The first red (632.8 nm) Helium Neon gas laser was reported by White and Rigdon from Bell Labs in 1962. The laser was a discharge tube that was 1.2 m long with a 7 mm diameter. A He-Ne ratio of 10:1 was used with a total pressure of 0.00092 atm. This is a really low pressure with a really small amount of He and Ne. We want to try making a new laser with the same discharge tube with 5 mol Helium and 1 mol Neon. For the new laser with 5 mol He and 1 mol Ne, calculate the following quantities. Assume room temperature (298.15 K) and that the gasses are ideal.

a. What is the total volume (cm^3)?
b. What is the mole fraction of He?
c. What is the mole fraction of Ne?
d. What is the partial pressure of He (in atm)?
e. What is the partial pressure of Ne (in atm)?
f. What is the total pressure of the new laser tube (in atm)?

Answer:

[tex]M_{HCl} = 1.12M[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello!

In this case, for the first reaction we need to focus on, the neutralization of magnesium hydroxide by phosphoric acid, we can write up the following equation:

[tex]3Mg(OH)_2+2H_3PO_4\rightarrow Mg_3(PO_4)_2+6H_2O[/tex]

Whereas the acid and base react in a 3:2 mole ratio; thus, we can write:

[tex]2M_{Mg(OH)_2}V_{Mg(OH)_2}=3M_{H_3PO_4}V_{H_3PO_4}[/tex]

Now, solving for the concentration of the magnesium hydroxide solution we get:

[tex]M_{Mg(OH)_2}=\frac{3M_{H_3PO_4}V_{H_3PO_4}}{2V_{Mg(OH)_2}} \\\\M_{Mg(OH)_2}=\frac{3*0.20M*0.0300L}{2*0.050L}=0.18M[/tex]

Now, for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium hydroxide we have:

[tex]Mg(OH)_2+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_2+2H_2O[/tex]

[tex]2M_{Mg(OH)_2}V_{Mg(OH)_2}=M_{HCl}V_{HCl}[/tex]

Therefore, solving for the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution we get:

[tex]M_{HCl}=\frac{2M_{Mg(OH)_2}V_{Mg(OH)_2}}{V_{HCl}} \\\\M_{HCl}=\frac{2*0.18M*0.078L}{0.025L}\\\\M_{HCl} = 1.12M[/tex]

Best regards!

Answer:

after millions of years underground the compounds that make up plankton and plants turn into fossil fuels Franklin decomposes into natural gas and oil white plants become cal today humans extract these resources through coal mining and the drilling of Oil and Gas Wells on land and Offshore

Answer:

0.03 tons

Explanation:

From the given information, for every 0.500 tons of A and B, the maximum amount on weighing them will be:

1% of 0.5 = 0.005

Thus, for 2 tons of A; we have:

0.005 × 4 = 0.02

and, for 1 ton of B; we have:

0.005 × 2 = 0.01

However, after taking the precision into account;

The number of tons of A that reacted is = (2 - 0.002) = 1.98 tons of A

The number of tons of B that reacted is = ( 1 - 0.01) = 0.99 tons of B

So, 1.98 tons of A reacted with 0.99 tons of B to form 0.99 tons of C.

∴

For unreacted reactants, The maximum possible amount is (0.02 + 0.01) tons = 0.03 tons

Answer:

Specific heat capacity, c = 1.99J/g°C. The reaction is endothermic because heat is being absorbed.

Explanation:

Given the following data;

Mass = 250g

Original temperature, T1 = 35°C

New temperature, T2 = 50°C

Quantity of heat = 7454J

To find the specific heat capacity;

Heat capacity is given by the formula;

[tex] Q = mcdt[/tex]

Where;

Q represents the heat capacity or quantity of heat.

dt = T2 - T1

dt = 50 - 35

dt = 15°C

Making "c" the subject of formula, we have;

[tex] c = \frac {Q}{mdt} [/tex]

Substituting the values into the equation, we have;

[tex] c = \frac {7454}{250*15} [/tex]

[tex] c = \frac {7454}{3750} [/tex]

Specific heat capacity, c = 1.99J/g°C.

Therefore, the reaction is endothermic because heat is being absorbed (initial temperature is lower than the final temperature).

