Steps involved in antigen response generation is:
1. Dendritic cells process antigens.
2. Dendritic cells present antigens on their surface.
3. T helper cells recognize MHC II/antigen complexes on dendritic cells.
4. Stimulated by IL-4, T helper cells differentiate into T helper2 cells.
5. B cells (presenting MHC II/antigens) are activated after interacting with T helper2 cells.
6. B cells differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells.
The B cell produces antibodies (specialized white blood cells). A B cell multiplies and clones when it comes into touch with an antigen. These plasma cells, also known as cloned B cells, unleash countless amounts of antibodies into your lymphatic and blood systems.
Our body has antibodies in a number of places, including your skin, lungs, tears, saliva, and even breast milk. In actuality, colostrum contains significant levels of antibodies (a thick fluid secreted by the breasts for a few days after giving birth). Because of this, breast- or chest-feeding helps strengthen your baby's immune system.
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Corrected Question:
Successful vaccination requires the generation of an antibody response and long-term memory. Mounting this response requires a coordinated series of events.
Which of the following depicts the correct order of how molecules move through cellular respiration?
The following illustration shows the correct flow of molecules during cellular respiration: Acetic acid, pyruvic acid, glucose, and acetyl CoA
A metabolic process called cellular respiration converts glucose to ATP. Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are steps in cellular respiration. Respiration is the process by which complex molecules' C–C bonds are broken by oxidation within cells, resulting in the release of a significant amount of energy. This procedure is known as cellular respiration because it takes place within the cell. It is a multi-step process that begins with the breakdown of glucose to produce a pyruvate molecule with three carbons. The process here is called glycolysis. The cytoplasm is the location of glycolysis. The pyruvate is further transformed into a two-carbon acetyl CoA. This process is called as "oxidative decarboxylation".
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Neural mechanisms that may help explain some of the strength gains from resistance training include all except
A. increased synchronization of motor unit activation
B. increased firing rate
C. decreased coactivation of agonists and antagonists
D. increased autogenic inhibition
Option d is Correct. All increased autogenic inhibition are neural mechanisms that may contribute to and explain part of the strength gains from resistance exercise.
A trainee may be able to more fully activate prime movers in particular motions and to better coordinate the activation of all relevant muscles as a result of strength training, which will result in a greater net force in the direction of the movement that is intended.
The three key components of strength training are volume, frequency, and intensity. The amount of effort needed to complete an activity is called intensity, and it is frequently calculated as a percentage of a person's one-repetition maximum (1RM). Workload may consist of three parts: the weight that was used during an exercise. the quantity of repetitions finished for a specific workout. time all exercises in a set or entire training session must be finished.
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I need help with these bio
1. The independent variable is the light intensity
2. The dependent variable is the rate of photosynthesis
3. The controlled variables are all other variables involved in the experiment
4. Low amount of gas will be produced
5. Light intensity has a direct correlation with the rate of photosynthesis
Light and photosynthesisPhotosynthesis is a process whereby green plants use solar radiation and inorganic materials such as carbon dioxide and water to synthesize organic carbohydrates. During this process, oxygen gas is produced as a by-product.
Thus, in the experiment investigating the correlation between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis, the input variable is the independent variable. Thus, the independent variable would be light intensity.
The variable that shows the effect of the input variable is known as the dependent variable. Thus, the dependent variable would be the rate of photosynthesis.
The remaining variables apart from dependent and independent variables are controlled variables. The higher the amount of gas produced, the higher the rate of photosynthesis. Thus, low gas production will be observed with a low rate of photosynthesis.
From the experiment, all other things being constant, the more the light intensity, the more the rate of photosynthesis.
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neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal meningitis, is capable of triggering sporadic disease outbreaks by which of the following methods?
Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal meningitis, can trigger sporadic disease outbreaks by capsular switching.
