Answer:
Introduction
Cellular respiration is one of the most elegant, majestic, and fascinating metabolic pathways on earth. At the same time, it’s also one of the most complicated. When I learned about it for the first time, I felt like I had tripped and fallen into a can of organic-chemistry-flavored alphabet soup!
Luckily, cellular respiration is not so scary once you get to know it. Let's start by looking at cellular respiration at a high level, walking through the four major stages and tracing how they connect up to one another.
Steps of cellular respiration
Overview of the steps of cellular respiration.
1. Glycolysis. Six-carbon glucose is converted into two pyruvates (three carbons each). ATP and NADH are made. These reactions take place in the cytosol.
2. Pyruvate oxidation. Pyruvate travels into the mitochondrial matrix and is converted to a two-carbon molecule bound to coenzyme A, called acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is made.
3. Citric acid cycle. The acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP (or, in some cases, GTP), NADH, and FADH_2 are made, and carbon dioxide is released. These reactions take place in the mitochondrial matrix.
4. Oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH and FADH_2 produced in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space, forming a gradient. The protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
Overview of the steps of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis. Six-carbon glucose is converted into two pyruvates (three carbons each). ATP and NADH are made. These reactions take place in the cytosol.
Pyruvate oxidation. Pyruvate travels into the mitochondrial matrix and is converted to a two-carbon molecule bound to coenzyme A, called acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is made.
Citric acid cycle. The acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP (or, in some cases, GTP), NADH, and FADH_2 are made, and carbon dioxide is released. These reactions take place in the mitochondrial matrix.
Oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH and FADH_2 produced in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space, forming a gradient. The protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain by electron carriers \text{NAD}^+NAD
+
start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript and \text{FAD}FADstart text, F, A, D, end text, which become \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text and \text{FADH}_2FADH
2
start text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript when they gain electrons. To be clear, this is what's happening in the diagram above when it says ++plus \text {NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text or ++plus \text{FADH}_2FADH
2
start text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript. The molecule isn't appearing from scratch, it's just being converted to its electron-carrying form:
\text {NAD}^+NAD
+
start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript ++plus 2 e^-2e
−
2, e, start superscript, minus, end superscript ++plus 2 \text H^+2H
+
2, start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript \rightarrow→right arrow \text {NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text ++plus \text H^+H
+
start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript
\text {FAD}FADstart text, F, A, D, end text ++plus 2e^-2e
−
2, e, start superscript, minus, end superscript ++plus 2 \text H^+2H
+
2, start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript \rightarrow→right arrow \text {FADH}_2FADH
2
What happens when a photon of light hits photosynthesis
Answer:
Chlorophyll strikes a photon of light, allowing an electron to be energized. the electron transport chain, the free electron passes, and the electron's energy is used to inject hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, transferring the energy to the electrochemical gradient.
Explanation:
9900000999
The diagram below shows a single-celled organism with many organelles but no cell wall.
In which of the following categories would the organism most likely be classified?
Animalia
Eubacteria
Ο Ο Ο Ο
Fungi
Protista
Answer:DDDDDDDDDDDD
Explanation:
Example on one of the 3 laws of motion
Answer:
Newton's First Law of Motion
Explanation:
A body at rest persists in its state of rest, and the body in motion remains in uniform motion along a straight line unless acted upon by a net external force.
Animals and plants use the chemical energy stored carbohydrates to fuel their own life processes, ultimately breaking down these carbohydrates into carbon dioxide, water, and heat in a process called aerobic respiration. The heat that is released from aerobic respiration dissipates into the environment. From this information, which of the examples of kinetic energy are:______
Answer:
A good example happens during the breakdown of food particles.
Explanation:
The chemical energy stored in food is a type of potential energy. Transformation of this energy into kinetic energy happens during chemical reactions that takes place during digestion. A good example of kinetic energy is therefore the breakdown of carbohydrates into carbon dioxide, water and heat.
