What is diffusion?
The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances down their concentration gradient.
Aim of diffusion:
The movement of molecules along a concentration gradient is known as diffusion. It is a significant process that all living things go through. Diffusion facilitates the flow of materials into and out of cells. Until the concentration is the same everywhere, the molecules travel from a location of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Diffusion occurs in gases and liquids because random molecular movement is possible.
Types of diffusion:
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are the two primary categories of diffusion.
Simple diffusion: An action where the substance passes across a semipermeable barrier or solution without the aid of transport proteins. For instance, bacteria use simple diffusion to transport minute nutrients, water, and oxygen into the cytoplasm.Facilitated diffusion: It is the passive transfer of molecules from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration across the cell membrane using a carrier molecule.The main aim of diffusion is to arrive at an equilibrium state. When the amount of the particles is uniformly distributed or constant throughout a solution, it is said to be in equilibrium.
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The compound iron oxide can exist with either iron(II) ions or iron(III) ions. Conduct Internet research to learn about the differences between iron(II) oxide and iron(III) oxide. Give the chemical formula for each compound. Describe their appearance and uses. Based on your findings, are these two forms of the same compound, or are they two completely different compounds?
answer
Please add answer choice
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
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What is the percent by mass of water in copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4 · 5H4O)? Type in your answer using one decimal place.
Percentage by mass of water in CuSO4.5H20 is 36.07% .
In this problem we have - copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate and it's molecular formula is (CuSO₄.5H₂O) .
There are 5 molecules of water are present.
Now we calculate it's molar mass-
We know that-
molar mass of Cu = 63.5u
Molar mass of SO₄ = 96 u
Molar mass of H₂O = 18 u
Now, molar mass of (CuSO₄.5H₂O) = 63.5 + 96 + 5 × 18
Now, molar mass of (CuSO₄.5H₂O) = 249.5u
And mass of water in CuSO₄.5H₂O = 90 u
now mass percentage of water = mass of water ÷ Total mass ×100
now mass percentage of water = 90 ÷ 249.5 × 100
now mass percentage of water = 36.07 %
So we find out mass percent by dividing given mass with total mass and then multiplying it with hundred and it came out to be 36.07 % .
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Answer:
36.1
Explanation:
Six-membered cyclic hemiacetals and five-membered cyclic hemiacetals are called, respectively, ________.
Answer:
Six-membered cyclic hemiacetals and five-membered cyclic hemiacetals are called, respectively, mannoses and xyloses.
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Using bonding principles, describe why AlCl3 forms an ionic bond
Simple
Look at Electronic configuration of Al
[Ne]3s²3p¹It has valency as 3
So it can make 3 bonds
Chlorine has well known valency 1So
Aluminium does bonding with 3 chlorine atoms
There is another reason
That's electronegativity
Chlorine is most electronegative elementAluminium has low electronegativityAs difference in electronegativity is higher they forms ionic bond
The pressure in car tires is often measured in pounds per square inch (lb/in.2), with the recommended pressure being in the range of 25 to 45 lb/in.2. Suppose a tire has a pressure of 38.5lb/in.2 . Convert 38.5lb/in.2 to its equivalent in atmospheres.
Express the pressure numerically in atmospheres.
38.5lb/in.2 = atm
Answer:
2.62 atm
Explanation:
1 atm = 14.6959 psi
38.5 / 14.6959 = 2.62 atm
What is the minimum volume of 5.50 M HCl necessary to neutralize completely the hydroxide in 718.0 mL of 0.183 M NaOH
The volume of HCl required is 23.89 mL
Calculation of volume:
The reaction:
[tex]HCl + NaOH \rightarrow NaCl + H_2O[/tex]
As HCl and NaOH react in 1 : 1 ratio.
Volume of NaOH= 718 mL
Concentration= 0.183M
Volume of HCl= ?
Concentration= 5.50M
Using the dilution formula:
[tex]M_1\times V_1(NaOH)= M_2\times V_2(HCl)[/tex]
[tex]0.183\times 718= 5.50 \times V_2\\V_2=\frac{131.394}{5.50} \\V_2 = 23.89 \,mL[/tex]
Therefore,
Volume of HCl required will be 23.89 mL.
