Date: September 11, 2020
Source: Arizona State University
Summary: Astronomers have determined that some carbon-rich exoplanets, given the right circumstances, could be made of diamonds and silica.
Explanation:As missions like NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, TESS and Kepler continue to provide insights into the properties of exoplanets (planets around other stars), scientists are increasingly able to piece together what these planets look like, what they are made of, and if they could be habitable or even inhabited.
In a new study published recently in The Planetary Science Journal, a team of researchers from Arizona State University (ASU) and the University of Chicago have determined that some carbon-rich exoplanets, given the right circumstances, could be made of diamonds and silica.
"These exoplanets are unlike anything in our solar system," says lead author Harrison Allen-Sutter of ASU's School of Earth and Space Exploration.
Diamond exoplanet formation
When stars and planets are formed, they do so from the same cloud of gas, so their bulk compositions are similar. A star with a lower carbon to oxygen ratio will have planets like Earth, comprised of silicates and oxides with a very small diamond content (Earth's diamond content is about 0.001%).
But exoplanets around stars with a higher carbon to oxygen ratio than our sun are more likely to be carbon-rich. Allen-Sutter and co-authors Emily Garhart, Kurt Leinenweber and Dan Shim of ASU, with Vitali Prakapenka and Eran Greenberg of the University of Chicago, hypothesized that these carbon-rich exoplanets could convert to diamond and silicate, if water (which is abundant in the universe) were present, creating a diamond-rich composition.
Diamond-anvils and X-raysTo test this hypothesis, the research team needed to mimic the interior of carbide exoplanets using high heat and high pressure. To do so, they used high pressure diamond-anvil cells at co-author Shim's Lab for Earth and Planetary Materials.
First, they immersed silicon carbide in water and compressed the sample between diamonds to a very high pressure. Then, to monitor the reaction between silicon carbide and water, they conducted laser heating at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, taking X-ray measurements while the laser heated the sample at high pressures.
As they predicted, with high heat and pressure, the silicon carbide reacted with water and turned into diamonds and silica.
Habitability and inhabitabilitySo far, we have not found life on other planets, but the search continues. Planetary scientists and astrobiologists are using sophisticated instruments in space and on Earth to find planets with the right properties and the right location around their stars where life could exist.
For carbon-rich planets that are the focus of this study, however, they likely do not have the properties needed for life.
While Earth is geologically active (an indicator habitability), the results of this study show that carbon-rich planets are too hard to be geologically active and this lack of geologic activity may make atmospheric composition uninhabitable. Atmospheres are critical for life as it provides us with air to breathe, protection from the harsh environment of space, and even pressure to allow for liquid water.
"Regardless of habitability, this is one additional step in helping us understand and characterize our ever- increasing and improving observations of exoplanets," says Allen-Sutter. "The more we learn, the better we'll be able to interpret new data from upcoming future missions like the James Webb Space Telescope and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope to understand the worlds beyond on our own solar system."
Hope this helps u...describe how changing the particles changed the atom
Changing the particles changes the atoms by converting it to a new substance through bond change.
During a chemical reaction changes occurs in the atoms of an element due to the formation or breaking of bonds.
There is either loss or gain or sharing of atoms between two elements reacting together.
Bonds between atoms break and new ones form and energy is either given out or taken in.
This type of reaction leads to the formation of new substances made up of a new combination of atoms and a different configuration of electrons.
Therefore, because various changes occurs during a chemical reaction, changing the particles changes the atoms by converting it to a new substance through bond change.
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Convert 35 mL to cm3. 1 mL = 1 cm3
What is the difference between the dependent variable and the independent variable in an experiment?
An independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in your study. A dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the independent variable
Explanation:Variables are the factors or the numbers used as a quantity. The dependent variables are conditional, and the independent variable is the cause that affects the result.
What are dependent variables and independent variables?The independent variable of an experiment is the data that is the cause of the experimental design. Its value and result do not depend on other factors and conditions. These values are manipulative and are set by the researcher.
The dependent variables, on the other hand, vary based on the other factors and variables and are the effect that is based on the response and the outcome of the other variables. It is the tested or the measured value.