Answer:

[N₂] = 1.1M

Explanation:

Based on the chemical reaction:

N₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇄ 2 NO(g)

Equilibrium constant, K, is defined as:

K = 5.93 = [NO]² / [N₂] [O₂]

Where [] are equilibrium concentrations of each specie

As initial concentrations are:

N₂ = 0.40mol / 0.500L = 0.8M

NO = 1mol / 0.500L = 2M

The equilbrium concentrations are:

[NO] = 2M - 2X

[N₂] = 0.8M +X

[O₂] = X

Replacing:

5.93 = [2 - 2X]² / [0.8+X] [X]

5.93 = 4 - 8X + 4X² / 0.8X + X²

4.744X + 5.93X² = 4 - 8X + 4X²

1.93X² + 12.744X - 4 = 0

Solving for X:

X = -6.9M → False solution. There are no negative concentrations

X = 0.3M. Real solution.

[N₂] in equilibrium is:

[N₂] = 0.8M +0.3M

[N₂] = 1.1M

Answer:

27.4°C

Explanation:

Using the equation:

Q = m*C*T

Where Q is heat added,

m the mass of water

C specific heat of water (4.18J/g°C)

And T the increase in temperature

We can solve for the increase in temperature and thus, the final temperature of water:

Q = 88200J; m = 6500g:

88200J = 6500g*4.18J/g°C*T

3.2°C = T = increase in temperature

Final temperature is:

24.2°C + 3.2°C =

Answer:

yes

Explanation:

yes

Answer:

The answer is "0.38 A".

Explanation:

Please find the missing image file in the attachment.

In the given image let:

[tex]R_{12} =R_1+R_2=16 \ \Omega \\\\R_{34} =R_3+R_4=20 \ \Omega \\[/tex]

[tex]R_P=\frac{R_{12} \cdot R_{34}}{R_{12} +R_{34}}[/tex]

     [tex]= \frac{16 \cdot 20 }{16 +20}\\\\= \frac{320 }{36}\\\\= \frac{80 }{9}\\\\= 8.88 \ \Omega[/tex]

similarly,

[tex]R_{eq} =R_p+R_5+R_6\\\\[/tex]

      [tex]=8.88+24+20\\\\=52.89 \ \Omega \\\\[/tex]

calculating the current value through a switch:

[tex]\to I=\frac{V}{R_{eq}} = \frac{20 \ v}{52.89 \Omega }=0.38\ A[/tex]

Answer:

D. 0.38 amperes

Explanation:

Got it correct on Gizmos

Gizmos explanation: This compound circuit contains two parallel branches connected in series to 2 more resistors. Each parallel branch contains 2 resistors in series. The resistance of the first branch is 5+11=16 ohms, and the resistance of the second branch is 20 ohms. Using the equivalent resistance formula, the resistance of this section is

1R=116+120=580+480=980

So R is 809, or 8.89 ohms. This is connected in series to a 24-ohm and a 20-ohm resistor, for a total resistance of 52.89 ohms. The battery voltage is 20 volts, so by Ohm's law

I=VR

I=2052.89=0.38amperes

Answer:

See explanation

Explanation:

The atoms of metals have fewer valence electrons than the atoms of metals and metalloids.

Atoms of metals have only very few valence electrons in their outermost shells hence they donate electrons during bonding. However, atoms of nonmetals have more electrons in their outermost shells and rather accept electrons during bonding. The atoms of metalloids just have a number of valence electrons that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals and mostly share electrons in covalent bonds.

Similarly, atoms of metallic elements differ from each other in the number of valence electrons present in the valence shell of the atom of each element. For instance, sodium has one electron in the valence shell of its atom while aluminium has three electrons in the valence shell of its atom.

The atoms of metallic elements are different from the atoms of non metals or metalloids base on the outer electron/ valency electrons and the its bonding pattern.

The atoms of different metals varies in it ability to bond quickly.

The atoms of metallic elements are different from the atoms of non metals or metalloids base on the outer electron/ valency electrons and how it bonds.

Metallic atoms have very few electrons in the outermost shell. The valency electrons of this metallic atoms are few and are easily lost during bonding. They have the ability to release there valency electrons easily. Example of this metals are sodium, potassium , calcium etc.

On the other hand non metallic elements have numerous electron in the outermost shell and easily receive electron during bonding. Example are chlorine, fluorine, oxygen etc.

The metalloid atoms like silicon and germanium have an average number of electron in their outermost shell. They are in between.

The atoms of different metals varies in it ability to bond quickly. For example the group 1 metals are very reactive than the group 2 metals. This simply means the group 1 metals(alkali metals) goes into bonding more easily than the group 2 metals(alkali earth metals).    