In many regions of the world, meningococcal meningitis is a dangerous infection that is linked to high rates of mortality and morbidity. The bacteria is well-known for transforming its genetic material to change its capsular polysaccharide from one serogroup to another in response to immunological pressure during a major immunization campaign. Meningococcal meningitis can modify its capsular phenotype through a genetic mechanism known as capsular switching, and as a result, epidemics can start or continue using this strategy. Due to immunologic escape from immunity to the original serogroup, which occurs as a result, the escape serogroup takes control and spreads like wildfire.
Hence, Neisseria meningitidis uses capsular switching to overcome immune system of individual.
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The auditory ossicles connect the
tympanic membrane to the oval window.
stapedius to the tympanic membrane.
tympanic membrane to the round window.
oval window to the round window.
otitis to the media.
The auditory ossicles connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window option - a is correct answer.
The auditory ossicles are what connect what?The tympanic membrane and the malleus, incus, and stapes, three bony ossicles, make up the middle ear. These three ossicles connect the inner ear to the tympanic membrane, allowing sound waves to travel there.
A crucial part of this function is played by the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes). In order for the incus and stapes to receive auditory oscillations, the malleus must be connected to the tympanic membrane. Mechanical energy can be transmitted to the fluid-filled inner ear through the stapes' connection to the oval window.
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all of the following statements are correct relative to solar cheilosis except for one qhich one is the exception
This is incorrect because SC is not a clinical dose meter for chronic UVR exposure. SC is a clinical sign of chronic UVR exposure.
What is solar cheilosis(SC)?
Solar cheilosis (SC), a form of precancer of the lower lip, is brought on by exposure to ultraviolet light, particularly UV-B from sunlight. There are other factors that can contribute to the development of SC besides UV-B exposure, such as skin phenotype, age, male sex, outdoor employment, rural living, and host immune state. Immunologically compromised individuals find it more difficult to fight SC than healthy individuals.Therefore, all of the above is the correct answer which fulfills all the conditions of solar cheilosis.
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Complete Question:
All of the following statements are correct relative to solar cheilosis except for one qhich one is the exception
A. The major etiologic factor associated with SC is ultraviolet radiation, principally UV-B.
B. Factors predisposing to SC include skin phenotype, age, male sex, outdoor occupation, rural living, and host immune status.
C. AK and SC serve as clinical dose meters for chronic UVR exposure.
D. All of the above.
Which of the following would be an example of a biological influence into the development of a pathological fear of the sight of blood?
a. The immediate assistance offered by friends and family when one appears distressed.
b. The tendency to escape and avoid situations involving blood.
c. An increase in one's experience of anxiety.
d. An increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
An increase in heart rate and blood pressure would be an example of a biological influence into the development of a pathological fear of the sight of blood.
Blood pressure is the force of blood pressing against the artery walls while the heart beats. High blood pressure, often known as hypertension, occurs when that force becomes excessive and begins to injure the body. If left untreated, it will eventually cause heart and blood vessel damage.
When the heart contracts, the highest systolic blood pressure measures the force pressing against the artery walls. Bottom diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats.
Normal blood pressure is 120 mmHg/80 mmHg or less. The dangerous readings are 120-139 mmHg/80-89 mmHg. High blood pressure is defined as readings of 140 mmHg/90 mmHg or greater.
The correct answer is option D.
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Aisha is a 21-year-old college student who is concerned about breast cancer because both her mother and grandmother developed the disease before the age of 55. Current evidence shows that Kristy can reduce her chances of breast cancer by:
a. beginning and maintaining a regular physical activity program
b. continuing as a nonsmoker
c. doing all of these
d. continuing as a nondrinker
Kristy can reduce her chances of breast cancer by continuing as a nondrinker, as a nonsmoker and maintaining a regular physical activity program.
Breast cancer is a condition in which the breast's cells proliferate out of control. Breast cancer comes in several forms. Which breast cells develop into cancer determine the type of breast cancer.
