There are 46 individual chromosomes in each cell. After replication there are a total of 46 chromosomes, with 92 individual chromatids, in each cell.
The 46 chromosomes in a typical human cell are made up of the 44 autosomes, which occur in pairs, and the two sex chromosomes, which define a person's gender (typically XY or Y) (usually XX). Autosome pairings are referred to as "homologous chromosomes". The DNA letters that make up the genes are barely different, despite the fact that the genes are placed in the same order on identical chromosomes. When reproductive cells combine to form a new individual, when reproductive cells divide to produce new cells (meiosis), or when cells divide to produce new cells (mitosis), it is critical that the resultant cells receive the proper number of chromosomes (fertilization).
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the part of a bacterial cloning vector that contains many restriction enzyme recognition sequences is called a...
The part of a bacterial cloning vector that contains many restriction enzyme recognition sequences is called Multiple cloning site.
In biotechnology, bioengineering, and molecular genetics, multiple cloning sites are a feature that allows for the insertion of foreign DNA without damaging the rest of the plasmid. Using genetic engineering, MCS can help create transgenic organisms, also known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). When the MCS is cut open during manufacture, a gene of interest must be introduced to the vector in order to use the MCS for genetic engineering. The gene of interest will be present in the MCS after it has been created and ligated, and it can be amplified to increase the number of copies of the gene in a bacterial host. The gene of interest can be removed from the bacteria after it has replicated.
In some cases, a protein product can be made using an expression vector. Once the products are identified, they can be used for a wide range of purposes, including the manufacturing of insulin, vaccines, antibiotics, and gene treatments.
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superantigen type toxins lead to the release of excessive amounts of __________________ stimulating a hyperactive immune response that can lead to shock and death in the affected individual.
Superantigen type toxins lead to the release of excessive amounts of cytokines stimulating a hyperactive immune response that can lead to shock and death in the affected individual.
In the field of biology, such a kind of antigen that is responsible for the production of an excessive immune response is referred to as a superantigen.
As a result of superantigen-type toxins invading the body, more cytokines will be produced. This is because cytokines are sites of the body that are involved in the production of immune cells. Ahyperactivates immune response can be shocking for the body and the brain might pass a message to kill its own immune cells. Hence, this can lead to the death of an individual.
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Structure A refers to the _____.
chromarid
centromere
chromosome
what type of transport is needed to move molecules of the substance from outside the cell to inside
The enzyme dna covalently links nucleotides to synthesize new dna strands together during dna replication.
a. True
b. False
The enzyme DNA polymerase covalently links nucleotides to synthesize new DNA strands together during DNA replication. The given statement statement is true.
A particular kind of enzyme called DNA polymerase (DNAP) is in charge of creating fresh nucleic acid molecules that are copies of the original DNA. Polymers are large molecules made of smaller, repeating units that are chemically linked to one another. Nucleic acids are polymers.
As it moves along the single strand DNA template, DNA polymerase reads the nucleotide bases as it goes, adding additional complementary nucleotides to the primer to create a sequence that is complementary to the template. 749 nucleotides are thought to be replicated by DNA polymerase every second.
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Complete question :The enzyme DNA polymerase covalently links nucleotides to synthesize new DNA strands together during DNA replication.
A. True
B. False
FILL IN THE BLANK. if a rational function is proper, then _______ is a horizontal asymptote.
if a rational function is proper, then y=0 is a horizontal asymptote.
A rational function's horizontal asymptote can be found by examining the degrees of the numerator and denominator. If N is the numerator's degree and D is the denominator's degree, and N D, then the horizontal asymptote is y = 0. Divide the numerator by the denominator to obtain the asymptote. The equation for the slant asymptote is the quotient.
A horizontal asymptote is a parallel line to which a portion of the curve is very close. However, a HA should never contact any section of the curve (but it may cross the curve). Example: Determine the horizontal asymptote of the function f(x) = 2x / 2. (x - 3). So y = 2 is the HA of the function.
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What is an astronomical unit (AU)?
the diameter of the Sun
the radius of the Sun
the average distance between Earth and its moon
the average distance between Earth and the Sun
Answer:
An astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is approximately 93 million miles or 149.6 million kilometers. It is used as a standard unit of distance in the field of astronomy.