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Archimedes principle states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the blank of the fluid displaced by the object
False. The principle states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
What is Archimedes' principle?It is a theory propounded by Archimedes. It opines that a floating body is acted upon by a buoyant force.
The buoyant force is the same as the weight of the fluid displaced by the floating body.
Thus, instead of saying 'the buoyant force is equal to the blank of the fluid displaced', it is actually 'the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced'.
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An empty plastic or glass dish being removed from a microwave oven can be cool to the touch, even when food on an adjoining dish is hot. How is this phenom- enon possible?
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
Microwaves work by flipping water molecules upside down, then right side up again, and so on at very high speeds, and the friction generates heat. Some glass or plastic isn't affected by the microwaves, so the molecules don't get flipped, and so no friction occurs and no heat is produced, leading to the dish not being heated up.
Processed foods often contain large amounts of salt, but it is actually sodium (Na) that causes health concerns. If 6 g of salt (NaCl) should be an adult's daily maximum, what would the daily maximum of just sodium (Na) be? Give your answer in milligrams. (2 points)
The daily maximum of just sodium (Na) should be = 6000 mg
Calculation of adult daily salt consumptionThe adult's daily maximum intake of salt = 6g
The major element of salt that causes health concerns is sodium (Na).
Therefore the quantity of sodium consumed in milligrammes= 6×1000
= 6000 mg
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Explai how you would find out that carbondioxide and watervapor are formed when acandleburns.
Candle wax is made up of several hydrocarbons with the general formula [tex](CH_2)_n[/tex] , where n is a large number.
Hydrocarbon's on reaction with oxygen forms carbon-dioxide and water vapor. This is called combustion reaction.
[tex](CH_2)_n + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O[/tex]
To find out that carbon-dioxide and water vapor are formed when a candle burns -With duct tape, you can secure the candle to the bowl's base.Water should be added to the bowl until it reaches the candle's top. Don't let the wick become submerged, please!Now you can cover the bowl with transparent lid.After few minutes, you will observe that the transparent lid is now opaque and there are traces of water deposited on the surface of lid.
Conclusion - the lid is opaque due to the carbon-dioxide formed and water vapors are condensed on the surface of lid.
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If a person is spending 10 lakh rupees per second how many years will take to spend one mole rupees
Answer:
A person spends Rs. 10,000 per second.
In one year, he will spend = Rs. (10,000 x 3600 x 24×365) = Rs. 3.1536 x 10^11
1 mole rupees = Rs. 6.022 x 10^23
So it will take approximately 1.91 x 1012 years to spend 1 mole rupees.
Explanation:
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g at constant temperature, a sample of helium at 2 atm in a closed container was compressed from 5.00 L to 3.00 L. what was the new pressure exerted by the helium on its container
The new pressure exerted by helium on its container is 2533.33 torr.
Boyle's law: For a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional. so PV= constant.
At constant temperature and moles,
P1V1 = P2V2.
The original sample is at 2atm torr and volume 5.00 L and then helium gas was compressed to 3.00 L
∴ P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
(2× 760 torr)(5.00 L ) = (3.00 L )(x torr),
x = 2533.33 torr.
P₂ = 2533.33 torr.
Therefore, the new pressure exerted by helium on its container is 2533.33 torr.
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A 8.06 g piece of solid CO2 is allowed to sublime in a balloon. The final volume of the balloon is 1.00 L at 300.0 K. What is the pressure of the gas
Answer: The pressure of the gas is 4.4334atm.
Explanation:
The ideal gas law for pressure is shown as: [tex]P=\frac{nRT}{V}[/tex].
~n=number of moles (mol)
~R=ideal gas constant=[tex]0.0821\frac{L*atm}{mol*K}[/tex]
~T=temperature (K)
~V= volume (L)
We are not given the number of moles, but we can find that with the grams of CO₂ that we were given. This is also better because we have the compound as well, making it easier to find its molar mass on the periodic table.