Different areas of the breast might give rise to breast cancer. There are three basic components of a breast: connective tissue, ducts, and lobules. The glands that generate milk are called lobules. Milk travels through tubes called ducts to the nipple. The connective tissue, which is made up of fatty and fibrous tissue, envelops and holds everything in place. The ducts or lobules are where most breast cancers start.
Over the course of a lifetime, a variety of variables can affect your chance of developing breast cancer. Although some factors, such as getting older or having a family history, cannot be changed, maintaining good health can help reduce your risk of breast cancer.
Hence, life style changes and good health reduces risk of breast cancer.
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Extrusive igneous rocks _____.
A. form layers called foliations
B. form from confining pressure
C. cool quickly on Earth's surface
D. cool slowly beneath Earth's surface
Answer:
c.
Explanation:
because igneous rock is produced when magma exits and cools above (or very near) the Earth's surface.
giving examples from organism studied, explain how the amount of yolk affects cleavage and gastrulation
Yolk is a nutrient-rich substance that is found in the egg cells of many organisms, including some invertebrates and some fish. The amount of yolk found in an egg can have a large effect on how the organisms develop.
In many organisms, the amount of yolk in the egg affects the development of the embryo. In Xenopus laevis, a species of frog, more yolk in the egg leads to more unequal cleavage and an uneven distribution of cell types during gastrulation.
When the egg contains more yolk, some cells get more yolk than others, and this causes them to divide more slowly than cells that don’t have as much yolk. This leads to an unequal distribution of cells during cleavage, which can result in an uneven distribution of cells during gastrulation. This uneven distribution of cells means that some cells will migrate further than others during gastrulation, leading to an uneven distribution of cell types in the embryo. This can affect the development of the embryo, as the distribution of cells during gastrulation can determine which tissues and organs will form.
In organisms that undergo gastrulation, the amount of yolk in an egg can also affect the way in which the embryo forms. For example, in the frog, those eggs with more yolk tend to form a larger blastopore, which is the opening from which the gastrula forms. This is because the cells in the egg with more yolk will divide faster and spread to a larger area, which allows for a larger blastopore to form.
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Individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) have a genetic defect that prevents proper formation and expression of immunoglobins and T cells and therefore do not have adaptive immunity.
True
The assertion is true. Because of a genetic abnormality that inhibits immunoglobins and T cells from properly forming and expressing, people with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) lack adaptive immunity.
SCID (combined immunodeficiency) patients have a genetic abnormality that affects T cells and at least one other kind of immune cell. Which immune cells—T, B, and/or NK cells—are damaged determines the different types of SCID. SCID comes in a variety of forms, each of which is brought on by a unique genetic (hereditary) flaw.
This means that the stated statement is accurate. In persons with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID), adaptive immunity is absent due to a genetic anomaly that prevents immunoglobins and T cells from properly developing and expressing.
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In your own words, describe the fluid mosaic model. What makes it fluid? What makes it a mosaic?
Answer:
A fluid Mosaic is the cell membrane of several molecules and what makes it a fluid are the components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Explanation:
The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a tapestry of several types of molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins) that are constantly moving. This movement helps the cell membrane maintain its role as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell environments.
variegated limpets are a different species from olive limpets. they live on the same rocky benches along the same sea shore, and eat the same kinds of foods. they are both active only at night. the variegated limpet lives only in tide pools that are typically 5 - 15 meters from the tide lines, the olives in pools 1 - 3 meters from the tide line. hence they rarely encounter each other, especially in the breeding season, and never have offspring. this is an example of isolation. (mark all that apply)
The correct statements about variegated limpets are:
a)They are a group of aquatic animals
c)They exist a conical shell shape
So,correct options are a and c.
The Variegated Limpet is oval molded, somewhat more extensive at the back. Its pinnacle isn't exactly focal. The figure is of 36 in number, spiral ribs with some fine, surrounding development lines, which are near one another. The edge is finely scalloped. A few limpet from low on the shore might be very huge, thick and exceptionally tall. High on the shore, people might be very level and slim shelled. There is an extraordinary reach in structure.
