The steps of phagocytosis occur in the following chronological order: chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, maturation, killing, and elimination.
Phagocytes are attracted to and moved toward a variety of chemicals created during the immune response during chemotaxis, the first stage of phagocytosis.
At resting phagocytes, inflammatory mediators activate them (bacterial products, cytokines, prostaglandins, and complement proteins). After activation, they develop greater metabolic and microbic activity. Additionally, more glycoprotein receptors are expressed by activated cells, which improves their capacity to firmly bind to pathogens and go to the infection site. Neutrophils show up first, and macrophages follow shortly after. The subsequent stage of phagocytosis is the antigen's attachment to the cell membrane of the phagocytic cells. An endocytic vesicle called a phagosome, which moves along the endocytic processing pathway, contains the material when the pseudopodia unite. Pseudopodia, membrane protrusions that expand out and ingest the attached material, are brought about by adhesion.
When a phagosome follows this pathway, it finally combines with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome when it enters the cell. Lysosomes include lysozyme in addition to a variety of cytotoxic and antibacterial substances that can destroy phagocytosed cells and pathogens. Microorganisms are eliminated using processes that either require oxygen or do not. Exocytosis is the procedure used to evacuate the phagolysosome's digested contents.
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Which of the following was not a desired goal of hydrogenating polyunsaturated fatty acids in butter- like spreads? a) To make the compound have the consistency of butter b) To make the compound a solid at room temperature c) To put trans double bonds into the molecule d) To remove some of the double bonds in the molecule
It was not the expected consequence of hydrogenating polyunsaturated fatty acids in butter-like spreads to introduce trans double bonds into the molecule.
Describe what fatty acids are.The basic elements of fat in our bodies and the food we eat are called fatty acids. The body turns lipids into fatty acids during digestion so that they may be taken into the circulation. Three fatty acid molecules are joined together to form a molecule called a triglyceride.
Which two essential fatty acids dominate?The most crucial fats, though, are those that our bodies are unable to produce and must obtain from diet. These essential oils (EFAs) are composed primarily of the omega-6 group linoleic acid.
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provide the route that one oxygen molecule, o2, will take as it moves from the room air up to its arrival inside the mitochondrion of a cell in a skeletal muscle fiber of the leg. be detailed, particularly in passing through cell membranes. write this in flow chart format, using words linked by arrows. indicate which portion of this route is considered internal respiration, and which portion is considered external respiration.
The route that one oxygen molecule, will take unto the lungs is through nasal cavities then pharynx to trachea then primary bronchi, to secondary bronchi then tertiary bronchi then bronchioles and finally alveoli.
Oxygen gas and carbon dioxide diffuse from the alveoli into the blood and from the blood into the alveoli, respectively, in a process known as simple diffusion. A gradient in concentration is needed for diffusion. It is necessary to maintain a high pressure of oxygen in the alveoli, while maintaining a lower concentration of carbon dioxide.
Naturally, breathing helps us do this by continuously bringing in new air that is rich in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. Surface tension is a force that is produced when water molecules, particularly those on the alveolar walls, are attracted to one another more strongly than they are to air.
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding adolescence in Western cultures?
a. Sexual maturation in adolescence begins earlier.
b. Teens are entering adolescence later.
c. Independence from parents emerges later.
d. Social approval is imperative during adolescence
Answer:
B. Teens are entering adolescence later is NOT true.
Explanation:
In Western cultures, adolescents generally begin to go through puberty and experience the physical and emotional changes associated with adolescence around the ages of 11-12 for girls and 12-13 for boys. This is earlier than in previous generations, and the age at which people enter adolescence has been decreasing over time.
What kind of cells does HIV target? How does this targeting affect the host’s body processes?
The kind of cells that HIV target is helper T- cells, which is capable of affecting the host’s body processes by decreasing the ability to elicit immune responses.
What is the relationship between helper T- cells and the HIV virus?The relationship between helper T- cells and the HIV virus is based onsurvive the fact that these retroviruses affect the ability of survival of CD4 T-cells, which are required to have important roles in the adaptive immune responses of the immune system.