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Answer:

Other side

Opposite function

On both sides of the equation

In the numerator and not the denominator

Explanation:

To isolate a single variable when rearranging equations, move all other variables to the other side of the equation by using the opposite function on them and remembering to perform that operation on both sides of the equation. Make sure the rearrangement has the target variable in the numerator, not the denominator.

Answer:

The maximum mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced is 2.64 g

Explanation:

We'll begin by writing the balanced equation for the reaction. This is illustrated below:

2C₈H₁₈ + 25O₂ —> 16CO₂ + 18H₂O

Next, we shall determine the masses of C₈H₁₈ and O₂ that reacted and the mass of CO₂ produced from the balanced equation. This can be obtained as follow:

Molar mass of C₈H₁₈ = (8×12) + (18×1)

= 96 + 18

= 114 g/mol

Mass of C₈H₁₈ from the balanced equation = 2 × 114 = 228 g

Molar mass of O₂ = 2 × 16 = 32 g/mol

Mass of O₂ from the balanced equation = 25 × 32 = 800 g

Molar mass of CO₂ = 12 + (2×16)

= 12 + 32

= 44 g/mol

Mass of CO₂ from the balanced equation = 16 × 44 = 704 g

SUMMARY:

From the balanced equation above,

228 g of C₈H₁₈ reacted with 800 g of O₂ to produce 704 g of CO₂.

Next, we shall determine the limiting reactant. This can be obtained as follow:

From the balanced equation above,

228 g of C₈H₁₈ reacted with 800 g of O₂.

Therefore, 3.43 g of C₈H₁₈ will react with = (3.43 × 800)/228 = 12.04 of O₂

From the calculations made above, we can see that a higher mass (i.e 12.04 g) of O₂ than what was given (i.e 3 g) is needed to react completely with 3.43 g of C₈H₁₈. Therefore, O₂ is the limiting reactant and C₈H₁₈ is the excess reactant.

Finally, we shall determine the maximum mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced from the reaction.

To obtain the maximum mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced, the limiting reactant will be used because all of it is consumed in the reaction.

The limiting reactant is O₂ and the maximum mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced can be obtained as follow:

From the balanced equation above,

800 g of O₂ reacted to produce 704 g of CO₂.

Therefore, 3 g of O₂ will react to produce = (3 × 704)/800 = 2.64 g of CO₂.

Thus, the maximum mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced is 2.64 g

Answer:

Molecules along the surface of a liquid behave differently than those in the bulk liquid.

Cohesive forces attract the molecules of the liquid to one another.

Water forming a droplet as it falls from a faucet is a primary example of surface tension.

Explanation:

Surface tension is the force that stretches the liquid surface. This force acts normal to the surface. It is the downward force that acts on the surface of the liquids which is due to the cohesive forces of the liquids.

The water molecules are bonded by a strong hydrogen bond force which is between hydrogen atom and the electronegative oxygen atom. At the surface the water molecules are attracted strongly by other water molecules which lies below the surface and are stretched at the surface. Thus the water molecules at the surface acts differently than in the bulk liquid.

Mercury have a strong cohesive force than the water and have a higher surface tension force than the water.

Surface water acquires minimum surface area, hence acquiring spherical shape of water.

Answer: in order of increasing atomic number.

Explanation: Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties. This is because they have the same number of outer electrons and the same valency.

Answer:

What pattern do you see?

Chemical families have the same number of valence electrons.

Make a rule: Based on your data, how are elements arranged into chemical families?

They are arranged vertically depending on how many valence electrons they have, if they have the same amount, they will have the same chemical family in each column.

Answer:

5.27 g of NaCl

Explanation:

The balanced equation for the reaction is given below:

Na₂CO₃ + CaCl₂ —> 2NaCl + CaCO₃

Next, we shall determine the mass of CaCl₂ that reacted and the mass of NaCl produced from the balanced equation. This can be obtained as follow:

Molar mass of CaCl₂ = 40 + (35.5×2)

= 40 + 71

= 111 g/mol

Mass of CaCl₂ from the balanced equation = 1 × 111 = 111 g

Molar mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5

= 58.5 g/mol

Mass of NaCl from the balanced equation = 2 × 58.5 = 117 g

Summary:

From the balanced equation above,

111 g of CaCl₂ reacted to produce 117 g of NaCl.

Finally, we shall determine the theoretical yield of NaCl. This can be obtained as follow:

From the balanced equation above,

111 g of CaCl₂ reacted to produce 117 g of NaCl.