The Variegated Limpet can endure a large number of environments and is tracked down under many states of openness and moistness. The Variegated Limpet can exhume a downturn for itself in the stone and shows "homing" conduct in the wake of taking care of outings. It leaves a synthetic path on the outward excursion which permits the limpet to find its direction home.
Hence, option a and c are correct.
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(Complete question) is:
variegated limpets are a different species from olive limpets. they live on the same rocky benches along the same sea shore, and eat the same kinds of foods. they are both active only at night. the variegated limpet lives only in tide pools that are typically 5 - 15 meters from the tide lines, the olives in pools 1 - 3 meters from the tide line. hence they rarely encounter each other, especially in the breeding season, and never have offspring. this is an example of isolation. Select statements which are true about variegated limpets.(mark all that apply)
a)They are a group of aquatic animals
b)They exist a circular shell shape
c)They exist a conical shell shape
d)They are a group of amphibians
the destruction of this intrinsic factor producing organ would mean that you would no longer be able to absorb vitamin b12 through the digestive system.
Colonic disruption of this endogenous factor-producing organ means that vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed through the digestive system.
Intrinsic Factor Binds Vitamin B12. Upon binding, intrinsic factor and B12 travel to the intestine and are absorbed into the bloodstream. Vitamin B12 is required for the formation and growth of red blood cells. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. They are then absorbed into the bloodstream and can be used by the body for energy, growth, and repair. Anything that is no longer used is discarded as feces.
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and the accessory digestive organs. Digestion breaks down food into smaller and smaller components until they are absorbed and absorbed by the body.
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Essentially, atmospheric pressure is the force exerted at any given
point on the Earth's surface by the weight of the air above that point. In
short: the air that surrounds the Earth creates atmospheric pressure
and this pressure is determined by the collective weight of air
molecules. Air molecules at higher altitudes have fewer molecules
pressing down on them from above and therefore experience lower
pressure, while lower molecules have more force or pressure exerted
on them by molecules piled on top of them and are more tightly packed
together.
HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO MY SEARCH QUESTION WHICH IS
What effect does the amount of air pressure have on how far a soccer ball travels when kicked?
Answer:
the air that surrounds the Earth creates atmospheric pressure and this pressure is determined by the collective weight of air molecules.
An _____ gland is a ductless gland that empties its hormone into the extracellular fluid.
a) endocrine
b) exocrine
c) neuronal
Endocrine glands are hormone-secreting ductless glands that release their hormones into in the extracellular fluid.The glands without ducts that secrete hormones into the body are known as endocrine glands.
Is the pituitary gland ductless?The two adrenal glands, the spleen, the thyroid, the pituitary, the thymus, and the pineal gland are all ductless glands.
What kind of epithelial gland was considered ductless?Endocrine glands originally have ducts linking them to the epithelial sheet's free surface because they develop by invaginating from the epithelial sheet.They become ductless glands throughout embryonic development because they will lack their ducts.
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in what abnormal medical condition will an ECG lack?
ECG abnormal is a normal variation of a heart's rhythm which does not affect health.
What is abnormal condition?Abnormal Condition means any condition established at conception or acquired in utero which results in a morphologic structural, metabolic and biochemical functional. Diseases are generally understood to be medical conditions that involve a pathological process associated with a specific set of symptoms.
Therefore ECG abnormal is a normal variation of a heart's rhythm which does not affect health.
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the relationship between a tree and a bird that both nests in its branches and eats its seeds is both and , respectively.
The relationship between a tree and a bird that both nests in its branches and eats its seeds is both symbiotic and mutualistic, respectively.
What is a Symbiotic relationship?
A symbiotic relationship is a type of relationship between two organisms where both benefit from the association. Examples of symbiotic relationships include mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship; commensalism, where one species benefits and the other is unaffected; and parasitism, where one species benefits and the other is harmed.