Answer:
d
Explanation:
which trait is present in apes but absent in hominins? group of answer choices mesial bridge diastema gingival space dental gap previousnext
Great apes have a hole between the upper canines and molars to account for huge lower canines. In human advancement, teeth, jaws, and canines decreased in size, and people lost the diastema
Over numerous ages, early hominin legs developed longer and a lot further than their arms. Their feet turned out to be longer and created curves for more productive help of their bodies. Likewise, their hands turned out to be more capable of conveying and controlling items like apparatuses and food. Contrasted with present-day people, numerous hominins had toothier mouths. The "Nutcracker," (otherwise known as Paranthropus boisei), a hominin that lived 2.3 a long time back, had the biggest molars and thickest finish of any hominin. Homo erectus, which was experienced all around the world 1.5 a long time back, had bigger canines than present-day people.
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he area around a charged object that can exert a force on other charged objects is an electric
.
Answer:
AN ELECTRIC FIELD
Explanation:
An electric field is a region around a charged object where the object's electric force is exerted on other charged objects. Electric fields get weaker the farther away they are from the charge
you perform an experiment by incubating a radiolabeled nucleotide into the medium of a culture of cells. the cells that take up the radiolabel would be expected to be in what phase of the cell cycle?
Cells are now actively replicating, and the radiolabeled nucleotide is integrated into newly formed DNA during this stage.
The nuclear DNA is duplicated while the cell grows during interphase. The mitotic phase comes after interphase.
The duplicated chromosomes are separated and distributed across daughter nuclei during the mitotic phase. Typically, the cytoplasm is also divided, giving rise to two daughter cells. The nuclear membrane vanishes, the nucleolus vanishes, the mitotic spindle forms, and chromosomes become visible.
The centromere, a constrictive area of the chromosome, is where the two "sister" chromatids are linked. Spindle fibers that are attached to the centromere pull the sister chromatids to the opposing sides of the cell during cell division. Soon after, the cell divides into two daughter cells, each of which has the same DNA.
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A mycologist studying an organism in the Deuteromycota group would find all the following except:
a. cell walls with chitin
b. a nucleus
c. zygospores
d. absorptive nutrition
e. asexual spores
Answer:
Answer: B. a nucleus
Explanation:
why might the cricket genome have eleven times as many base pairs as that of drosophila melanogaster?
There must be more non-coding DNA in crickets. The genome of the cricket may contain 11 times more base pairs than the genome of the Drosophila melanogaster.
What is DNA and what does it do?DNA is the molecule of information. It provides the knowledge required to produce proteins, another type of substantial molecule. Each of your cells contains 46 substantial structures genetic code that are distributed throughout these instructions. These chromosomes are made up of numerous smaller segments of DNA, called genes.
What are the three main goals of the DNA?Nowadays, DNA has three distinct functions: genetic, immune, and functional, all of which are significantly different between each other and rely on the letters and the sugar - phosphate backbone backbone in different ways. Ribonucleotide reductases in modern cells break down ribonucleotides di- or tri to produce DNA precursors.
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all dna polymerases require a primer with a 3’ oh group to begin dna synthesis. the primer is:
All DNA polymerases require a primer with a 3’ oh group to begin dna synthesis. The primer is a short stretch of RNA nucleotides.
DNA polymerases are characterised by their inability to manufacture new DNA strands from scratch, i.e., without first polymerizing 2 dNTPs. Instead, DNA is synthesised by DNA polymerases that need a stable primer that is already attached to the template strand. Primers are needed because DNA polymerases, which add deoxyribonucleotides to a fresh DNA strand, can only do so to the 3'-OH group of the an existing chain and cannot start synthesis from scratch.
Without an existing 3′-OH, DNA polymerase cannot create new DNA. As a result, an RNA primer is needed for DNA replication to begin before strand creation. While RNA polymerase is utilised during transcription to create the mRNA strand, DNA polymerase creates a DNA strand and is employed in DNA replication. Contrary to DNA polymerase, RNA polymerases need not truly have proofreading mechanisms and do not always require the so-called primer to begin the activity.
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Where do bacteria live?
a) anywhere
b) in volcanoes
c) in salty water
d) almost anywhere
Answer:
d) almost anywhere
Explanation:
Bacteria can live almost anywhere, including in soil, water, and even in extreme environments such as hot springs and volcanic areas.
They are found in almost every habitat on Earth. Some bacteria can even live inside other organisms, such as plants and animals.