[tex]8.06gCO_{2} *\frac{1molCO_{2} }{44.009gCO_{2} }=0.18molCO_{2}[/tex]
Now we are ready to plug our given information into the formula for the ideal gas law of pressure.
[tex]P=\frac{0.18mol*0.0821\frac{L*atm}{mol*K}*300K }{1.00L}[/tex] [tex]P=4.4334atm[/tex]
Given the work above, the pressure of the gas is 4.4334 atmospheres.
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The r value of the yellow dye = 0.60 the distance moved by the yellow dye = 5.7 cm calculate the distance moved by the solvent
The distance moved by the solvent is 9.5 cm.
Calculation:Given,
Rf value of yellow dye = 0.60
Distance moved by yellow distance = 5.7 cm
To calculate,
Distance moved by the solvent =?
We know that the Rf value in chromatography is calculated as:
Rf = distance moved by the solute/ distance moved by the solvent
Putting the given values in the above formula, we get
0.60 = 5.7/ distance moved by solvent
Distance moved by the solvent = 5.7/0.60
Distance moved by solvent = 9.5 cm
What is the Rf value?The ratio of the analyte's (solute) distance traveled to the solvent front on a chromatogram is known as the retention factor (Rf) value.
When using mobile solvents, analytes move differently depending on the type of chromatographic procedure used to transfer them to the stationary phases. The differences between analytes' affinity for stationary and mobile solvents are what cause this difference. The longer an analyte is in place, the lower its Rf value will be, and vice versa, depending on its relative affinity with a stationary phase.
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A rock formed with 2,000 atoms of a radioactive parent element, but only contains 500 radioactive parent atoms today. If the half-life for the radioactive element is one million years, how old is the rock
Answer:
2 million years
Explanation:
500/2000 = 1/4, meaning the sample decayed to 1/4 of its original amount. From this, we can conclude that 2 half lives have passed.
In the problem, we are given one half life is 1 million years. Multiplying this by 2, we get that 2 half lives is 2 million years.
Molecular and empirical formulas
Answer:
See below
Explanation:
Molecular formula ( just write down all of the elements ) C 4 H4 O4
Empiracle formual CHO
"Molecular formulas tell you how many atoms of each element are in a compound, and empirical formulas tell you the simplest or most reduced ratio of elements in a compound"
Magnesium has an HCP crystal structure, a c/a ratio of 1.635, an atomic weight of 24.305 g/mol, and a density of 1.74 g/cm3. Compute the atomic radius for Mg.
Atomic radius is1.349*10-23
hcp unit cell you can see that that the spheres touch each other along
so 2rMg = a where rMg is the radius of a Mg ion and = 0.6745*10^-23
There are three levels of atoms in the hcp structure.
Six atoms form a hexagonal arrangement in the top and bottom layers, while a seventh atom sits in the centre of the hexagonal arrangement.
Three atoms in the intermediate layer are tucked away in the top and bottom plane's triangular grooves.
Mg hcp c/a = 1.635
hcp is close-packed example ABABAB etc
V = sin(60)*a*a*1.635 a
V = 1.635 *0.866*a^3
V = 1.887*a^3 cm3
Z = 2 (atoms inside unit cell)
Mass inside unit cell is = (2 * 24.305)/(6.022*10^23) = 8.071*10^-23 g
D =M/V
1.74 = 8.071*10^-23/1.887*a^3
a^3 = 8.071*10^-23/1.887*1.74 = 2.458*10^-23
a = 1.349*10^-23
Hence Atomic radius is 1.349*10^-23
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given 3.5M and 10.5ml of zn(oh)2 find the molarity of nitric acid given 15.0 ml of nitric acid
10.5 milliliters of 3.5 M zinc hydroxide react completely with 15.0 milliliters of 4.9 M nitric acid.
What is molarity?It is a unit of concentration equivalent to moles of solute per liter of solution.
Step 1: Write the balanced equation.Zn(OH)₂ + 2 HNO₃ ⇒ Zn(NO₃)₂ + 2 H₂O
Step 2: Calculate the reacting moles of Zn(OH)₂.10.5 mL of 3.5 M Zn(OH)₂ react.