Symbiosis is a type of relationship between two organisms in which both benefit from the interaction. In this case, the tree provides the bird with a safe place to nest and food in the form of its seeds. In return, the bird helps the tree in various ways, such as eating away any pests that might damage the tree and dispersing the tree’s seeds, allowing them to germinate in new areas. This relationship is considered mutualistic because both the tree and the bird benefit from the interaction.
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dna methyltransferases (dnmts) play a major role in gene regulation. sort the items to their respective bins.
DNA methyl transferases called DNMTs add methyl groups to DNA's cytosine residues.
Transferring the methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to the 5' position on cytosine bases is the fundamental job of all DNMTs.
They are divided into the DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b, and DNMT3L groups. Enzymatically, DNMT3L is not active. While DNMT1 is a maintenance methyl transferase that imitates the methylation pattern from one strand of DNA to another, DNMT3a and DNMT3b are denovo methyl transferases that establish the methylation patterns starting at the embryonic stage.
DNMT1 - keep consistent DNA methylation patterns
DNMT3a and DNMT3b - Create unique DNA methylation patterns and act on CpG dinucleotides found in heterochromatin's repetitive DNA sequences
Every DNMT - Add a methyl group to produce 5-methylcytidine, then act on the cytosine bases next to the guanine bases.
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because biological systems are generally held at constant temperature and pressure, it is possible to predict the direction of a chemical reaction by measuring which of the following?
Because biological systems are generally held at constant temperature and pressure, it is possible to predict the direction of a chemical reaction by measuring (4) free energy.
Chemical reaction is defined as the process where one substance is changed into another due to the effect of any external agent. The substance that gets converted is called reactant. The substance formed after reaction is called the product. And an external agent can be varying like an enzyme, some other chemical, temperature change, pressure change, etc.
Free energy is a thermodynamic quantity that defines the ability of a system to perform work. It is easily available at any condition for the system to perform work and hence is called free energy.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Because biological systems are generally held at constant temperature and pressure, it is possible to predict the direction of a chemical reaction by measuring which of the following?
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the process by which norms and ideals surrounding women's sexuality are becoming increasingly similar to norms and ideals of men's sexuality is known as ______ .
the process by which norms and ideals surrounding women's sexuality are becoming increasingly similar to norms and ideals of men's sexuality is known as sexual convergence.
How do gender norms affect sexuality?There is clear evidence that boys and girls who adhere to harmful and inequitable gender norms are at higher risk for engaging in behaviors that can lead to unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and violence.The nor for women's sexuality is generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and nurturing. Men norms are generally expected to be strong, aggressive, and bold. Every society, ethnic group, and culture has gender role expectations, but they can be very different from group to group.Learn more about gender norms here: brainly.com/question/28826856
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electrochemical aptasensor for ultralow fouling cancer cell quantification in complex biological media based on designed branched peptides
Diagnostics could be revolutionized by the quick, easy, and focused assaying of clinical targets directly in complex biological media electrochemical apt sensor.
Retaining selectivity and exercising strict control over non-specific surface interactions or biofouling pose important obstacles to impact the cell. It describes here how designed branched zwitterionic peptides were covalently attached to electrodeposited polyaniline film to provide an antifouling interface. Electrochemical and fluorescence analysis has demonstrated the extraordinary efficiency of the branching peptide-modified surfaces in minimizing non-specific protein and cell adsorption.The antifouling capability of the designed branched peptide significantly outperforms that of the commonly used PEG and linear peptides. The consensus's linear response range for the MCF-7 cell is 50 to 106 cells/mL, with a detection limit as low as 20 cells/ml. More significantly, the presence of the branched antifouling peptide in human serum had no effect on the assaying results, demonstrating the viability of the cytoses for accurate cancer cell detection in challenging samples.To know more about electrochemical check the below link:
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in a signal transduction pathway, activated g proteins can then activate which of the following enzymes?
One of the common targets of activated g proteins is adenylyl cyclase.