3. What happens during each of the four phases
of mitosis? Write one or two sentences for
each phase
Answer:
After DNA replicates and the cell is about to divide, the DNA condenses and coils into the X-shaped form of a chromosome. During this process, sister chromatids separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell. This happens in four phases, called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Mitosis is a process of division in which a parent cell is divided to form two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis completes into 4 steps:
Prophasemetaphaseanaphasetelophase.What is the process of mitosis?The process of mitosis division completes into four stages:
Prophase – The chromosome is condensed and compact. The spindle fiber forms.Metaphase – The nuclear membrane dissolve, and the spindle fiber aligns all the sister chromatids (chromosome) in one line.Anaphase – The sister chromatids separated from each other and centromere. The spindle takes each strand to the opposite pole.Telophase – the nuclear membrane appears again around each set of the chromosome. The chromosome uncoil and the cytoplasm divide into two cells, and this process is called cytokinesis.Thus, this is the process of mitosis.
Learn more about mitosis, here:
https://brainly.com/question/13536882
what is some advice you would give to someone who doesn’t know the importance of carrying capacity
Answer:
For someone who doesn't know the importance of carrying capacity, i would advice him to understand what carrying capacity mean, and then tell him that he should not overcrowd the population of animals or be part of humans overcrowding as it can destroy the ecosystem or resources.
Explanation:
This is because, carrying capacity is the population size that can conviniently live in an habitat with the available resources..
It's very important because, it will ensure that the population size that the resources can sustain can live in the environment so as to prevent degradation of the ecosystem or the environment due to increase in population size.
Which statement is true about clear-cutting?
A)
It increases erosion.
B)
It causes the soil to lose nutrients.
C)
It can regenerate desirable species.
D)
All of the above
Answer:
all of the above
Explanation:
if trees are cutted then all of the above things will happen so we should not cut the tree
Answer:
D.) All of the above
Explanation:
got it right on edge 2021
What are the functions of a petal
What characterizes a climax community in a forest?
Explain whether an experiment or an observational study would be more appropriate to investigate whether meditation is effective in lowering blood pressure.
Answer:
Experiment.
Explanation:
An experiment would be more appropriate method to investigate whether meditation is effective in lowering blood pressure because experiment has a control group as well as a testable group. Due to control group and testable group, we can easily find out the effect of meditation in lowering blood pressure if we apply meditation techniques to the testable group and compared it with the control group, we get results.
What 3 types of larvae begin as plankton?
Answer:
sponges, crabs, sea stars, snails, worms, and fishes.
Explanation:
The animal groups with larvae in the plankton include, sponges, crabs, sea stars, snails, worms, and fishes. These tiny larvae are not the only ones out there floating around in the plankton.
Answer:
snails, worms, and fishes.
Explanation:
The animal groups with larvae in the plankton include, sponges, crabs, sea stars, snails, worms, and fishes. These tiny larvae are not the only ones out there floating around in the plankton
Which is a difference between active and passive transport?
A. Eukaryotes are capable of active transport, while prokaryotes are capable of passive transport.
B. Cells only carry out active transport when they need to move, while passive transport occurs constantly.
C. Active transport requires ATP, while passive transport does not.
D. Cells with mitochondria carry out active transport, while cells without mitochondria carry out passive transport.
The difference between active and passive transports is that active transport requires ATP while passive transport does not. the correct option would be C.
Active transports are the movement of materials in and out of the cell that requires the expedition of energy. The energy is usually in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
Active transport is unlike passive transport because the latter requires no energy. In other words, passive transports are spontaneous.
Active transport usually involves the movement of materials against their concentration gradients while passive transport is the complete opposite.
Examples of active transport include the sodium-potassium pump, movement of amino acids in the intestinal tracts of man, etc while examples of passive transport include simple diffusion of oxygen to the alveolar walls in the lung.