0.0105 L × 3.5 mol/L = 0.037 mol
Step 3: Calculate the reacting moles of HNO₃.The molar ratio of Zn(OH)₂ to HNO₃ is 1:2.
0.037 mol Zn(OH)₂ × 2 mol HNO₃/1 mol Zn(OH)₂ = 0.074 mol HNO₃
Step 4: Calculate the molarity of HNO₃.[HNO₃] = 0.074 mol / 0.0150 L = 4.9 M
10.5 milliliters of 3.5 M zinc hydroxide react completely with 15.0 milliliters of 4.9 M nitric acid.
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Hana fills a cup with sandy ocean water. She pours the mixture through a filter. What does she collect that passes through the filter?
a sample of pure water
a solution of salt in water
a suspension of sand in water
a colloid of salt in water
Answer:-
A Solution of salt in Water
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Answer: B) a solution of salt in water
Explanation:
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What scientist first developed an equation to calculate the wavelengths of lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atoms?.
Answer:
Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg
Explanation:
What term or terms correctly describes the following pair? Look at the picture pls
Answer:
Different elements
Explanation:
The variable, the bottom number, and the top number all reveal something about each other. The number at the bottom is the element's atomic number, and because both of these pairs have different atomic numbers, they are different elements in general.
why do metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions?
Answer:
metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions because they have more protons than electrons.
A container contains a mixture of neon and argon gases at a uniform temperature. The argon gas has a rms speed of 1.20 km/s. How many Kelvin would the temperature need to change in order for the neon gas to be 39.0% faster than the rms speed of the argon
55.44 K is the temperature that need to change in order for the neon gas to be 39.0% faster than the RMS speed of the argon.
Given
RMS speed of argon = 1.20 km/sec = 1.20 ×[tex]10^{3}[/tex] m/sec
RMS speed of neon = 39% faster than the speed of argon
= RMS speed of argon + [tex]\frac{39}{100}[/tex] RMS speed of argon
= RMS speed of argon ( 1 +0.39)
RMS speed of neon = 1.39 times of RMS speed of argon
Hence [tex]\frac{v_{ne} }{v_{ar} } = \frac{1.39}{1}[/tex] … (1)
The atomic mass of argon is 39.95 g/mol = 39.95×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex] Kg/mol
and the atomic mass of neon is 20.18 g/mol = 20.18 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex] Kg/mol
According to the formula of root-mean-square velocities of gas molecules
[tex]v_{rms} = \sqrt{3RT/M}[/tex] where,
[tex]v_{rms}[/tex] = root-mean-square velocity
M = molar mass of gas (in kg per mole)
R = Molar gas constant = 8.314 J/mol/K
T = temperature (in kelvin)
[tex]v_{arg }[/tex] = [tex]\sqrt{3RT_{arg}/M }[/tex]
[tex]v_{arg} ^{2}[/tex] = [tex]3RT_{arg} /M[/tex]
1.20 ×1.20 ×[tex]10^{6\\[/tex] = 3 ×8.314×[tex]T_{arg}[/tex] /39.95 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]
[tex]T_{arg}[/tex] = 1.44 × 39.95 ×[tex]10^{3}[/tex] / 24.942
[tex]T_{arg}[/tex] = 2306.47 K
Now,
RMS velocity is directly proportional to [tex]\sqrt{T}[/tex] and inversely proportional to [tex]\sqrt{M}[/tex]
[tex]v_{rms}[/tex] [tex]\alpha[/tex] [tex]\sqrt{T}[/tex] and [tex]v_{rms} \frac{1}{\alpha } \sqrt{M}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{v_{ne} }{v_{ar} }[/tex] = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{T_{ne} }{T_{ar} } }[/tex]× [tex]\sqrt{\frac{M_{ar} }{M_{ne} } }[/tex]
According to equation 1
[tex]\sqrt{\frac{T_{ne} }{T_{ar} } }[/tex] × [tex]\sqrt{\frac{M_{ar} }{M_{ne} } }[/tex] = 1.39
[tex]T_{ne}[/tex] = 1.39 ×1.39 × 2306.47 × 20.18 / 39.95
[tex]T_{ne}[/tex] = 2251.03K
Change in temp ΔT = 2306.47-2251.03= 55.44 K
Hence, 55.44 K is the temperature that need to change in order for the neon gas to be 39.0% faster than the RMS speed of the argon.
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A Calorie unit used in food is equal to the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water ________ degrees) Celsius.
A Calorie unit used in food is equal to the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degrees Celsius.
What is One Calorie ?The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature by 1 gram of water through 1°C is known as One Calorie.
1 Calorie = 4.18 J
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that A Calorie unit used in food is equal to the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degrees Celsius.
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A solution initially has a [Ca2+] = 0.100 M and [Ba2+] = 0.100 M Sulfate ion (SO42-) is being added to selectively precipitate out the Ba2+ ions and leave behind the Ca2+ ions. (The barium ions will start to precipitate out first because barium sulfate is less soluble than calcium sulfate.) BaSO4 Ksp = 1.07 x 10-10 CaSO4 Ksp = 7.10 x 10-5 Assume that somehow the sulfate ion is being added in a manner that does not change the volume of the solution significantly.
a) At what concentration of sulfate ion would the Ca2+ begin to precipitate out as calcium sulfate?
b) At that concentration of sulfate ion what would be the concentration of Ba2+ ion?
The concentration of sulfate ion would be required for Ca⁺ to begin to precipitate out as calcium sulfate is 7.10 * 10⁻⁴ M.
b) The concentration of the Ba²⁺ ion would be 9.929 * 10⁻² M
What concentration of sulfate ion would be required for Ca⁺ to begin to precipitate out as calcium sulfate?The precipitation of calcium sulfate occurs when the ionic product, Kip is greater than or equal to the solubility product, Ksp of calcium sulfate.
Kip ≥ Kspa) The equation of the dissociation of CaSO₄ is given below:
CaSO₄ ⇄ Ca²⁺ + SO₄²⁻
Ksp = [Ca²⁺] * [SO₄²⁻] = 7.10 * 10⁻⁵
Kip = [Ca²⁺] * [SO₄²⁻]
[SO₄²⁻] = Kip/[Ca²⁺]
[Ca²⁺] = 0.100 M
For precipitation to occur;
Kip = Ksp = 7.10 * 10⁻⁵
[SO₄²⁻] = 7.10 * 10⁻⁵/0.100
[SO₄²⁻] = 7.10 * 10⁻⁴ M
Therefore, the concentration of sulfate ion would be required for Ca⁺ to begin to precipitate out as calcium sulfate is 7.10 * 10⁻⁴ M.
b) The concentration of the Ba²⁺ ion would be;
0.100 M - 7.10 * 10⁻⁴ M = 9.929 * 10⁻² M
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in diamond carbon atoms are bonded together by extended covalent bonds? what type of solid is diamond?
Diamond is a network solid.
In diamond, carbon atoms are bonded together by extended covalent bonds. Each carbon atom forms four strong covalent bonds with its neighboring carbon atoms, creating a three-dimensional network of carbon-carbon bonds throughout the crystal lattice.
Diamond is a type of solid known as a covalent network solid. In covalent network solids, the atoms are held together by a network of strong covalent bonds, extending throughout the entire crystal structure. This results in a very rigid and hard material with high melting and boiling points.
Other examples of covalent network solids include graphite and quartz. Due to its strong and interconnected carbon-carbon bonds, diamond is renowned for its exceptional hardness and is one of the hardest known naturally occurring materials.
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A thin sample of X is put between metal plates. A radio-frequency electric current is applied to the plates and passes through the sample. From the measured voltage across the plates the value of E may be calculated.
Is this a physical or chemical property ?
The value of E determined as shown in the question is a chemical property.
What are chemical property?A chemical property has to do with the chemical changes that occur in a substance. Now we know that The value E refers to how easily a substance could accept or loose electrons.
