Exocytosis effectively ousts the loss from the cells to keep a stable interior climate. During the course of endocytosis, cells use proteins and lipids from the plasma layer to deliver vesicles.
The exocytosis cycle conveys proteins, lipids, and carbs to the plasma layer or the extracellular space to support plant cell development, improvement, and reaction to natural boosts. Endocytosis is the course of effectively moving atoms into the cell by immersing them in its layer. Endocytosis and exocytosis are utilized by all cells to ship atoms that can't go through the film inactively. Exocytosis gives the contrary capability and pushes particles out of the cell. Endocytosis and exocytosis are significant systems for bringing substances into and out of a phone. Cells use exocytosis to discharge proteins. A significant number of the proteins made on the harsh endoplasmic reticulum and handled by the Golgi device are arranged into vesicles bound for the plasma layer.
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which areas of the brain are most responsible for activating the body’s defense cascade?
Areas of the brain are most responsible for activating the body’s defense cascade the extended
amygdala
, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray (
PAG
), ventral pontine tegmentum, ventral and dorsal medulla, and spinal cord.
Evolution has endowed all humans with an innate, wired, automatically activated continuum of defensive behaviors called the defensive cascade.
Arousal
is the first step in activating the defense cascade. Flee or fight is an active defensive reaction to deal with threats. A freeze is a frozen flight or fight response. Anky Fudo and Collapsed Fudo are last resorts against inevitable threats when active defense fails. And quiet
immobility
is a state of rest that promotes rest and healing.
Each of these defense responses has unique neural patterns mediated by common neural pathways: the amygdala,
hypothalamus
, periaqueductal gray matter, and specific functional components of the sympathetic and vagus nuclei. activation and suppression of Unlike animals, which can resume normal functioning once the danger has passed, humans often do not, sometimes repeating the same reaction patterns associated with the original danger or
trauma
.
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Amygdala, periaqueductal grey, and hypothalamus are the main areas of the brain which are most responsible for the activation of the body's defense cascade.
What is the body's defense cascade?Body's defense cascade is a continuum of automatic, survival-based behaviors, which are activated in response to danger or the perception of the danger. This includes the stages of freeze, fight or flight, tonic mobility, and the collapse immobility.
The parts of the brain which are responsible for the activation of the body's defense cascade includes the amygdala, it is the part of the brain which is associated with fear, and one of the primary arbiters of the defense cascade of the body. Amygdala signals the body to flood the bloodstream along with the adrenaline and cortisol hormones, which narrow the blood vessels, this causes a spike in the body temperature.
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in pea plants, gray seed color (g) is dominant over white seed color (g) and smooth pod shape (s) is dominant over constricted pod shape (s). a plant that has the genotype ggss is crossed with a plant that has the genotype ggss. what is the probability of having offspring with the genotype ggss?
The probability of having offspring with the genotype ggss is 25%.
The word "genotype" is used to define an organism's whole gene pool or, put another way, the genetic make-up of an organism. The phrase can also refer to the alleles, or different gene variants, that an organism carries in a more specific meaning.
Humans are diploid creatures, which implies that each genetic location, or locus, has two alleles, with one allele acquired from each parent. The genotype of each set of alleles corresponds to a particular gene. The gene responsible for blossom colour, for instance, has two alleles in sweet pea plants.
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A stomach cell line growing in nutrient broth has a mutation in the gene encoding a particular type of tRNA. Assuming the mutation is not lethal to the cells, explain why the amount of SIRT3 mRNA in this cell line is identical to the amount produced by a normal stomach (NS) cell line but the amount of SIRT3 protein is less than in the NS cells.
The mutation in the gene encoding a particular type of tRNA affects the translation of the SIRT3 mRNA into protein. The mutation may cause the ribosomes to misread the mRNA, resulting in an incorrect amino acid sequence being produced. This incorrect sequence may cause the SIRT3 protein to be unstable and degraded more quickly than the normal SIRT3 protein produced by the NS cells. As a result, the amount of SIRT3 mRNA in the cell line with the mutation is the same as the NS cells, but the amount of SIRT3 protein is less.
which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root?