Answer:
à) anywhere
Explanation:
bacteria is found all over ..
rank these events in the order in which they occur in the heart, beginning with the p wave.
The order of the events in ECG is P wave, atrial contraction, QRS complex, ventricular contraction, t wave, ventricular relaxation.
This is an illustration of the heartbeat waves seen during an ECG. The sequence is as follows:
The first wave to be recognized, the P wave, is connected to both right and left atrial depolarization and atrial contraction.Atrial contraction (systole).The complex QRS is The second wave, which is connected to both the right and left ventricular depolarization, appears to be visible.contraction of the ventricles.T wave – represents rapid phase 3 current when ventricular repolarization takes place.Ventricular unwind (diastole) What is ECG?The procedure of electrocardiography(ECG) involves creating an electrocardiogram, a recording of the electrical activity of the heart. It is a heart electrogram, which uses electrodes applied to the skin to create a graph of voltage vs time for the electrical activity of the heart.
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Complete Question:
Rank these events in the order in which they occur in the heart, beginning with the p wave.
t wave, atrial contraction, ventricular contraction, QRS complex, P wave, ventricular relaxation.
Rank from earliest to latest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
these heterozygous parents having the genotype ttyy will produce how many gametes and what are the genotypes of these gametes?
Since genotype TtYy is heterozygous for two genes i.e. it has both dominant and recessive alleles of two genes, it will form total four types of gametes.
The presence of two different alleles at a particular gene locus. A heterozygous genotype may include one normal allele and one mutated allele or two different mutated alleles (compound heterozygote).
People with genotypes AA and aa are homozygotes, which means they have two copies of the same allele. Individuals with genotype Aa have two different alleles at the A locus, i.e., they have two different alleles at the A locus.
You have a heterozygous genotype for that gene if the two versions differ. Being heterozygous for hair color, for example, means you have one allele for red hair and one allele for brown hair. The interaction of the two alleles influences which traits are expressed.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. generally speaking, deserts are located in places where air masses are usually ________.
Deserts are located in the regions where the air masses are usually descending.
Deserts are the large masses of barren lands that contain sand. These areas have little to no vegetation and also do not have any huge water bodies. The precipitation is very low in such areas. About one-fifth of the Earth's land area is conquered by deserts.
Air mass can be defined as the volume of air at a significant uniform temperature, pressure and humidity. The air masses can extend for kilometers of area in any direction. The example of air masses is: Polar, Arctic, Equatorial, Tropical, etc.
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what is upwelling (biology)
In biology, upwelling is the process by which deep, cold, nutrient-rich water rises to the surface of the ocean, often along the coastline. This occurs when the wind blows parallel to the coast and pushes the surface water away from the shore, allowing deeper water to rise to the surface.
Upwelling is an important process in the ocean because it brings nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface, where they can be used by phytoplankton and other small organisms. This, in turn, supports the growth of larger organisms such as fish, which depend on the phytoplankton as a food source. Upwelling also helps to cool the surface water and can have a significant impact on local climate and weather patterns.
3. Finish the Punnett square showing two pink (RW) flowers crossed.
Answer:
results RR, RW, RW, WW
Explanation:
percentage of pink = 2/4 = 50%
percentage of white = 1/4 = 25%
percentage of red = 1/4=25%
M protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of:
a.Mycobacterium
b.Streptococcus
c.Neisseria
d.Staphylococcus
e.Yersinia
M protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of Streptococcus. Correct answer: letter B.
This is because they allow bacteria to adhere to and penetrate the host's tissues, as well as help evade the host's immune response. While hyaluronidase, collagenase and capsule are components of the bacterial cell wall.
What is streptococcus bacteria?Streptococcus is a genus of bacteria that includes several species commonly found in the human body. These bacteria are spherical or ovoid in shape, and typically grow in chains or pairs. Many species of Streptococcus cause diseases in humans, including:
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describe the genetic mutations that you think occurred in the cancer cells that were responsible for the phenotypic differences between the healthy and cancer cells you observed.
Genetic mutations are changes in the genetic material of a cell that can cause alterations to its phenotype. The phenotypic differences between healthy and cancer cells can be attributed to a number of different types of genetic mutations that can occur in the cells.