HIV retroviruses enter into the CD4 structural cells on the surface of helper T-cells, thereby triggering the elimination or destruction of CD4 T-cells.
Therefore, with this data, we can see the relationship between helper T- cells and the HIV virus is cemented in the fact that these viruses remove CD4 cells which play fundamental roles in the immune system.
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Which of the following correctly identifies the decomposers in the forest food web
shown below? (1 point)
Explanation:
In the food web, bacteria and fungi are the decomposers
#27: Scientists investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis.
Rate of
photosynthesis
in arbitrary units
sing your Inowle
250
200
150
100
50
0
organisms that co
0
Figure 3 shows the scientists' results.
Figure 3
50
100 150 200 250 300 350
Light intensity in arbitrary units
Describe the effect of increasing light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis. You should include numbers from Figure 3 in
your description.
The increase in the light intensity would led to increase in the rate of photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis?We know that photosynthesis is the process by which green plants can be able to produce their own food in the presence of carbon dioxide and water. We know that sunlight is the catalyst of the photosynthesis process because it is the light that enables the water and the carbon dioxide to be combined so as to produce sugars and oxygen.
In this case, we can see that as the light intensity is increasing, the rate of the photosynthesis is increasing from the data that has been provided. The impact of this is that light makes the combination of the reactants much more possible and this would increase the rate of the reaction.
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Which of the following molecules in the pentose phosphate pathway is also an intermediate in glycolysis? a. Ribose 5-phosphate b. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate c. Fructose 6-phosphate d. B and C e. All of the above
Option D, The components in the pentose phosphate pathway, fructose-6-phosphate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, are also intermediates in glycolysis.
An essential part of cellular metabolism is the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). In addition to providing precursors for the production of nucleotides and amino acids, reducing intermediates for anabolism, and protection against oxidative stress, the PPP is crucial for maintaining carbon homeostasis.
This intermediate can be changed into glucose storage substances like starch or glycogen in place of continuing along the glycolysis process. When glycogen, for example, is broken down in the reverse reaction, mostly glucose-6-phosphate is produced; relatively little free glucose is created during the process.
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the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve functions in hearing while the cochlear branch is involved in equilbirum
The vestibulocochlear nerve's vestibular branch is responsible for hearing, while the cochlear branch is involved in equilibrium. This claim is untrue.
The vestibular nerve, which innervates the semicircular canals of the inner ear and is involved with equilibrium, coordination, and orientation in space, and the cochlear nerve, which innervates the cochlea and supports hearing, are both parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, which has two components within a single trunk.The vestibulocochlear nerve, which divides into the cochlear nerve and vestibular nerve, is primarily made up of bipolar neurons.A vestibular branch and a cochlear branch make up the vestibulocochlear nerve. Balance is controlled by the vestibular branch, and hearing is controlled .
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The energy from the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is directly used to synthesize ATP.
(A)True
(B)False
The statement is true in that energy from the passage of electrons via the electron transport chain is used directly to create ATP.
Why is energy so crucial?Because it is a fundamental human need, energy plays a significant role in our everyday lives. Energy not only heats, but also cools our cognitive structures. You require energy to move your finger, get out of sleep, or even walk down the street.
What is the term for human energy?Human power is the work or energy created by a human being. Muscles are the main source of power, but body heat may also be used for tasks like warming food, shelters, or other people.
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In a grassland community, the zebra eats the grass, the lions eat the zebra and the vultures feed on the carcasses of dead zebra and lions. In this example, the zebras are: a. Primary consumers b. Primary producers c. Secondary consumers d. Top predators
The zebras would be considered as the primary consumers.
What are primary consumers?
Primary consumers constitute the second trophic level. They are also known as herbivores. They eat the primary producers—plants or algae—and eat nothing else. For example, a grasshopper that resides in the Everglades will be considered a primary consumer.
The organisms that eat the primary consumers are called secondary consumers, i.e., carnivores. Examples would be lions, etc. Omnivores, those who eat both plants and animals, are also secondary consumers.
Therefore, in this grassland community, the zebras would be considered as the primary consumers.
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Where within the chloroplast would you expect to find a high concentration of ATP synthase protein? (Choose appropriate letter from diagram). Hint: Thylakoid Lumen = Thylakoid Space. Select only ONE answer choice. A. Intermembrane Stroma lamellae Thylakoid C. Thylakoid membrane Uygge B. Stroma D. Thylakoid lumen Inner envelope OC: Thylakoid membrane O A: Intermembrane OB: Stroma
The stroma of the chloroplasts contains the remaining 120A° portion. The stroma has a significant amount of ATP synthase protein.
Because of a proton gradient created by light reactions, plants produce the ATP synthase Enzyme, a protein for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Typically, chloroplasts' thylakoid membrane contains the ATP synthase protein. It starts at the thylakoid lumen and travels through the thylakoid membrane to reach the stroma of the chloroplasts. However, we need a lot of ATP synthase. The thylakoid membrane measures 40A° in thickness. Fo and F1 are connected by a 37A° stalk. In chloroplasts, the Fo portion of ATP synthase has a diameter of 62A° and a height of 83A°. The F1 component has a diameter of 115 A° and a height of 85 A°. Thus, the whole size can reach 200A°. Only 10% of the Fo molecule is found in the lumen of chloroplasts' thylakoid membrane. It indicates that the thylakoid membrane and lumen contain up to 80A° of ATP synthase. Option C is erroneous because the thylakoid membrane only contains 70–75A° of the Fo portion. Option A is wrong because intermembrane space, which is the area between the outer and inner membranes of chloroplasts, lacks ATP synthase.
Thus, we might infer that the remaining 120A° part is contained in the stroma of the chloroplasts. A considerable amount of ATP synthase protein is present in the stroma-B.
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HELPP!! Select all the correct answers.
Which statements fail to meet the requirements of a scientific claim?
Flowers that reflect the most ultraviolet light are more likely to attract bees and other pollinators than
flowers that reflect less ultraviolet light.
In the final 100 meters of a 10,000-meter race, an athlete's speed s more strongly related to anaerobic
efficiency than to aerobic efficiency.
Even though evidence indicates that the solar system's planets follow elliptical paths, Copernicus's
model involving circular orbits is true.
The evidence supporting Newton's laws of motion was accurate in Newton's time, but the universe
operates differently today.
The statements that fail to meet the requirements of a scientific claim are Even though evidence indicates that the solar system's planets follow elliptical paths, Copernicus's model involving circular orbits is true, and the last statement and these both are not scientific.
What is the work of a scientist?The scientists' main work is to explain the science with data and observation, and the scientific discoveries should be useful for mankind. There are many fields that have continuously evolved through the work of scientists.
Hence, the statements that fail to meet the requirements of a scientific claim are Even though evidence indicates that the solar system's planets follow elliptical paths, Copernicus's model involving circular orbits is true, and the last statement and these both are not scientific.
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Which of the following is a molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it and help it do its job? a) a transport protein b) collagen c) a coenzyme d) a prion
The molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it and help it to do its job is called a coenzyme. So option c. is correct.
Coenzymes are organic compounds required by many enzymes for catalytic activity. They are often vitamins or derivatives of vitamins. Sometimes they can act as catalysts in the absence of enzymes, but not so effectively as in conjunction with an enzyme. As with metal-enzyme linkages, there is a range of bond strengths for coenzymeenzyme links, the point of distinction between tightly-bound cofactor and loosely-bound cofactor being arbitrary.
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The phylum ______ is highly diverse and includes such members as clams, snails, octopuses, and squid. group of answer choices a. arthropod b. cnidaria c. annelida d. molllusca
The phylum Mollusca is highly diverse and includes such members as clams, snails, octopuses, and squid.
Define Phylum Mollusca.
In the world's ecosystem, molluscans, which are incredibly diverse creatures, play a significant role. Snails, octopuses, squids, oysters, clams, and other animals you are likely familiar with are all members of the phylum Mollusca.
The bodies are often relatively soft and protected by a strong exoskeleton.
Therefore, Phylum Mollusca is highly diverse and includes clams, snails, octopuses, and squid.