Root hairs would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root.
The roots of vascular plants are modified plant organs that provide anchoring for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, allowing plants to grow higher and quicker. The root system is made up of two major structures: the root cap and the primary root. The root meristem, meristematic area, elongation region, and maturation region are all characteristics of the main root. The primary root gives rise to lateral roots.
This component of the plant is primarily in charge of anchoring it to the ground and receiving necessary mineral elements, nutrients, and water from the soil. It is also used for food storage. Anchorage of the plant, absorption of water and dissolved nutrients, transport to the shoot, storage of nutrients, vegetative proliferation, and binding of soil particles are all important activities of roots.
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because of their large size, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are together called a. solutions. b. elements. c. hydrocarbons. d. macromolecules.
Because of their large size, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are together called macromolecules.
What is Macromolecules?
The word "molecule" describes both very big molecules and objects with several atoms. It was first used in 1920 by Herman Staudinger. Because macromolecules are so large, they often include 10,000 or more atoms.
Polymers are another name for macromolecules. They are produced when molecules like carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are polymerized. Macromolecules are made up of monomers, which are polar in nature and have distinct physical and chemical characteristics in their heads and tails.
Large, complex molecules are known as macromolecules. They frequently result from the synthesis of smaller molecules like as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
A polymer is another term for a macromolecule that comes from the Greek word poly-, which means "many units." To put it simply, a macromolecule is the result of many smaller molecular units.
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rank the following modes of preservation according to their ability to preserve an organism’s original living condition and body details.- carbonization- casts- original preservation- recristalization
The following is rank of modes of preservation according to their ability to preserve an organism’s original living condition and body details.-
original preservation- casts- recrystallization- carbonization
Define carbonization.
Plants and soft creatures are frequently preserved through carbonization. Under the weight of the boulder, any remaining parts of the plant or animal are crushed. Through the use of heat and compression, gases including oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen are released into the air. The only thing that is left is a carbon film, which is an imprint of the previous living organism.
The process of recrystallization, which allows the small molecular crystals inside a shell that are frequently made of one type of calcium carbonate to change into another type of calcium carbonate, is frequently seen in shell fossils. As a result, the shell becomes stable and fossilized.
Fossils can be indirectly preserved through casting and molding. In this instance, indirect denotes that there is no change in the chemical makeup of the organic matter; rather, it lays in a substance that leaves an impression on the matter. Fern leaf and snail shell castings are two typical examples.
The original organic matter's condition must stay intact for a fossil to be considered preserved. Bones, shells, and teeth are some of the fossils that are often found unbroken. Amber is one method that preserves fossils in their original form.
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The intergovernmental panel on climate change reported in 2007 that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels will nearly double by the end of this century compared to the levels end of 20th century. If this happens, what will be the atmospheric concentration of CO2?
700PPM will be the atmospheric concentration of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex].
The primary cause of the rise in carbon dioxide concentrations is the use of fossil fuels by humans as a source of energy. We are adding carbon to the atmosphere in only a few hundred years that plants removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis over many millions of years in the form of fossil fuels like coal and oil.
According to the Global Carbon Update 2021, annual emissions from burning fossil fuels have gone up every decade since the middle of the 20th century, from an average of 3 billion tonnes of carbon (11 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide) a year in the 1960s to 9.5 billion tonnes of carbon (35 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide) a year in the 2010s.
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potatoes fried in oil are high in fat and carbohydrate, while boiled potatoes are low in fat and high in carbohydrate. 20. which meal would have a faster rate of carbohydrate absorption and why?
Because the carbohydrates in boiling potatoes digest more quickly and are absorbed by the body more quickly, boiled potatoes would have a quicker rate of carbohydrate absorption.
What are carbohydrates?Carbohydrates frequently receive a poor rap, especially when it comes to gaining weight. But not all carbohydrates, generally known as carbs, are harmful. Because of all the health benefits they provide, carbohydrates have a place in a healthy diet. In actuality, carbs are necessary for the body to function correctly. Some carbohydrates, meanwhile, can be better for you than others.
Carbohydrates are a particular class of macronutrient that can be found in a wide range of foods and beverages. The majority of carbohydrates are naturally present in plant-based diets, such grains. Additionally, producers of processed foods add additional sugar or starch as carbs.
Natural sources of carbohydrates are mostly found in:
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what is the term for a normally diploid organism that would have two sets of chromosomes from one species and have one set of chromosomes from another species?
Allopolyploid is the term for a normally diploid organism that would have two sets of chromosomes from one species and have one set of chromosomes from another species.
A species has two or more full sets of chromosomes from several species is known as an allopolyploid. While an autopolyploid, like salmon or potatoes, arises through genome duplication within the same diploid organism, an allopolyploid, like wheat or the African clawed frog, is created by hybridization with two or more species and chromosomal doubling. When two closely related species hybridize, the process usually involves fertilizing two unreduced gametes or, less frequently, doubling the diploid organism genome after fertilizing two reduced gametes.
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point in the cell cycle where the cell verifies that it is ready to go to the next phase
The point in the cell cycle where the cell verifies that it is ready to go to the next phase is called the checkpoint. There are several checkpoints throughout the cell cycle, including the G1 checkpoint, the G2 checkpoint, and the M checkpoint.
The G1 checkpoint occurs at the end of the G1 phase, which is the first phase of interphase (the period of the cell cycle between cell divisions). During the G1 checkpoint, the cell checks to make sure that it has sufficient resources, such as nutrients and energy, and that its DNA is in good repair. If the cell passes this checkpoint, it can proceed to the S phase, during which DNA synthesis occurs. The G2 checkpoint occurs at the end of the G2 phase, which is the second phase of interphase. During the G2 checkpoint, the cell checks to make sure that DNA replication is complete and that any errors have been repaired. If the cell passes this checkpoint, it can proceed to the M phase, during which cell division occurs. The M checkpoint occurs during the M phase, which is the phase of the cell cycle during which cell division occurs. The M checkpoint occurs just before the cell begins to divide, and it checks to make sure that the cell is ready to divide and that the process of division is proceeding correctly.
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Minerals are divided into eight major groups by? a. physical properties b. Chemical compositions c. crystalline structure d. Color and luster
Minerals are divided into eight major groups by their chemical compositions. Thus, the correct option is B.
What are Minerals?Minerals can be defined as the naturally occurring inorganic element or compound which have an ordered internal structure and characteristic chemical composition which is different for different minerals, crystal form, and the physical properties. Minerals differ from rocks that are naturally occurring solids which are composed of one or more minerals.
Minerals are conveniently divided into the following eight major mineral groups on the basis of their chemical compositions including native elements, sulphides and arsenides, oxides, chlorides, fluorides, carbonates, silicates, phosphates, and sulphates.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Which part of the model represents solar energy?
A. The hot plate
B. The jar of water
C. The metal bowl
D. The ice cubes
under standard conditions, total how many molecules of atp could be generated from metabolism of one glucose molecule?
Under standard conditions, 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).
Glucose is converted to ATP through a metabolic process termed cellular respiration. Two of the processes involved in cellular respiration are glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation.
When oxygen comes into contact with a substance or an element, an oxidation reaction occurs. Another way of defining oxidation is the removal of hydrogen from reactant species. When an ion, particle, or molecule loses electrons, it goes through oxidation.
In the mitochondria of living things (animals and plants), the process of breaking down sugar in the presence of oxygen releases energy in the form of ATP. Carbon dioxide and water waste are produced as a result of this process.
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a plant homozygous for the unlinked dominant alleles a, b and g is crossed with another plant that is homozygous for the recessive alleles a, b and g. how many different genotypes in the f2 population will give rise to the abg phenotype?