The most common type of genetic mutation associated with cancer cells is the somatic mutation. This occurs when a single gene in the cell is mutated, leading to changes in the cell’s structure and function. Somatic mutations can lead to changes in the proteins produced by a cell, which can cause changes in the cell’s ability to divide, survive, or differentiate. These changes can lead to uncontrolled cell division, which is a major trait of cancer cells.
Another type of genetic mutation associated with cancer cells is chromosomal abnormalities. These occur when pieces of chromosomes are either missing or rearranged. Chromosomal abnormalities can lead to changes in the proteins produced by a cell, as well as changes in the expression of other genes. These changes can also lead to uncontrolled cell division, making them a common feature of cancer cells.
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a student observes the phenotypic traits of several hundred students at her school.which observation provides the strongest evidence that the genes encoding the two traits display genetic linkage?
most students that have black hair also have straight hair
Hair of type 1A is very fine, straight, and devoid of any wave or curl. Because it is so straight and delicate, it tends to look oily when the natural oils reach the ends. It is the most uncommon hair kind and is typical of Asian ladies.
One of the more noticeable characteristics of human variety is hair morphology, which is especially varied among people of European heritage, where about 45% of people have straight hair, 40% have wavy hair, and 15% have curly hair.
The MC1R gene is typically present in two functional copies, one from each parent. Due to the elevated levels of eumelanin, these people have black or brown hair. More than 90% of people in the globe are thought to have dark or black hair.
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phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
1. Which of the following hormone is expected to increase in the body after consuming a banana split?
(a) Growth hormone
(b) Testosterone
(c) Insulin
(d) Thyroid hormone
which portion of the coronavirus spike protein anchors the virus to the ace-2 protein binding site?
The S1 subunit of spike protein in the SARS-CoV-2 anchors the virus to the ace-2 protein binding site.
A virus named SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the recently discovered disease known as Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Four structural proteins, known as the S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid) proteins, are present in this virus. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is made up of two subunits, S1 and S2, and is essential for receptor identification and cell membrane fusion. The host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is recognized and bound by the receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit, while the two-heptad repeat domain of the S2 subunit facilitates the fusing of the viral cell membrane. The S1 subunit associates with ACE2 to encourage the creation of endosomes, which triggers viral fusion activity in the host cell.
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the mycelial growth habit leads to a body with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio.
Mycelia have a large surface area for absorption.
Mycelium is a fungus root-like structure made up of branching, thread-like hyphae. Mycelium-based fungal colonies can be found in and on soil as well as many other substrates. Mycelia play an important role in the breakdown of plant material in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They contribute to the organic part of soil, and their growth releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
Mycelium can be unappealing since it might appear as white fuzz that resembles mould. While we would never advocate eating anything mouldy or mushrooms without first confirming that they are suitable for human nutrition, most mycelium is safe to consume and completely edible.
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How are meiosis and mitosis different?
A. Only mitosis produces haploid cells from diploid cells.
B. Mitosis has two rounds of nuclear division, but meiosis has only one.
C. Meiosis results in four cells, but mitosis results in two cells.
D. Chromatids form only during the process of meiosis.
Answer:
C. Meiosis results in four cells, but mitosis results in two cells.
Explanation:
Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division), whereas meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.
what changes occur in height, weight, and body composition with aging? what accounts for these changes? how do these changes affect maximal oxygen uptake?
The changes that occur in height, weight and body composition with aging are loss of bone density, weaker muscles, decrease in height and weight can vary according to the diet intake by the body.
It is believed that reduction in height growth stops at the age of 20 for most of the people but studies how that height continue to increase till the age of 35-40 years but then it stops because of compression of the intervertebral disk. Osteopenia is the reduction in bone mineral density and osteoporosis refers to severe loss of bone mass with deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone. It causes increased chances of fracture. It also has hormonal links in adults along with poor diet and low exercise. Weight gain is common during pregnancy (in women) and excess caloric intake, and inability to mobilize fat stores but as age increases, weight decreases as body loses bone calcium and muscle mass. Exercise training can help to alter these process or slow the deterioration rate to some extent. It will also enhance oxygen uptake by the body.
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HELPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP -will give points
Answer:
1. Interphase
2. Chromatin
3. Chromosomes
4. The equatorial plane
5. Anaphase
6. Cytokinesis
7. nucleolus
8. Interphase
9. The centromere of each pair of sister chromatids
10. Prophase
what are the functions of simple sugars
Answer: produce a spike in blood glucose, providing the body with a short-lasting source of energy.
Explanation: