a ball is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 20m/s from the top of a multistory building. the height of the point where the ball is thrown is 25 m from the ground. then find a. how height will the ball rise?
B how long will it be before the ball hip the ground?​

Answer: Fc = 39.96 N

Explanation:

Fc = (mv^2)/r

Fc = (18.5 kg * (1.80 m/s)^2)/(1.50 m)

Fc = 39.96 N

Answer:

120 N.

Explanation:

This can be calculated using Newton's second law of motion, which states that the net force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma).

In this case, the mass of the object is 60 kg, and its acceleration is 2 m/s^2. so,the net force acting on the object is 60 kg * 2 m/s^2 = 120 N.

The potential difference induced in the rod is approximately -6.912 v. In general, the potential energy of an object is equal to the work done to move the object to its current position, against the forces acting on it.

Potential energy is a form of energy that an object possesses due to its position in a gravitational field or due to its configuration. It is the energy that an object has due to its position in a system, rather than its motion.

The potential difference induced in the rod is given by Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction:

ΔV = -(BLv)

where B is the magnetic flux density, L is the length of the rod, and v is the speed at which the rod moves through the magnetic field.

Plugging in the given values, we have:

ΔV = -(340 g * 48 cm * 13 m/s)

Converting the length to meters and the magnetic flux density to teslas, we have:

ΔV = -(0.34 T * 0.48 m * 13 m/s)

= -6.912 v

So the potential difference induced in the rod is approximately -6.912 v.

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The calculated answer is 1.96kg * m \s2\s /2. The energy that is stored when a force is used to deform an elastic object is known as elastic potential energy.

Until the force is released and the object springs back to its original shape, doing labor in the process, the energy is retained. The object may be compressed, stretched, or twisted during the deformation. Since you are aware of the spring constant k, which is 144 N/m, and the spring stretch from equilibrium position x, which is 16.5 cm, or 0.165, you can use the equation

PE = 2 1 kx 2

= 2 1144(.165) 2

to determine the potential energy of the spring.

This, if you prefer SI terms, is kg * m 2 /s2, or 1.96 Joules.

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Maximum power can be radiated by a 13 cm diameter solid lead sphere

is  232W

The melting point of lead, which is T = 328°c, is the highest temperature that can be raised.

The sphere's area is A = D2.

Using the maximum radiated power as a baseline and by inserting the values of the numbers:

P = 1.56 × [tex]10^{-8}[/tex] × 0.1² ×601³ = 232W

Energy transfer or conversion rate expressed as power. One joule per second, or one watt, is the definition of power in the International System of Units. Power is referred to as activity in some ancient writings. Scalar quantities include power.

Power is related to other factors; for instance, the power required to move a ground vehicle is calculated as the product of the vehicle's velocity, its aerodynamic drag, and the traction force on its wheels. The torque that a motor produces is multiplied by the angular velocity of its output shaft to produce the output power of the motor. Similarly, the power dissipated in an electrical component of a circuit is the sum of its current and  voltage across the element.

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The speed of light in ice at 20°C has the value 2.92 × 10⁸ m/s.

We know the expression for refractive index of a medium as,

Refractive index n = velocity of light in vacuum / velocity of light in a medium

It does not have units as it is a ratio.

Given that,

Velocity of light in a medium is 2.92 × 10⁸ m/s.

We know the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 10⁸ m/s.

The refractive index n = (3 × 10⁸)/(2.92 × 10⁸) = 1.31

The substance with the refractive index 1.31 is ice at 20°C.

Thus, the required substance is ice.

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The magnitude of this vector is 9.43 and the direction angle of the vector is 58°.

The initial point and the terminal point of the vectors are (3 - 5) and (-2, 3) respectively.

The characteristics of the vector mainly includes the magnitude and the direction of the angle of the vector.

The magnitude of this vector will be given by,

M = √((-2-3)²+(3+5)²)

M = √(25+64)

M = √89

M = 9.43

The direction angle of this vector with the x-axis will be given by,

Tan A = (8/-5)

Tan A = -1.6

A = 58°.

The direction angle of this vector is 58 degree.

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Answer: D. The magnitude is StartRoot 89 EndRoot, and the direction angle is about 122°.

Explanation:

The frequency of light is 1.18 × 10^15Hz

Wavelength = 255m

The frequency of light is the number of cycles of the light wave that pass a given point in a specified amount of time. Light waves are electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their frequency, which is measured in hertz (Hz).

Calculating the frequency -

f = c/ λ

where c is the speed of light and λ is the wavelength

Thus,

c = 3 × 10^18 m/s

λ = 255 × 1/ 10^9

= 255 × 10^7

Substituting the values in the formula -

= 3 × 10^18 / 255 × 10^7

= 1.18 × 10^15

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Type of separation methods described in the recipe  are: A. decantation and screening.