A plant that is homozygous for the unconnected dominant alleles a, b, & g crossed with some other plant that is homozygous again for recessive alleles a, b, and g will result in the abg phenotype in the f2 population is 9÷64 genotypes.
Given, AABBGG X aabbgg = AaBbGg (F1)
The resultant self-fertilized F1 offspring.
AaBbGg X AaBbGg :
If we look at certain crosses:
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
3÷4 will exhibit the dominant A phenotype in the offspring ( AA, Aa ). Similarly,
3÷4 will exhibit the dominant B trait in the progeny ( BB, Bb ).
G g
G GG Gg
g Gg gg
1÷4 if the offspring will have a recessive g trait (gg).
The total number of children who will exhibit the ABg phenotype:
3÷4 × 3÷4 × 1÷4 = 9÷64
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animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. the consumed oxygen is used...
a. in the glycolisis pathway
b. in the citric acid cycle
c. as an electron acceptor in the respitory electron transport chain
d. in photosynthesis
e. in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A
Answer: C
Explanation: The consumed oxygen in animals is used as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain. In this process, oxygen is used to help convert the chemical energy stored in food molecules into ATP, the main source of energy for cells. The oxygen is used to accept electrons from the breakdown of glucose, fatty acids, and other energy-rich molecules, allowing for the production of ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is essential for the survival and function of all animals.
which condition causes impaired speech coordination cranial nerve lesion occipital lobe lesion parietal cortex lesion limbic lobe lesion
Part of the left temporal lobe is responsible for language comprehension in most persons. Wernicke (receptive) aphasia occurs when this region is injured, causing severe difficulties with both word recall and language comprehension.
Damage to the right temporal lobe has been linked to difficulties remembering sounds and music. Due to this, some people may find it difficult to sing.
Brain connection is crucial. Your brain communicates internally and externally using electrical and chemical impulses. Brain lesions impede brain transmission. Disruption increases with damage severity.
Brain lesions are damaged tissue. Brain traumas or diseases create this harm. Brain lesions include strokes. Lesions can affect brain function, causing weakness, sensory disruption, and disorientation.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. most of the human genome is made up of ____________
DNA
All genomes are made of DNA, which is made up of four closely similar substances called nucleic acids: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
A sequence of DNA is a collection of these chemically linked nucleic acids, often known as "bases" or "base pairs," such as AGATTCAG, which may be "read out" linearly.
Scientists finally arrived at a 3 billion letter sequence of A, G, C, and Ts using experimental methods to determine the sequence of DNA with assistance from some sophisticated computers.
At the time, scientists believed they knew enough about the functioning of DNA to look for the functional components of the genome, or genes. A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions needed to create a protein, which then serves a purpose for our cells.
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some flatworms have an epithelial that is one singular multinucleated cytoplasm. this condition is referred to as:
The flatworms, also known as flatworms are a class of unsegmented, soft-bodied, bilaterian invertebrates that are relatively basic.
Flatworms are acoelomates (have no body cavity), unlike other bilaterians, and lack specific circulatory and respiratory organs, which forces them to adopt flattened forms that permit oxygen and nutrients to diffuse through their bodies. Food cannot be continually processed because there is only one opening in the digestive cavity for both ingestion (the absorption of nutrients) and egestion (the elimination of unprocessed trash).
Any member of the phylum flatworm, commonly known as platyhelminth Platyhelminthes are a class of invertebrates with soft bodies that are typically very flattened. There are several free-living flatworm species, but around 80% of all flatworms are parasitic, meaning they live on or in another organism and get their nutrition from it. They lack specific respiratory, skeletal, and circulatory systems, are bilaterally symmetrical (i.e., the right and left sides are comparable), and lack a bodily cavity (coelom). The body is not segmented; spongy connective tissue (mesenchyme) fills the space between organs and makes up the so-called parenchyma.