Therefore, 5 g of CaCl₂ will react to produce = (5 × 117)/111 = 5.27 g of NaCl.

Thus, the theoretical yield of NaCl is 5.27 g.

Answer:

c

Explanation:

ok than not c than b maybe

Answer:

C₃H₉N

Explanation:

The empirical formula of a compound is the fundamental and basic possible formula that shows the mole ratio of the atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound.

mole ratio of carbon = 60.94/12 = 5.078

mole ratio of hydrogen = 15.36/1  = 15.36

mole ratio of nitrogen = 23.70/14 = 1.693

Now; we will divide by the smallest value

So; carbon = 5.078/1.693 = 2.99 ≅ 3.0

hydrogen = 15.36/1.693 = 9.07 ≅ 9.0

nitrogen = 1.693/1.693 = 1 ≅ 1

Thus,  the empirical formula is = C₃H₉N

Answer:

1.6x10⁻⁶M

1.6x10⁻⁶m

0.1928ppm

192.8ppb

Explanation:

The first dilution of the solution is from 1mL to 15mL. The second from 2mL to 25mL and the third from 1.5mL to 250mL. That means molarity is:

50mM =

0.050M * (1mL / 15mL) * (2mL / 25mL) * (1.5mL / 250mL) = 1.6x10⁻⁶M

Molality is defined as the ratio between moles and kg. Assuming the density of the solution is 1kg/L, molality is 1.6x10⁻⁶m

ppm is the ratio between milligrams and Liters:

1.6x10⁻⁶mol / L * (120.5g /mol) * (1000mg / g) = 0.1928mg/L = 0.1928ppm

And ppb = 1000*ppm;

0.1928ppm*1000 = 192.8ppb

Answer:

Part. press. NO₂ in equilibrium is 0.590 atm

Explanation:

First of all, we determine the equilibrium:

N₂O₄ (g) ⇄ 2NO₂ (g)

These is a system of two unknown values.

In the begining we have x pressure of N₂O₄ and no value for NO₂.

During the reaction, y pressure has been released from N₂O₄. As ratio is 1:2, 2y will be the value for the pressure of NO₂. So in the equilibrium we have:

N₂O₄ → x - y

NO₂ → 2y

Data from the excersise states that the total pressure is 1 atm so we know that the sum of partial pressures in a mixture, will be the total one. In the equilibrium, total pressure will be:

(x-y) + 2y = 1 atm

x + y = 1 atm

Let's make the expression for Kp

Kp =  [Partial pressure NO₂]² / [ Partial pressure N₂O₄]

Kp = (2y)² / (x-y)

Kp = 4y² / (x-y)

We split the x value in the first equation:

x + y = 1 atm

x = 1 atm - y

x = 1 - y → we put this in the Kp expression

0.85 = 4y² / ( 1 - y - y)

0.85 = 4y² / 1 -2y

This is a quadractic equation

0.85 - 1.7y - 4y² = 0 where (a = -4, b = -1.7 c = 0.85)

(-b +- √(b² - 4ac)) / (2a)

(1.7 +-√((-1.7)² - 4 (-4) . 0.85) / 2 .(-4) → 0.295 = y

As [ Part. press. NO₂] in equilibrium is 2y → 0.295 . 2 = 0.590 atm

Based on the total pressure at equilibrium, the partial pressure NO₂ of at equilibrium is 0.590 atm.

From the equation of the reaction, the equilibrium is determined:

At equilibrium, N₂O₄ and NO₂ exist in the ratio 1 : 2.

N₂O₄ at x pressure releases y pressure to form NO₂ .

Thus at equilibrium:

N₂O₄ → x - y

NO₂ → 2y

Ptotal = 1 atm

Thus:

(x-y) + 2y = 1 atm

x + y = 1 atm

Also, Kp = 0.85

From the equation of the reaction:

Kp =  [Partial pressure NO₂]² / [ Partial pressure N₂O₄]

Kp = (2y)² / (x-y)

Kp = 4y² / (x-y)

Solving for x from the first equation:

x + y = 1 atm

x = 1 atm - y

Substitute x = 1 - y in the Kp expression

0.85 = 4y² / ( 1 - y - y)

0.85 = 4y² / 1 -2y

0.85 - 1.7y - 4y² = 0

Solving the quadractic equation:

where a = -4, b = -1.7 c = 0.85

y = (-b +- √(b² - 4ac)) / (2a)

y =(1.7 +-√((-1.7)² - 4 (-4) × 0.85) / 2 × (-4)

y = 0.295 or y = -0.720

We take positive value of y only.