Process for the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids or of a liquid and a solid mixture such as a suspension is called decantation. In this process, the precipitated liquid is separated from solid. According to the given instruction for the recipe, fat which is in liquid state is separated from the meat.

Practice of taking granulated ore material and separating it into multiple grades by particle size is called screening. In the process of screening, more liquid is separated by placing mixture on the screen. In this, gravity plays an important role for the process of separation.

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Note: The question given on the portal is incomplete. Here is the complete question.

Question: A recipe gives the instructions below

After browning the meat pour off fat from the pan to further reduce fat use a strainer.

what type of separation methods are described in the recipe

A decantation and screening

B distillation and screening

C decantation and centrifugation

D distillation and filtration

The magnitude of the force that the object exerts on the child is 100N.

According to Newton's third law of motion, every action has an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, both an action and a reaction are equal and opposed.

The Newton's third is defined mathematically as;

Fa = Fb

where;

Fa is the applied force.

Fb is the response that the object goes through.

The reaction of the object, or the upward force exerted on the child by the object, is 100 N in the opposite direction if the child applies 100 N of force to the object.

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The man will not be hit by the snowball as it passes well above him without touching him.

(a) The length of time in the air is determined by vertical motion.

ax = 0

ay = 9.8 m/s²

vx = v₀ cosθ₀ = 7 cos 40° = 5.36 m/s

vy = v₀ sinθ₀ = 4.5 m/s

Distance from the ground is given as s = 14 m, so,

14 = 4.5 t + (1/2 × 9.8 × t²)

4.9 t² + 4.5 t - 14 = 0

The positive root of t = 1.29 s

The horizontal distance, vx t + (1/2 × ax × t²) = 6.91 m

(b) We know, x - x₀ = vx t + (1/2 × ax × t²)

As ax = 0,

t = (x - x₀)/vx = 4/5.36 = 0.746 s

During this time, the snowball travels a horizontal distance

y - y₀ = vy t + (1/2 × ay × t²) = 6.08 m

Hence, 14 - 6.08 = 7.9 m above the ground and the snowball passes above the man without hitting him.

The question is incomplete. The complete question is '(a) A snowball rolls off a barn roof that slopes downward at an angle of 40°. The edge of the roof is 14.0 m above the ground and the snowball has a speed of 7.00 m/s as it rolls off the roof. How far from the edge of the barn does the snowball strike the ground if it doesn't strike anything else while falling?

(b) A man 1.9 m tall is standing 4.0 m from the edge of the barn. Will he be hit by the snowball?'

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We have to go above 2651 kilometres of the earth for our weight to decrease to half of what it was at the surface.

Geophysics applies the concepts of physics to take a look at the Earth. It deals with things like the motion of the Earth's crust and the temperatures of its interior.

Geology is the scientific study of the earth, including the elements that make it up, the processes that shape it, how it was formed, and information about the planet's past and how it has been ever since. Today, geology also encompasses an examination of distant worlds.

We define the earth via thinking about other people as our enemies, outsiders and foreigners; by dividing our earth into international locations and by developing enmity in opposition to any other institution of people.

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Two protons and two neutrons are securely linked together to form composite particles known as alpha particles.

An elementary particle is a He nucleus, which consists of two protons and two neutrons. A particle with two protons has two units of charge. Four mass units of a particle are equal to two protons and two neutrons. As a result, 4He2 is the symbol for a particle.

Since an alpha particle is the same as a helium atom that has had its two electrons removed, it has two protons and two neutrons. No electrons are present in an alpha particle, hence the two protons' positive charge cannot be balanced.

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Wave interference occurs for: sound waves, light waves. water waves. all the given option is correct.

What is Wave Interference?

The result of two or more waves colliding is interference. Depending on how the peaks and troughs of the overlapping waves line up, they may add up or may partially or completely cancel one another. The interference definition states that it is

The occurrence when two or more waves combine to generate a new wave with a bigger, smaller, or same amplitude.

The medium adopts a form as a result of the net influence of the two distinct waves due to wave interference. Let's use the example of two pulses with the same amplitude moving in opposite directions in the same medium to better comprehend.

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The reason a moving object slows down is that its force of motion gradually runs out  is false.

If no unbalanced force applies to an object, its momentum stays constant. According to Newton's Second Law, if an object is subjected to an unbalanced force, it will move with a constant speed.

What does momentum actually mean?

The product of a particle's mass and velocity is momentum. Momentum is a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction. The force exerted on a particle is equated to the time rate of change of momentum by Isaac Newton's second equation of motion.

What does the word "momentum" mean?

illustration of momentum

whenever you throw a ball at a person and it hits him in the face. It shows how challenging it would have been to put a stop to the situation. In the air, a baseball is swooping. There is a big truck moving. a gun of this type shot a bullet.

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The maximum distance it moves up the incline plane is  5.47m.