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What is insolation? What's an example?
Which of the following is NOT a step in hypothesis testing? Select one: a. Find the confidence interval. b. Use the level of significance and the critical value approach to determine the critical value of the test statistic c. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses d. Use the rejection rule to solve for the value of the sample mean corresponding to the critical value of the test statistic. When population standard deviation (σ) is unknown, we use sample standard deviation (s) to estimate σ.
Then the margin of error, the interval estimate for the population and hypothesis test are based on a probability distribution known as the Select one: a. t-distribution. b. z-distribution. c. degrees of freedom. d. both z and t distribution.
Answer:
the answer is c
Explanation:
a long bone has an expanded portion at each end called an epiphysis and a shaft called the
The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis.
Explain how retention of the notochord in adult hagfish helps with their locomotion.
Long Version:
The retention of the notochord in adult hagfish helps with their locomotion by providing structural support and allowing for flexion and extension of the body. The notochord is a flexible rod-like structure that runs along the length of the body and provides support for the muscles and other tissues. In hagfish, the notochord persists into adulthood and is surrounded by a sheath of muscle tissue.
The notochord allows hagfish to flex and extend their body in a lateral (side-to-side) motion, which is used for swimming and burrowing. When the hagfish extends its body, the notochord straightens and the muscles surrounding it contract, creating a wave-like motion that propels the hagfish forward. When the hagfish flexes its body, the notochord bends and the muscles relax, allowing the hagfish to move in a different direction or to stop swimming.
Overall, the retention of the notochord in adult hagfish helps with their locomotion by providing structural support and allowing for flexion and extension of the body. This enables hagfish to move effectively in their aquatic environment and to perform a variety of behaviors, such as swimming, burrowing, and capturing prey.
Shorter Version:
The retention of the notochord in adult hagfish helps with their locomotion by providing structural support and allowing for body flexion and extension. This enables hagfish to move effectively in their aquatic environment and to perform a variety of behaviors.
Two organ systems are dedicated to internal coordination, communication between other systems and maintaining overall homeostasis. They are the _________ system which communicates by means of hormones and the ______ system which sends quick electrical and chemical messages from cell to cell
Two organ systems are dedicated to internal coordination, communication between other systems and maintaining overall homeostasis. They are the endocrine system which communicates by means of hormones and the nervous system which sends quick electrical and chemical messages from cell to cell.
Endocrine system is a communication system that uses feedback loops to control distant target organs by controlling hormones secreted by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system. All endocrine systems in vertebrates are controlled neurally by the hypothalamus.
The brain, spinal cord, and a sophisticated nerve network are all parts of the nervous system. The brain and the body are communicated with via this system. All bodily functions are managed by the brain. From the brain, the spinal cord descends via the back.m cell to cell.
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an endocrine gland is a type of organ group of answer choices required for remodeling bone. where hormones are produced and then released into the blood. where neuronal signals are generated. restricted to the production of growth factors. none of the choices are correct.
An endocrine gland is a type of organ (b) where hormones are produced and then released into the blood.
Endocrine glands discharge their specific compounds into the circulation without passing via a duct, in contrast to exocrine glands (sweat, salivary). These endocrine glands are part of the body's regulatory system, and they generate hormones that aid in controlling how cells and tissues operate. There are several glands that are only found in males (testes) or females (ovaries).
Hormones are molecules that have an impact on a wide range of physiological processes, from hunger, reproduction, and development to far more complex processes like human emotions and behaviour. The endocrine system is made up of the nine principal glands in our bodies, which generate these hormones, as well as other organs that perform auxiliary jobs.
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If the independent variable DOES effect the outcome of the experiment, the Chi-Squared value will be ______ the critical value because you are ________ the null hypothesis.
If the independent variable does affect the outcome of the experiment, the Chi-square value will be greater than the critical value because you are rejecting the null hypothesis.