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Three reactions in glycolysis operate far from equilibrium and are potential sites for major flux control. List the three enzymes and discuss why each enzyme is or is not the major control site of glycolysis.Hexokinase catalyzes the first exergonic step of glycolysis. However, when the source of glucose-6-phosphate is from glycogen in skeletal muscle, rather than free glucose, the hexokinase reaction is not required. Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the last reaction of glycolysis and is therefore not a good candidate for regulation of the entire pathway. Phosphofructokinase catalyzes a very exergonic reaction at Step 3. This is near the beginning of the pathway, but after the entry of glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen, so it can regulate the entire pathway.
Hexokinases, phosphofructokinase-1, and pyruvate kinase, three enzymes that all catalyse irreversible processes, control glycolysis. In reaction to circumstances both inside and outside the cell, the glycolytic pathway's flow is modified.
Hexokinase catalyses the glycolysis process' initial exergonic step. The hexokinase reaction is not necessary, though, when the source of the glucose-6-phosphate is skeletal muscle glycogen as opposed to free glucose. Pyruvate kinase catalyses the final step in glycolysis, making it an unsuitable option to control the complete system. In Step 3, phosphofructokinase catalyses a highly exergonic reaction. This is after the entry of glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen but close to the beginning of the process, thus it can control the entire pathway.
So, the three enzymes are hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and phosphofructokinase.
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Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of which of the following molecules? O CAMP activated proteins O phosphorylated proteins O adenylyl cyclase
By decreasing activation energy barriers, enzymes speed up chemical processes.
What occurs when phosphodiesterase is suppressed?Phosphodiesterase is unable to degrade cAMP and cGMP when it is inhibited. As a result, their concentrations inside the cell rise, which in turn causes calcium concentrations to drop. In the end, this causes smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation in the target tissues.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are drugs that relax and enlarge blood vessels, enhancing circulation and reducing blood pressure. They can thus be used to treat a variety of illnesses, including as issues with your skin, joints, heart, and lungs, as well as dysfunction.
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Often, weather forecasters refer to high- or low-pressure areas moving
toward particular regions in order to describe predicted conditions for
those areas. As air rises in low-pressure systems, it cools and often
condenses into clouds and precipitation, resulting in storms. In
high-pressure systems, the air sinks toward the Earth and warms
upward, leading to dry and fair weather.
HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO MY RESEARCH QUESTION WHICH IS
WHAT EFFECT DOES THE AMOUNT OF AIR PRESSURE HAVE ON HOW FAR A SOCCER BALL TRAVELS WHEN KICKED?
Answer:
The amount of air pressure can affect how far a soccer ball travels when kicked. In general, high-pressure systems are associated with dry and fair weather, which can lead to a harder and more predictable playing surface. This can make it easier for a soccer player to control the ball and kick it with more accuracy and force, resulting in longer distances. On the other hand, low-pressure systems are associated with storms and wet conditions, which can make the playing surface softer and less predictable. This can make it more difficult for a soccer player to control the ball and kick it with accuracy and force, resulting in shorter distances. Therefore, the air pressure in a particular region can have a significant effect on how far a soccer ball travels when kicked.
Which of the following groups includes examples of only abiotic factors found in an ecosystem? Producers, consumers, oxygen, carbon dioxide Solar energy, water, minerals, producers Plants, animals, fungi, decomposers Solar energy, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide
Answer:
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Solar Energy, Water, Minerals, Glucose.
Abiotic Factors are non living parts of an ecosystem that shapes the enviroment.
Biotic Factors are living organisms of an ecosystem that shapes the enviroment.
The abiotic factors in the ecosystem include oxygen, carbon dioxide solar energy, water, and minerals all are nonliving things.
What are abiotic factors found in an ecosystem?The abiotic factors are the factor that is nonliving things and interact with living biotic factors, making an ecosystem, light, temperature, soil, and water all are examples of abiotic factors.
Biotic factors are living organisms present in the ecosystem. It majorly includes all living organism producers, consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers. It works with abiotic factors in order to create a unique environment.
Therefore, oxygen, carbon dioxide Solar energy, water, and minerals all are nonliving things and examples of abiotic factors.