Therefore, the independent and dependent variables differ based on cause and effect.
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PSYCHOLOGY All of the following physical reactions occur when our fight-or-flight response is triggered except __________. A. dilating pupils B. increasing heartbeat C. increasing digestion D. increasing perspiration
Answer:
C.) increasing digestion
Explanation:
hope this helps:)
Answer:
C. increasing digestion
Explanation:
How are compound, elements, and mixure different
Explanation:
Compound: a substance that is made up of more than 1 type of atom bonded together Example: H2O
Mixture: combination of two or more elements or compounds not chemicaly bonded together. example: Sugar and salt in one container
elements pure substance of an atom. Example: hydrogen
Will give Brainlest for correct answers
How is kinetic energy affected by temperature
Answer:
Temperature affects the kinetic energy in a gas the most, followed by a comparable liquid, and then a comparable solid. The higher the temperature, the higher the average kinetic energy, but the magnitude of this difference depends on the amount of motion intrinsically present within these phases
Explanation:
I just know lol
Igneous rock can be changed into which type of rock through the application of heat and pressure?
A. metamorphic rock
B. foliated igneous rock
C. clastic sedimentary rock
D.non-foliated igneous rock
(Pls help me)
Answer:
A) metamorphic rock
Explanation:
Granite is an igneous rock that forms when magma cools slowly underground. When granite is exposed to heat and pressure it changes into a metamorphic rock called gneiss
Explain why the design of the bird's nest in the picture provides good insulation for the eggs.
Answer:
First, the lining may consist of loose, smaller bits of the same materials that have been incorporated into the latticework of the nest. These finer materials are utilized to shed water, deter pests, conceal the eggs from predators, insulate, and cushion them. ... They also serve to insulate and cushion the eggs.
Explanation:
how many grams are equal to 413 kg
Answer:
413,000 grams
Explanation:
Answer:
413,000
Explanation: That's because 1 kg equals to 1,000 grams.
What is the electron configuration for an atom of tin in the ground state?
Answer:
The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral tin is [Kr]. 4d10. 5s2. 5p2 and the term symbol is 3P0.
how can an item with a lower mass have a higher weight than an item with a higher mass?
Answer:
probs has to do with the size of the object
Explanation:
URGENT : how do the electrostatic forces between electrons influence their orbital spin?
Express a mass of 0.056 mg in grams.
Answer in units of g.
Answer:
0.000056g
Explanation:
1 mg = 0.001 g
Or if it helps move your decimal sign over left 3 places.
Please help me with this question.
Answer:
12?
Explanation:
Answer:
8
Explanation:
haploid is half
rabbit is one of the sweetest animal on world ....change it into positive degree
Answer:
rabbit is one of the sweet animal
in the world
how to calculate molecular mass?
is nonflammable a physical or chemical property
1. How many molecules are in 2.40 moles of H2O?
Answer:
There arr 1.5*1024 molecules in 2.40 moles of H2O.
In what circumstance would the complete and net ionic equations for a reaction be identical?
Answer: Complete ionic equations dissociate all aqueous solutions into ions. Net ionic equations show the change that occurs in chemical reactions and do not show spectator ions that are the same in reactants and products. (b) If no spectator ions were present then complete and net ionic equations would be identical.
Explanation:
How many electrons does maganese 55 have?
Answer:
Maganese 55 has 25 electrons.
Hope this helps you!
Explanation:
A cylinder with 10 mL of coconut oil has a mass of 9.3 g. What is the density of the oil? Round to the nearest hundredth.
Answer:
0.93 grams per milliliter
Explanation:
Density is the division of mass by volume. It is how "hefty" an object is; for example, wood isn't very "hefty" but metal is. The density is measured in mass over volume, so it is 9.3/10. After applying units, it is 0.93 grams per milliliter.