Since partial pressure of NO₂ in equilibrium is 2y

Partial pressure of NO₂ = 0.295 × 2

Partial pressure of NO₂ = 0.590 atm

Therefore, the partial pressure of at equilibrium is 0.590 atm.

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Answer:

See images attached and explanation

Explanation:

I have drawn three possible structures of ZX2. We have to remember that the shapes of molecules could be predicted on the basis of the Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory.

The number of electrons on the valence shell of the central atom determines the shape of the molecule. We have also been told that X is not hydrogen.

If the two X atoms are arranged at a bond angle of 180 degrees, we could have either structure I or II. We will have these structures if the Z atom is sp2 hybridized.

Similarly, if the Z atom is sp3 hybridized, we may have structure III in which the molecule is bent with a bond angle less than 109 degrees. This may result from the presence of a lone pair on Z.

Note that all these structures obey the octet rule.

Answer:

1.2×10² mmole of Na₂S₂O₃

Explanation:

From the question given above, the following data were obtained:

Volume = 0.6 L

Molarity = 0.2 mol/L

Mole of Na₂S₂O₃ =?

Molarity is simply defined as the mole of solute per unit litre of water. Mathematically, it is expressed as:

Molarity = mole /Volume

With the above formula, we can obtain the number of mole of Na₂S₂O₃ in the solution as illustrated below:

Volume = 0.6 L

Molarity = 0.2 mol/L

Mole of Na₂S₂O₃ =?

Molarity = mole /Volume

0.2 = Mole of Na₂S₂O₃ / 0.6

Cross multiply

Mole of Na₂S₂O₃ = 0.2 × 0.6

Mole of Na₂S₂O₃ = 0.12 mole

Finally, we shall convert 0.12 mole to millimole (mmol). This can be obtained as follow:

1 mole = 1000 mmol

Therefore,

0.12 mole = 0.12 mole × 1000 mmol / 1 mole

0.12 mole = 120 = 1.2×10² mmole

Thus, the chemist added 1.2×10² mmole of Na₂S₂O₃

Answer:

Kinetic; attraction; attraction.

Explanation:

Kinetic energy can be defined as an energy possessed by an object or body due to its motion.

Mathematically, kinetic energy is given by the formula;

[tex] K.E = \frac{1}{2}MV^{2}[/tex]

Where, K.E represents kinetic energy measured in Joules.

M represents mass measured in kilograms.

V represents velocity measured in metres per seconds square.

Conduction involves the transfer of electric charge or thermal energy due to the movement of particles. When conduction relates to electric charge, it is known as electrical conduction while when it relates to thermal energy, it is known as heat conduction.

In the process of heat conduction, thermal energy is usually transferred from fast moving particles to slow moving particles during the collision of these particles. Also, thermal energy is typically transferred between objects that has different degrees of temperature and materials (particles) that are directly in contact with each other but differ in their ability to accept or give up electrons.

Hence, as the temperature of a substance increases, the average kinetic energy of the particles also increases, and movement overcomes forces of attraction more easily. As temperature decreases particles move more slowly and the attraction-forces between particles dominate.

In conclusion, when a substance or an object is heated, a phase change starts to occur only when the average kinetic energy of its particles is great enough to overcome the force of attraction between its particles.

Answer:

6.9428 kg of CO2

Explanation:

1) Use Avogadro's number that states 1 mole = 6.022 x 10^23 particles. Convert 9.5 x 10^25 molecules into moles.

9.5 x 10^25 CO2 molecules[tex]x\frac{1 mole CO2}{6.022 x 10^23}[/tex] = 157.75 moles CO2

2) Convert 157.75 moles of CO2 into grams. CO2's molar mass is 44.01g.

[tex]157.75moles CO2[/tex] [tex]x \frac{44.01g/mol}{1 mole CO2}[/tex] = 6942.79g

3) Convert 6942.79 grams into kilograms (divide by 1000):

6.9428 kg

Answer:

the answer rounded to the nearest hundredth is 0.63

Explanation:

Answer:

Typical injury mechanism: Direct impact on the head is by far the most common mechanism of concussion. It may be caused by stable objects such as the floor or objects in motion (such as baseball bats or hockey sticks).

Answer/Explanation:

This electrical energy now travels through the phone supplying the phone with electricity. Batteries in a cell phone supply chemical energy to electric charges. The electric charges use the energy to be put into motion.