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1. to calculate the frequency of the brown allele, count the number of blank and divide by the total number of alleles in this population.target 1 of 5 2. in this beetle population, the number of brown alleles is blank.target 2 of 5 3. in this beetle population, the total number of alleles for color is blank.target 3 of 5 4. the frequency of the brown allele in this beetle population is blank.target 4 of 5 5. the frequency of the green allele in this beetle population is blank.target 5 of 5
To calculate frequency of the brown allele, count the number of brown alleles and divide by total number of alleles in this population.
Allele frequency is decided by counting how typically the allele seems inside the population and then dividing by the full variety of copies of the gene.
Gene frequency can be defined as the fraction or percentage of a population that contains an allele at a selected locus (Gillespie 2004). It is also extra accurately known as allele frequency.
Relative genotype frequency and relative allele frequency are the most essential measures of genetic variation. Relative genotype frequency is proportion of individuals in the populace that has a specific genotype.
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Epigenetics are different than mutations in that mutations?
Epigenetics are different than mutations in that mutations can change DNA sequences and is therefore denoted as option B.
What is Mutation?This is a term which is referred to as a change in the DNA sequence of an organism during DNA replication in the process of cell division and is usually caused by exposure to mutagens and a viral infection in the body of the organisms.
Mutation however can change DNA sequences while on the other hand, epigenetics are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence which is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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Suppose I throw 10 balls into 5 bins labeled A,B,C,D,E uniformly at random. Call a pair of bins special if they are labeled with adjacent letters (i.e., the pairs AB,BC, CD, DE are special). The expected number of special pairs of bins which are both empty is
The anticipated proportion of special bin pairs with empty bins is 216.
Let us consider four different cases to understand this problem:
Case I: The number of distribution methods is when no box is left unfilled.
10−1C5−1=9C4=126
Case II: One box alone is empty.
Number of ways = distribution of 10 things among the remaining 4 boxes and selection of one empty box.
5C1*9C3=420
Case iii: Only two are still vacant.
Distribution of 10 objects in remaining boxes = (selection of any two boxes two nearby) * number of ways = selection of two empty but not consecutive boxes.
9C2 =((5)C2−4) * 9C2 =6×36=216
Case IV: Three empty, exactly.
If there are no two adjacent empty boxes, there is only one method to choose three.
The variety of ways 1* 9C1=9
So, the total number of ways is 126 + 420 + 216 + 9 = 771.
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what is the vascular cambium
Answer:
It is a single layer of cells called meristematic cells that lies between the xylem and phloem. It is also called cambial zone.
Explanation:
_______ is the sensation evoked by solutions that contact receptors in the tongue while _______ includes the former and also retronasal olfaction.
(A) Taste; flavor
(B) Taste; smell
(C) Flavor; smell
(D) Flavor; taste
The correct option is (a) Taste; flavor
What is perception?Our sensory perception of the world is referred to as perception. We learn more about our surroundings as a result of this experience.
Perception is dependent on the cognitive processes we employ to analyze information, such as using memory to identify a friend's face or detect a recognizable scent.
We have the capacity to recognize and react to external stimuli thanks to the perception process.
We are constantly surrounded by many stimuli. Our ability to perceive the world and comprehend it without being overpowered by the amount of stimuli allows us to exist in it and do so.
Visual perception, olfactory perception, tactile perception, auditory perception, and taste perception are the several types of perception.
Additionally, there are other types of perception in psychology, including person perception and social perception.
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In the third step of the cloning procedure,all of the plasmids that were created in the second step are incubated with bacteria. The bacteria do not have an ampR gene on their own chromosome.
As shown above at least four classes of bacteria result. Notice that only one class contains the vgp gene.
To help sort out those bacteria that have the vgp gene, scientists first attempt to grow the bacteria both in a medium with ampicillin and in a medium without ampicillin. Demonstrate your understanding of this step by sorting the four bacterial classes based on where they will grow.
Sort the bacterial class into the appropriate category.
becaterial class: -no plasmid, -nonerecombinant plasmid, -recombinant plasmid but no vgp gene, -recombiant plasmid with vgp gene
will ONLY grow in medium without ampicillin:
will ONLY grow in medium containing ampicillin:
will grow in both media:
The four bacterial classes based on where they will grow.Only grow in medium without ampicillin No plasmid.
Only grow in medium containing ampicillin:NONE
Grow in both media:Recombinant plasmid with vgp gene
Nonrecombinant PlasmidRecombinant plasmid with no vgp gene
Genera appeared to be commonly liable to ampicillin and amoxicillin are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus and Pasteurella, even though many of those bacteria have acquired resistance.
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Comparing and Contrasting: In what ways do ferns, horsetails, and club mosses
differ from true mosses? In what ways are they similar to mosses?
63. State and briefly describe four Koch's postulates?
Answer:
Koch's postulates are a set of criteria that are used to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a specific disease. The four postulates are:
The microbe must be present in every case of the disease.The microbe must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture.The specific disease must be reproduced when the microbe is introduced into a healthy host.The microbe must be re-isolated from the host with the disease and shown to be the same as the original microbe.These postulates were first proposed by the German physician and scientist Robert Koch in the late 19th century, and they remain an important tool in the field of medical microbiology.
given the free energy diagrams we have provided you, which of the following pairs of coupled reactions (listed below in the answer choices) would not provide sufficient free energy input to drive the non-spontaneous reaction in that pair of reactions? select all that apply o A&C o D&A o E&A o A&B
o D&B
The free energy diagrams A & B pairs of the coupled reaction would provide sufficient free energy input to drive the non-spontaneous reaction.
A nonspontaneous reaction is a reaction that does not favor the formation of products at the given set of conditions. In order for a reaction to be nonspontaneous, it must be endothermic, accompanied by a decrease in entropy, or both. If the reactants have a lower ΔG than the products, there will be an increase in free energy and the reaction is nonspontaneous.
An endothermic reaction is any chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment. The absorbed strength affords the activation strength for the reaction to arise. an indicator of this kind of response is that it feels bloodless.
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TRUE/FALSE. simple form argument it is not wrong to kill spiders. but if spiders have eternal souls, then it is wrong to kill them. thus, it is false that spiders have eternal souls.
It's wrong to kill spiders. But if spiders have eternal souls, then It's wrong to kill them. Thus, it's false that spiders have eternal souls.
As with other arachnids, spiders differ anatomically from other arthropods in that their usual body segments—the cephalothorax or prosoma and the opisthosoma, or abdomen—are merged into two tagmata and connected by a tiny, cylindrical pedicel. However, as there is currently no evidence from either embryology or paleontology that spiders ever possessed a discrete division resembling a thorax Similar objections to the term "abdomen" might be raised because all spiders have a heart and respiratory system, which are not characteristics of an abdomen.
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Select all that apply
Indicate which of the following are functions of saliva. (select all that apply)
Multiple select question.
helps cleanse the mouth and teeth
moistens food particles
initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates
initiates chemical digestion of proteins
dissolves molecules so they can be tasted
aids in mechanical digestion
Functions of saliva include helping cleanse the mouth and teeth, moistening food particles, initiating chemical digestion of carbohydrates, and dissolving molecules so they can be tasted (options 1, 2, 3 and 5).
What is the saliva?Saliva is a secretion of the body which contains many enzymes required to digest foods but also can be helpful to eliminate pathogenic agents such as bacteria and viruses before entry to the organism.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the saliva is a very useful secretion of the saliva glands which served to digest foods.
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Which of the following statements about great apes is CORRECT?
A.
Orangutans are more closely related to chimpanzees than to gorillas.
B.
Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than to bonobos.
C.
Gorillas are more closely related to humans than to orangutans.
D.
Bonobos are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees.
option c Gorillas are more closely related to humans than to orangutans.is a correct statement about great apes.
Gorillas are herbivorous, primarily ground-dwelling great apes that live in equatorial Africa's tropical forests. Gorilla is divided into two species: eastern and western gorillas, as well as four or five subspecies. Gorilla DNA is 95 to 99% similar to human DNA, depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after chimps and bonobos. Orangutans are great apes that live in the Indonesian and Malaysian rainforests. They are now only found in Borneo and Sumatra, but they were once found throughout Southeast Asia and South China. Orangutans, which are classified in the genus Pongo, were previously thought to be a single species.
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