More on active transports can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/2503897
which is biotic
wind
iron gate
sunlight
leaf
Answer:
leaf
Explanation:
leaves come from trees, which are living things
Answer:
D. Leaf
Explanation:
Describe how different perspectives in society can affect scientists: |
The glucose transporter used by cells to obtain glucose from the media is a protein embedded in the membrane. When researchers first started to investigate the glucose transporter's structure they had trouble because it seemed to have 2 differnet shapes! Eventually they realized that the glucose transporter changes shape as it moves glucose into the cell but does not require energy to do it's work. Which of the following is the best description for the glucose transporter?
a. It's a carrier protein doing facillitated diffusion
b. It's a carrier protein doing active transport
c. It's a protein channel doing facillitated diffusion
d. It's a protein channel doing active transport
Answer:
a. It's a carrier protein doing facillitated diffusion
Explanation:
Facilitated diffusion may be defined as the transportation of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration that is down the concentration gradient without input of the energy. Whereas the active transport is transportation of the molecules from the low concentration to the high concentration which is against concentration gradient by the membrane protein.
The glucose transportation process requires membrane protein for the transport and does not require any energy. Therefore, it is carrier protein which is doing the facilitated diffusion.
The type of equipment that is used to store food at -18°C or bellow
Answer: Refrigirator
Explanation: Food at -18°C or -0.4°F are stored in the frigde to avoid spoilage
The following are disadvantages of sexual reproduction
A. Need for a mate
B. Takes more time
C. Parents are genetically identical to offspring
D. Takes more energy
Animals are hetrophic and need to consume food in order to survive. What process in plant cells is similar to animals eating food for energy
A)vacuoles storing energy for later use in plant growth.
B)chloroplasts using radiant energy to allow the cell to function
C) Ribosomes moving energy different parts of the cell
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The process that B is referring to is called photosynthesis. The plant takes in energy from the sun, and then converts it to sugar, which is the plant's food. Hope this helps!
describe the phases of the mitosis and what occurs during each phase? please help:)
Prophase - chromosomes are visible as paired chromatids, nuclear envelope disappears.
Prometaphase - duplicated genetic material in the nucleus of parent cell is carried into identical daughter cells.
Metaphase - chromosomes align at center of cell before being separated into daughter cells.
Anaphase - chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the spindle
Telophase - chromosomes/chromatids move to opposite sides of cell, two nuclei are formed.
Natural Hazards Notes
Answer:
Natural hazards are extreme natural events that can cause loss of life, extreme damage to property and disrupt human activities. ... Other natural hazards, such as tornadoes, can only happen in specific areas. And some hazards need climatic or tectonic conditions to occur, for example tropical storms or volcanic eruptions. Example of natural hazard:weather, volcanic eruption, tsunami, thunderstorm, etc.
The difference betwen a biome and an ecosystem is
O a biome is all ecosystems of one kind
an ecosystem is all biomes of one kind
a biome is all communities of one kind
the biosphere includes all biomes
Answer:
a
Explanation:
hope it helps you though
13. The orthopedic surgeon says that the distal region of the humerus is
broken. What area is he describing?
A. Endosteum
B. Epiphysis
C. Perichondrium
D. Diaphysis
Which of these human behaviors has the least potential to harm the
environment?
A. Focus on harvesting of high-value resources
B. Unregulated rates of harvesting resources
C. Use of technology to speed harvesting of resources
D. Focus on steady harvesting of abundant resources
ID
Answer:
D. Focus on steady harvesting of abundant resources
Explain the three main ways energy is transferred, provide examples of each
Answer:
Conduction: It is when heat energy moves from place to place.
Convection: It is when fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then travels away from the source, it carries the thermal energy.
Radiation: It is a transfer of heat by electromagnetic wave
Explanation:
Answer:
Conduction is the transfer of energy from one molecule to the next by direct contact.
Convection is the movement of heat by a fluid such as air or water.
Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
Explanation:
Convection is known as the process of transferring energy or heat through a fluid (liquids or gasses) from high temperatures to low temperatures. Convection is known as one of the three types of heat energy transfer. The other two types of heat energy transfer are conduction and radiation. Conduction is known as the transfer of heat between anatomies that are directly touching each other. while, during radiation, the energy is discharged in the shape of electromagnetic waves.
As for the molecular motion in liquids, it is the result of convective heat energy transfer. Furthermore, the movement of the molecules increases as the temperature of the molecules is increasing. The result of this is that the molecules seem to move away from each other. The motion of the molecules is what is responsible for the transfer of heat.
Suppose DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA at a rate of 1000 bases per minute in a newly discovered bacteria and that bacteria replicates 50% of their chromosome every 40 minutes. Calculate the total number of nucleotides in the bacterial chromosome.
Answer:
320000 nucleotides
Explanation:
Given that:
The rate of synthesis by DNA polymerase = 1000 bases per minute
The time taken to replicate 50% of their chromosome = 40 min
Thus, the time taken for one complete round of replication = (40 × 2) min
= 80 min
∴
The total number of nucleotides in the newly synthesized strand = 1000 pairs/min × 80 min × 4
= 320000 nucleotides
The total number of nucleotides in the bacterial chromosome is equal to 80000 bp (80 kb).
Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms whose genome consists of a single circular chromosome.In this case, it is possible to obtain the duration of DNA replication from data:
40 minutes (min) >> 50% bacterial chromosome40 x 2 = 80 minutes (min) >> 100% bacterial chromosomeThe length of the bacterial chromosome can be easily calculated:
DNA replication rate = 1000 base pairs (bp) per minuteTotal chromosome length: 80 x 1000 bp = 80000 base pairs (bp)A kilobase (kb) is equal to 1000 base pairs (bp) of DNA, thereby in this case the bacterial genome is equal to 80 kb.In conclusion, the total number of nucleotides in the bacterial chromosome is equal to 80000 bp (80 kb).
Learn more in:
https://brainly.com/question/6391108
significance of active transport in food processing
Answer:
Why do we need active transport?
Moving Against a Gradient
Small substances constantly pass through plasma membranes. Active transport maintains concentrations of ions and other substances that living cells require in the face of these passive movements. A cell may spend much of its metabolic energy supply maintaining these processes.
Explanation:
Hope That helped
Huntington Disease is an autosomal recessive condition. Which percentage
shows the genotype probability when a female with Huntington disease
mates with a male that is heterozygous for the Huntington trait? *
A.
B.
hh
hh
Hh
hh
Hh
C.
D.
Hh
HH
Answer:
The options to this question are unclear but the answer is: Hh, Hh, hh, hh i.e Hh (50%), hh (50%).
Explanation:
This question involves a single Gene coding for the possession or not of Huntington's disease in humans. The disease is said to be an autosomal recessive condition i.e. it only happens in a recessive state (hh).
According to this question, when a female with Huntington disease (hh) mates with a male that is heterozygous (Hh) for the Huntington trait, the following gametes will be produced by each parent.
hh - h and h
Hh - H and h
Using these gametes in a punnet square (see attached image), the following genotypic combination of offsprings will be produced.
Hh, Hh, hh and hh
Hh = 50%
hh = 50%
Huntington Disease is Which percentage
shows the genotype probability *
The continental crust and oceanic crust together make up the ________
A. lithosphere.
B. asthenosphere.
C. lower mantle.
D. upper mantle.
Which type of energy transfer does not need direct contact between two items
A condensation
B convection
C conduction
D radiation
Answer:
D radiation
Explanation:
it is radiaton because radiation travels through empty spaces
Body systems interact with each other to maintain homeostasis. Which of the following is an example of interdependent body systems working together to maintain homeostasis?
Answer: The endocrine, nervous, and muscular systems work together and maintain temperature homeostasis. Insulin, a hormone released from the pancreas, works with the digestive system and maintains energy homeostasis
Explanation: