replication, remains permanently in ts rare form O a base analog that can cause either A-T > G.C or G.C A.T transitions
A base analog that can cause A-T > G-C or G-C>A-T transitions.
Thymine's base analog is 5BU. The thymine analog 5BU pairs with Guanine while thymine pairs with Adenine. The bromine atom in 5BU can switch between its keto and enol forms.
During replication, an A-T pair generates an A-5BU pair when 5BU in keto form replaces the thymine. The unusual enol form of 5BU pairs with G in the first mutagenic phase of replication, and then G couples with C in the subsequent replication cycle. Consequently, the change from the A-T to the G-C pair takes place.
Rarely, the 5-BU in enol form can function as a cytosine analog. This causes C to be replaced by 5BU, turning the G-C pair into a G-BU pair, which eventually transforms into an A-T pair during the second replication cycle.
Therefore, 5BU is a base analog that can lead to transitions from A-T to G-C or G-C to A-T.
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Mariam applied for a job, but the owner of the company refuses to hire her. Miriam’s friend tells her that the owner won’t hire anyone of color because he is prejudiced against people who aren’t white. What do the owner’s actions BEST represent?
A.
stereotypes
B.
discrimination
C.
assimilation
D.
amalgamation
A researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants. Which of the following statements best supports the researcher’s claim?
The researcher's contention that atmospheric carbon dioxide serves as the precursor to photosynthesis, which plants use to create sugars and other organic molecules, is best supported by the assertions.
According to experts, plants with high CO2 levels have thicker leaves, which might exacerbate the consequences of climate change. Scientists studying plants have found that most species do something odd when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rise: their leaves thicken.
The finding that increased carbon dioxide only boosted plant growth when nitrate, water, & temperature were preserved at normal levels was the biggest revelation from the study.
The rate of photosynthesis typically rises until it reaches a certain point because an increase in carbon dioxide concentration accelerates the rate during which carbon is integrated into carbs in the light-independent process.
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If you travel to the moon, what would be the effect on your mass and weight?
Answer:
The mass will stay the same on the moon, whereas the weight would decrease.
Explanation:
What are the function of the Auxin hormone in plant's. Choose the correct answer
A ) ! ck jd pyk v zc !
B ) ! ck jd pyk v zc !
Auxin is a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. Some of its main functions include:
Promoting cell division and elongation, which helps the plant grow taller and thicker
Regulating the development and growth of lateral buds, which helps the plant branch out and become more complex
Controlling the orientation of the plant's shoots and roots, which helps the plant absorb nutrients and anchor itself in the ground
Regulating the development of fruits and flowers, which helps the plant reproduce and spread its genetic material.
Overall, auxin plays a vital role in the plant's ability to grow, develop, and adapt to its environment.
Auxin is a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. Some of its main functions include:
Promoting cell division and elongation, which helps the plant grow taller and thicker
Regulating the development and growth of lateral buds, which helps the plant branch out and become more complex
Controlling the orientation of the plant's shoots and roots, which helps the plant absorb nutrients and anchor itself in the ground
Regulating the development of fruits and flowers, which helps the plant reproduce and spread its genetic material.
Overall, auxin plays a vital role in the plant's ability to grow, develop, and adapt to its environment.
which is the reason that the bacterium escherichia coli would be the probable causative agent in a client with cystitis
The reason that the bacterium Escherichia coli would be the probable causative agent in a client with cystitis as it is a virulent bacterium.
Facultative anaerobes like Escherichia coli make up around 0.1% of the gut microbiota, and fecal-oral transfer is the primary route of disease transmission for these pathogenic strains of bacteria. Because they may briefly live outside the body, cells make good indicator organisms for fecal contamination testing on environmental samples. Research into E. coli that can remain in the environment for several days without a host is progressing. The bacteria is easy to culture and cultivate in a lab environment and has been the subject of extensive research for more than 60 years. Escherichia coli needs a source of carbon and energy in its chemically defined media since it is a chemoheterotroph.
The complete question is:
Which is the reason that the bacterium Escherichia coli would be the probable causative agent in a client with cystitis?
1. It thrives in the kidneys
2. It is a virulent bacterium
3. It inhabits the intestinal tract
4. It competes with fungi for host sites
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bones offer unique evidence about the history of adaptations the human body has undergone.
Which sentence from the article provides the BEST support to the statement above?
(A) Numbers in biology help us discover new insights, so much so that researchers have set up a database and a handbook of many "bionumbers" across many species, collected from the scientific literature.
(B) Feeding this model with data on the proxy network, we calculated that 23 trillion connections exist in the osteocyte network of the human body.
(C) We can use this information to understand how bones have evolved to become the self-detecting and
self-regulating biomaterial we own; that's something that can't be done with brain fossils.
(D) In the meantime, the next time you stand up, walk around or do weights, think about how the network of osteocytes in your bones are responding to the stresses and strains you are putting it through.
Answer:
(C) We can use this information to understand how bones have evolved to become the self-detecting and self-regulating biomaterial we own; that's something that can't be done with brain fossils.
Explanation:
farmers need to make many decisions about how they grow their crops. one of these decisions is whether to use synthetic fertilizer or organic fertilizer, such as manure. t or f
Farmers need to make many decisions about how they grow their crops. one of these decisions is whether to use synthetic fertilizer or organic fertilizer, such as manure is true.