1)petroleum and natural gas are formed in the__________
2)_______ refers to the things that exists freely in nature or human use
3) during the ____ period the earth was covered with swampy forest's
4)-------- is the mixture of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and other gases
5)natural gas mainly consists of_____
6)_____are the chemicals derived from petroleum and natural gas
7) the process of refining of petroleum is carried out in refineries and is called _____
8) _____ is used to generate power and to manufacture other fuels like coke and coal tar
If one end of an iron bar is heated, what causes thermal energy to transfer to the other end? a radiation b conduction c heat of fusion d convection
Answer:
Option B:
Conduction
Explanation:
Conduction is the transfer of heat from one molecule to another between two solids that are in direct contact with each other. For the conduction of heat to occur, the medium involved must be solid. This is because the molecules of solids are closely packed together and they cannot freely move about. The heat flowing through them can easily be passed on from one molecule to the other until it reaches all the parts of the object. This is exactly what will happen to the iron bar. Thermal energy from one end of the bar will get transferred between the molecules of the iron bar until it reaches the other end.
Convection on the other hand involves the transfer of heat through a liquid medium.
Radiation involves teh transfer of heat in a vacuum.
Answer:
b) conduction
Explanation:
any matter that does not have a definite shape or a definite volume is an
How do solve the uncertainly of a number?? plz help me
Answer:
How do solve the uncertainly of a number??
Explanation:
If you're adding or subtracting quantities with uncertainties. You add the absolute uncertainties. If you're multiplying or dividing, you add the relative uncertainties. If you're multiplying you multiply absolute uncertainties by the same factor, or do nothing to relative uncertainties.
Answer:
If you are taking a with power of a number with an certaintly ,you multiply the realtive uncertainty by number in the power .
A length of wood has a labeled length value of 2.50 meters. You measure its length three times. Each time you get the same value: 2.35 meters. What is the percent error of your measurements? *
Answer:
6%
Explanation:
Actual length of the wood is 2.5 m
Observed length of the wood is 2.35 m
We need to find the percent error of your measurements. The formula of the percentage error is given by :
[tex]\%=\dfrac{|\text{observed-actual}|}{\text{actual}}\times 100\\\\\%=\dfrac{2.5-2.35}{2.5}\times 100\\\\\%=6\%[/tex]
Hence, the percentage error is 6%.
Mass = 35g Volume = 7cm³ What is the Density?
Answer:
The answer is
5.0 g/cm³Explanation:
The density of a substance can be found by using the formula
[tex]density = \frac{mass}{volume} \\ [/tex]
From the question
mass = 35 g
volume = 7 cm³
The density is
[tex]density = \frac{35}{7} \\ [/tex]
We have the final answer as
5.0 g/cm³Hope this helps you
Which of these elements have just one valence electron?
Answer:
Only Hydrogen and Group 1 elements have 1 valence electron
Explanation:
the valence number of electrons is the group number in the periodic table. So, the group 1 atoms( along with hydrogen) have 1 outer-shell electrons [valence electrons]
The teacher was not in the room yet. Randy began opening containers of chemicals, touching them with his hands. His cheek itches so he rubbed it. Explain how Randy was not acting safety in the the laboratory.
I know the answer I just don’t know how to word it. Please help. Due by 11:59 tonight
Answer:
Randy went into the classroom without the teacher being present. He opened containers of chemicals without the teacher's consent. Randy is making contact with the chemicals on his skin.
I hope this helps! I haven't done lab science in a while so I'm trying to remember the safety precautions.
Randy went into the classroom without the teacher being present and opened containers of chemical, making contact with chemicals on skin leads to skin reaction.
So Randy should follow the lab safety rules while entering into lab.
What are the important lab safety rules?After entering lab wear apron and gloves along with safety goggles if working with any hazardous or infectious substance.
Fully aware about the hazards of the materials, properly trained to handle lab equipment, chemicals should be adequately labelled.
Taste or smell chemicals are prohibited, never pour already stored chemicals, chemical hygiene plan should be developed for specific hazards.
Avoid to adopt un-tested and unauthorized experimentation, Clean up all chemical spill, Laboratory induction should be carried out .
Avoid storage of any edible items in the refrigerator along with lab chemicals and specimens, clean the work station after completing experiment and sterilization should be done before starting experiment.
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How many electrons does the Ca^2+ ion possess
Answer:
18 electrons
Explanation:
Answer:
18 electrons
Explanation:
Ca has 20 electrons. Ca^2+ has 18 electrons