Adenylyl cyclase, a membrane-associated enzyme that is activated by the GTP-bound alpha subunit, catalyzes the creation of the second messenger cAMP from molecules of ATP, is one target of activated G proteins that is very frequently found.
Many extracellular signals are detected by G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), which then transmit those signals to heterotrimeric G proteins. These G proteins then transmit those signals intracellularly to the proper downstream effectors, playing a crucial part in a number of signaling cascades.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that let cells respond to external signals such as hormones and neurotransmitters as well as signals from the senses of sight, smell, and taste.
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This organism can infect deeper wound sites and produce exotoxins, enzymes, and gas that cause tissue and muscle necrosis.*c. perfringens*c. difficile*c. tetani*c. botulinum
Clostridium perfringens is the organism that can infect deeper wound sites and produce exotoxins, enzymes, and gas that cause tissue and muscle necrosis (Option A).
What is Clostridium perfringens?Clostridium perfringens or C. perfringens is a microorganism that represents the most common reason for food contamination poisoning, which is a harmful gram-positive bacteria belonging to the clostridium genus.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that Clostridium perfringens or C. perfringens is a pahtogenic bacteria associated with the contamination of foods, which belongs to the clostridium genus and may be identified because it is gram-positive.
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Antibodies are characterized as ______ and possess oligosaccharides bonded to which amino acid?
A. O-linked; serine
B. O-linked; asparagine
C. O-linked; threonine
D. N-linked; glutamine
E. N-linked; asparagine
74 in the cAMP-dependent activation of pyruvate kinase which of the following amino acids is phosphorylated?
a. His
b. Thr
C. Tyr
D. Ser
E. Lys
Antibodies are characterized as O-linked; serine and possess oligosaccharides bonded to which amino acid. Option A.
Immunoglobulins are found in blood and other tissues and fluids. They are made by plasma cells that are derived from the B cells of the immune system. Her B cells of the immune system become plasma cells when activated by the binding of specific antigens to its antibody surface.
Chronic infection. Autoimmune diseases in which the immune system overreacts, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and celiac disease. Bad antibodies are known to react against the body's own tissues and cause autoimmune diseases. For this reason, it was previously thought to be excreted by the immune system or rendered inactive in the long term.
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TRUE/FALSE. the mignonette, or reseda odorata is a part of one of the 40 genus of fragrant flowered herbs in the family of resedaceae. they originate in europe,
True, A member of the 40 genera of fragrant blooming plants in the Rosaceae family, which have their origins in Europe, is the mignonette, and reseda data.
In the family Resedaceae, the genus Mignonette contains roughly 40 species of herbs and shrubs with aromatic flowers. They were widely imported abroad despite being native to portions of Asia, North Africa, and Europe. Many of the species are now common garden flowers.
Mignonette is a 'floppy', spreading biennial with no hair. It typically measures 12 inches tall, although it may also be much larger or higher. There might be a leaf rosette at the base. The leaves have a pinnate look, are deeply cut, and have wavy margins.
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HELP PLS!
Answer all questions for both mitosis and meiosis in a few words THANK YOU:)
The complete chart of mitosis and meiosis is shown below:
What is mitosis and meiosis?The cell division process known as meiosis is what produces egg and sperm cells. A vital process for life is mitosis. A cell divides into two identical daughter cells after duplicating all of its components, including its chromosomes.
a)
In mitosis: eukaryotic cells undergoes this process
In meiosis: Gametes or germ cells undergoes this process.
b)
In mitosis: 2 daughter cells are produced.
In meiosis: 4 daughter cells are produced
c)
In mitosis: two cell divisions.
In meiosis: two cell divisions.
d)
In mitosis: The result of mitosis is for cell growth and to replace damaged cells.
In meiosis: The result of mitosis is two identical daughter cells, genetically identical to the original cell, all having 2N chromosome.
e)
In mitosis: 15 chromosome in parent cell
In meiosis: 23 chromosome in parent cell
f)
In mitosis: 30 chromosomes in daughter cells
In meiosis: 46 chromosomes in daughter cells.
g)
In mitosis: 46 monovalent chromosomes of DNA replication.
In meiosis: meiosis consists of one round of DNA replication.
h)
In mitosis: 15 no. of chromosomes in daughter cells in comparison to the no. of parent cells.
In meiosis: 23 no. of chromosomes in daughter cells in comparison to the no. of parent cells.
i)
In mitosis: do not appear in mitosis.
In meiosis: tetrads formed
j)
In mitosis: here crossing over occurred.
In meiosis: here crossing over occurred.
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which of the following statements about secondary messengers is true? they carry out the effects of steroid hormones within the cell. they carry out the effects of non-steroid hormones within the cell. they work with both steroid and non-steroid hormones to carry out their effects in the cell. they are a third type of hormone, although they differ significantly from the other two.
The secondary messengers carry out the effects of non-steroid hormones within the cell. Thus the correct answer is option (B).
The Secondary messenger refers to the tiny molecules and ions that transmit signals from cell-surface receptors to effector proteins. Cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (), diacylglycerol (DAG), and calcium are examples of secondary messengers. increases intracellular free temporarily, whereas DAG activates protein kinase C directly.
Phosphatidylinositol is used in two different types of signaling pathways. Phospholipase C converts phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate into IP3, an essential component of the Ca-signaling pathway that was previously discussed.
The complete question is:
Which of the following statements about secondary messengers is true? (A). they carry out the effects of steroid hormones within the cell.
(B). they carry out the effects of non-steroid hormones within the cell. (C). they work with both steroid and non-steroid hormones to carry out their effects in the cell.
(D). they are the third type of hormone, although they differ significantly from the other two.
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Cytopathic effects are changes in host cells due to
A) viral infections.
B) protozoan infections.
C) fungal infections.
D) bacterial infections.
E) helminthic infections.
A) viral infections.
The term "cytopathic effect" describes how viral infections alter the structure of the host cell. Cell lysis is the outcome of the viral infection.
A virus affects the structure of the host cell when it enters. The term for this is "cytopathic effect." When the host cell is lysed by the infected cell or when the cell dies because it is incapable of reproducing, these conditions take place. Cytopathogenic viruses are those that alter the host cell's morphology.
The rounding of cells is the initial symptom of cytopathic impact or viral infection. The host cell's cytoplasm and nucleus both contain the inclusion bodies. These can be located in the patients' blood smears using light or electron microscopy. Syncytia can develop as a result of some viral infections. These substantial clumps of cytoplasm are the result of infected cells fusing together. It is made up of many nuclei.
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can someone help me please to find a conclusión
Part A)
Human insulin and horse insulin are two different forms of the hormone insulin, which is produced by the pancreas and plays a key role in regulating blood sugar levels in the body. Human insulin is identical to the insulin produced naturally by the human body, while horse insulin is a slightly different form of the hormone that is extracted from the pancreas of horses.
A comparison of the sequences of human insulin and horse insulin reveals some key differences between the two forms of the hormone. Human insulin is made up of two chains of amino acids, designated A and B, which are joined together by disulfide bonds. The sequence of amino acids in the A chain is identical in all forms of human insulin, while the sequence of amino acids in the B chain varies slightly depending on the type of insulin.
In contrast, horse insulin is made up of a single chain of amino acids, rather than two separate chains like human insulin. The sequence of amino acids in horse insulin is also slightly different from that of human insulin. In particular, there are some amino acid substitutions in horse insulin that are not found in human insulin.
Part B)
Overall, human insulin and horse insulin are two different forms of the hormone insulin, and they have some distinct differences in their sequences of amino acids. Human insulin is made up of two chains of amino acids, while horse insulin is made up of a single chain, and the sequences of amino acids in the two forms of insulin are slightly different. These differences may affect the way that human insulin and horse insulin interact with the body, and they may be important for understanding the potential therapeutic uses of these hormones.