What is Chi-square?The Chi-square is a statistical tool used to test the significant difference between two sets of similar data. It is an inferential statistical tool that can be used to test the acceptability or otherwise of null hypotheses.
The Chi-square value from data must be greater than the critical value in order for the null hypothesis of the experiment that serves as the source of the data to be rejected. The conclusion would be that there is no significant difference between the two sets of data.
On the other hand, when the critical Chi-square value is greater than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is accepted and the conclusion would be that there is no difference between the two sets of data.
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cytosol is composed of water and other molecules, including enzymes, which are proteins that speed up the cells chemical reactions. question 8 options: true false
cytosol is composed of Water, dissolved ions, tiny molecules, and big water-soluble molecules make up the majority of the cytoplasm composition (such as proteins). enzymes speed up the cells chemical reactions.
Additionally, cytosol, a jelly-like material, is present inside every cell. Water and other chemicals make up cytosol, as do proteins called enzymes that quicken cellular chemical activities. Like fruit in a jello pudding, everything in a cell rests in the cytoplasm. Every protein starts its production in the cytoplasm. However, some enzymes are moved to other chemical reaction while the majority remain there permanently. Certain molecules are entirely produced in the cytoplasm.
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In the figure below, working from the inside out, what would be the order of components observed? Water-filled bubble made of phospholipids
water, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, hydrophobic tal, hydrophilic head, water hydrophobic tail, water, hydrophilic head, hydrophilic head, water, hydrophobic tail water, hydrophilic tail, hydrophobic head, hydrophobic head, hydrophilic tail, water water, hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, water
According to the figure below, the correct order of the components, working from the inside out, is:
WaterHydrophilic headHydrophobic tailHydrophobic talHydrophilic headWater hydrophobic tailWaterCorrect answer: letter B.
This order of the components ensures that the cell membrane is stable and able to effectively regulate the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
Function of the cellular components of a phospholipid bilayerThe cell components that make up a phospholipid bilayer are arranged in a specific order, working from the inside out:
The water molecules are located in the center, surrounded by a hydrophilic head group which is attracted to the water. This is followed by a hydrophobic tail which is repelled by the water and forms the outer layer of the cell membrane.Finally, a second layer of water is located on the outside, providing additional stability to the structure.Learn more about phospholipid bilayer:
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Consider the following DNA template strand:
3' ATC CAG ATG AAC AGC AAT 5'
Which is the correct complementary mRNA strand?
A) 3' TAG GTC TAC TTG TCG TTA 5'
B) 3' UAG UCG UAC UUG GUC UUA 5'
C) 5' ATC CAG ATG AAC AGC AAT 3'
D) 5' UAG GUC UAC UUG UCG UUA 3'
Thanks for the help!! :)
Answer:
D
Explanation:
DNA to mRNA translation is as follows:
A=U
T=A
C=G
G=C
I took a biomedical class a year or so ago so hopefully I remember it correctly.
Question 10 of 25 Cells store unused molecules such as starch in vacuoles. Enzymes are needed to break down the starch so the cell can recycle the monosaccharides. Which cell organelle is able to carry digestive enzymes to the vacuoles? A. Golgi apparatus B. Vesicle C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Lysosome
a postsynaptic neuron has both nmda and ampa receptors. what would happen to the epsp caused by an incoming glutamate signal if you add an ampa antagonist.
If an AMPA antagonist is added it blocks the AMPA receptors
If the neurotransmitter is potent enough, a postsynaptic neuron in a neuron that receives the neurotransmitter after it has crossed the synapse may experience an action potential. Both spatial and temporal summation is used by postsynaptic neurons. An NMDA and AMPA receptor-containing postsynaptic neuron would no longer be able to respond to the incoming glutamate signal if an AMPA antagonist was added.
In doing so, the incoming glutamate signal would not cause the AMPA receptors to contribute to the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) it causes. The EPSP would be lower since it wouldn't be able to ideally use the AMPA receptors' contribution, but the NMDA receptors would still be able to react to the glutamate signal.
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