Thus, the value of E determined as shown in the question is a chemical property.
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In the bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the energy required to excite an electron from n = 2 to n = 3 is _______________ the energy required to excite an electron from n = 3 to n = 4?
In the bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the energy required to excite an electron from n = 2 to n = 3 is greater than the energy required to excite an electron from n = 3 to n = 4
Bohr's energy levels:
The essential concept of Bohr's atomic model is that electrons occupy specified orbitals that call for the electron to have a certain amount of energy. An electron needs to be in one of the permitted orbitals and have the correct amount of energy needed for that orbit in order to be in the electron cloud of an atom. An electron would require less energy to orbit near the nucleus, while an electron would need more energy to orbit away from the nucleus. Energy levels are the potential orbits. One of Bohr's models' flaws was that he was unable to explain why just specific energy levels or orbits were permitted.
It is evident that the energy required to escape an electron from n=2 to n=3 is greater than the energy required to exit an electron from n=3 to n=4. This is because as n increases, the energy levels move closer to one another.
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Calculate the pH of a solution that is 0.175M benzoic acid and 0.190M sodium benzoate, a salt whose anion is the conjugate base of benzoic acid.
4.235 is the pH of a solution that is 0.175M benzoic acid and 0.190M sodium benzoate, a salt whose anion is the conjugate base of benzoic acid.
What is Henderson Hasslbalch Equation ?According to Henderson Hasslbalch Equation to calculate the pH of a solution is expressed as
[tex]pH = pK_{a} + \log \frac{[\text{Congujate base}]}{[\text{Weak acid}]}[/tex]
Benzoic acid (C₆H₅COOH) and its conjugate base is Benzoate (C₆H₅COO⁻) are considered as acidic buffer.
Kₐ for benzoic acid = 6.3 × 10⁻⁵
So, pKₐ = -log Kₐ
= - log [6.3 × 10⁻⁵]
= 4.2
Now put the value in above expression we get
[tex]pH = pK_{a} + \log \frac{[\text{Congujate base}]}{[\text{Weak acid}]}[/tex]
[tex]pH = pK_{a} + \log \frac{C_6H_5COONa}{C_6H_5COOH}[/tex]
[tex]= 4.2 + \log \frac{0.190}{0.175}[/tex]
= 4.2 + 0.035
= 4.235
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that 4.235 is the pH of a solution that is 0.175M benzoic acid and 0.190M sodium benzoate, a salt whose anion is the conjugate base of benzoic acid.
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For the reaction, Cl2(g)+3F2(g)→2ClF3(g) , determine the rate of change of ClF3 if the concentration of F2 decreases from 0.950 M to 0.865 M over 15 seconds.
3.73 x[tex]10^{-3}[/tex] the rate of change of [tex]ClF_3[/tex] if the concentration of [tex]F_2[/tex]decreases from 0.950 M to 0.865 M over 15 seconds.
What is the rate of change?The rate of change is used to mathematically describe the percentage change in value over a defined period of time, and it represents the momentum of a variable.
[tex]Cl_2(g)+3F_2(g)[/tex]→[tex]2ClF_3(g)[/tex]
Rate of change of [tex]F_2[/tex] = [tex]\frac{Change \;in \;concemtration}{Time}[/tex]
Rate of change of[tex]F_2[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.950 M-0.865 M}{15 seconds}[/tex]
Rate of change of [tex]F_2[/tex] = 5.6 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{Rate of change of F_2}{3}[/tex] =[tex]\frac{Rate \;of c\;hange \;of\;ClF_3}{2}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{5.6 X 10^{-3}}{3}[/tex]=[tex]\frac{Rate \;of \;change \;of \;ClF_3}{2}[/tex]
Rate of change of [tex]ClF_3[/tex] =1.866666667 x2 x[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]
Rate of change of [tex]ClF_3[/tex]= 3.73 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex]
Hence, 3.73 x[tex]10^{-3}[/tex] the rate of change of [tex]ClF_3[/tex] if the concentration of [tex]F_2[/tex]decreases from 0.950 M to 0.865 M over 15 seconds.
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