Organic fertilizers are readily available mineral sources that have a sufficient concentration of vital minerals for plants. They have the ability to reduce issues brought on by synthetic fertilizers. They reduce the requirement for recurrent synthetic fertilizer applications to maintain soil fertility. They maintain nutrient balance for the proper growth of agricultural plants and gradually release nutrients into the soil solution.
In comparison to chemical fertilizers, the organic fertilizers are safer. However, using organic fertilizers incorrectly might result in over fertilization or nutrient deficiencies in the soil. Therefore, the regulated release of organic fertilizers is a cutting-edge and efficient technique to mitigate these effects and keep the output of sustainable agriculture.
The usage of organic fertilizers offers the advantages of being affordable, enhancing soil texture, aeration, structure, and water retention while also promoting the growth of healthy roots. Minerals, animal sources, sewage sludge, and plants are just a few of the sources for organic fertilizer.
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what is the product of meiosis 2
A. Two diploid cells
B. Four diploid cells
C. Four haploid cells
D. Two haploid cells
Answer: C. Four haploid cells
Explanation: The product is four haploid cells that each have one copy of every chromosome.
explain the major features of an operon, including what sites would be found in this type of bacterial promoter in e coli
An operon is made up of several structural genes that are linked together by a common promoter and controlled by a common operator. The upstream regulatory region of the bacterial coding regions contains the promoter, that is, the DNA sequence which determines specific recognition by RNAP
An operon is made up of three basic pieces of DNA:
A promoter is a nucleotide sequence that enables gene transcription.An operator a repressor binds to an operator, which is a segment of DNA.Structural genes are those that are regulated by an operon.Operons are areas of DNA that encompass clusters of associated genes. They consist of a promoter region, an operator, and several related genes. The operator can be found within the promoter itself or somewhere between the promoter and the genes. By binding to the promoter region, RNA polymerase initiates transcription.
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The Threatened Specie Act prohibit trade or product made from threatened or endangered pecie. True
Fale
The given statement is TRUE. A foundation for the conservation and protection of threatened species and endangered species, as well as their habitats, both domestically and overseas, is provided under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
In accordance with ESA, critical habitat must be identified and its removal is forbidden. The Endangered Species Act establishes protections for fish, mammals, and plants that are categorized as threatened or endangered. It allows for the addition and deletion of species from the list of threatened and endangered species as well as the creation and implementation of recovery plans. A threatened species is one that "is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a considerable portion of its range," according to the ESA.
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Select the post-translational modifications of histones that are most commonly associated with changes in transcription levels in eukaryotes.
a. acetylation and lipidation
b. methylation and acetylation
c. glycosylation and ubiquitination
d. methylation and carboxylation
Correct option C - methylation as well as acetylation
A DNA molecule is acetylated when an acetyl group is added, and a DNA molecule is methylated when a methyl group is added.
It is generally known that both histone deacetylation and DNA methylation inhibit gene transcription. In contrast, when histones are deacetylated by HDAC, their electrostatic contacts with DNA become stronger, resulting in relaxed chromatin that upregulates transcription.
Histone acetylation and DNA methylation are examples of epigenetic changes. However, histone acetylation is a chemical covalent modification that occurs in proteins as a post-translational modification of histone proteins, whereas DNA methylation occurs at the DNA level.
Histone modification, which includes methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, and sumoylation, is a covalent post-translational modification of histone proteins. These changes to chromatin structure can regulate gene expression.
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What happens when tectonic plates slide past each other violently?
Responses
Outer core rocks grind against each other causing earthquakes.
Crustal rocks grind against each other causing mountains.
Inner core rocks grind against each other causing earthquakes.
Crustal rocks grind against each other causing earthquakes.
Answer:
Explanation:
When tectonic plates slide past each other violently, it causes Earthquakes, meaning that it can't be #2.
That leaves #1, #3, and #4
My answer: The third type of plate boundary occurs where tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other. This is known as a transform plate boundary. As the plates rub against each other, huge stresses can cause portions of the rock to break, resulting in earthquakes. Places where these breaks occur are called faults.
Answer:
inner core rocks grind against each other causing earthquake
true or false? there is a high risk that crops engineered to contain insecticides will harm nondestructive species important to biodiversity. true false
assuming the system gets 3 atp per nadh and 2 per fadh2, how many atp molecules are produced (ignore any consumption) from the tca cycle alone? (starting at acetyl-coa and ending at oxaloacetate?)
The TCA cycle generates two ATPs for each glucose molecule (2 acetyl CoA).
The Krebs or citric acid cycle, sometimes referred to as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is the main source of energy for cells and is crucial for aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis and the TCA cycle are both aspects of cellular respiration.
In living things, food materials are broken down during cellular respiration, and the energy that is released is then stored as ATP and utilised for a number of crucial tasks. Carbohydrates are the main respiratory substrate. Glycolysis, the initial stage of cellular respiration, takes place in the cytoplasm of all living things. It can also be found in anaerobic organisms because it doesn't need oxygen to function. The multi-step enzymatic process involves the partial oxidation of glucose and there are produced two pyruvate molecules.
There is a net gain of 2 ATPs during glycolysis.
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