Maximum distance, velocity of mass v = 0

Final kinetic energy, Kf = 1/2 m[tex]v^{2}[/tex] = 1/2 × 10 ×[tex]10^{2}[/tex] = 500j

W = ΔK = Kf - Ki

-mgdcosθμ - mgsinθd = 0 - 500j

mgd(μcosθ + sinθ) = 500j

d = 5.47m

Regardless of the starting or ending point, distance can be defined as the amount of space an object has covered. How much ground an object has covered while moving is referred to as the scalar quantity known as distance. It is the object's overall change in position, or "how far out of place an object is," that is described by the vector quantity displacement. An object's total path traveled can be used to measure distance. As an illustration. The total distance covered by an automobile is 13 km if it drives 5 km east, 8 km north, and then back again.

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If we consider the cantilever to be a perfect, massless spring, then K = 5.952N/m is its effective force constant.

The meaning of the term "force" is obvious. At about this point, it's perfectly permissible to describe a force as shoving or pulling. An object doesn't "have a force in it" or "contain a force." A force is applied to one thing by another.

A force can be a push or a pull, and it affects how we go about our daily lives because we can't open or close items, raise our legs or arms or accomplish a lot more without it.

Numerous E coli bacteria, m = 7.10 × 10⁻¹⁶

frequency =17.1 MHz

frequency of vibration, F = 1/2π√K/M

17.1×10⁶= 1/2π√K/ 7.10 × 10⁻¹⁶

K/ 7.10 × 10⁻¹⁶ = 7.10 ×10¹⁵

K = 5.952N/m

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You are at  latitude 35∘ N , if the north celestial pole is 35∘ above your northern horizon . The north celestial pole is a point where all stars can be seen from the northern hemisphere.

All of the stars visible from the Northern Hemisphere spin about the North Celestial Pole in the sky. North Street Polaris stays virtually immobile in the sky and all the stars in the northern sky appear to revolve around it because it is almost directly aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation "above" the North Pole, the north celestial pole. This spot in the sky is virtually exactly where ar, also known as Polaris, is located.

The reasonably brilliant Pole Star is located extremely close to the North Celestial Pole, making it simple to detect it in the night sky. But there are no observable stars near the South Celestial Pole. All of the stars in the sky are centred on the North Celestial Pole.

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Part A

The oscillation frequency of the circuit after the capacitor is charged and the switch is connected to point a:

given:

C = 12.0 nF = 12 x 10⁻⁹ F

L = 23.0mH = 2,3 x 10⁻² H

R = 78.0

f = ω/2π

Where ω is the corner frequency of the circuit and is given as:

ω = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{1}{LC} - \frac{R^2}{4L^2} }[/tex]

ω = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{1}{(12x10^{9-})(2.3 x 10^{-2})} - \frac{78^2}{4 (23x10^{-2})^2} }[/tex]

ω = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{1}{276 x 10^{-12}} -\frac{6084}{4761 x10^6} }[/tex]

ω = [tex]\sqrt{3.6 x 10^9 - 2.8 x 10^6}[/tex]

ω = 5.99 x 10⁴

f = ω/2π

f = 5.99 x 10⁴/2(3.14)

f = 0,9545 x 10⁴

f = 9545 Hz

So, the frequency of the circuit is 9545 Hz

Part B

The amplitude of the circuit can be expressed as a function of time, and it is expressed in the form.

A(t)= A₀e[tex]__{-Rt/2L}[/tex]

Here, A₀ is the amplitude when time, t = 0, we need to find the time it takes the oscillation to damp into 10%.

A(t) = 10%A = 0.10

0.1A₀ =  A₀e[tex]__{-Rt/2L}[/tex]

   0.1 = e[tex]__{-Rt/2L}[/tex]

Taking natural log on both sides and rearranging the variables, we get

t = -2LIn(0.1)/R

t = -2(2,3 x 10⁻²)(-2.3)/78.0

t = 1.35 x 10⁻³ s

So, the time taken for the oscillation to damp to 10% is 1.35 s

Part C

The critical damping of the circuit occurs when

R² = 4L/C

R  = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{4L}{C} }[/tex]

R  = 2768.87 Ω

So, the critical damping occurs for R = 2768.87 Ω

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27.23 V/m it the electric field strength at a distance 1.0m from origin in x direction.

given V=100[tex]e^-^2^x[/tex]

The physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles and exerts force on all other charged particles in the field, either attracting or repelling them, is known as an electric field (or E-field).

formula of electric field in term of electric potential is given by:

[tex]E_x[/tex] = [tex]-\frac{dV}{dx}[/tex]

=> - d(100[tex]e^-^2^x[/tex] )/dx

=>200[tex]e^-^2^x[/tex]

so [tex]E_x=[/tex] 200[tex]e^-^2^x[/tex]  ----- (i)

now we have to find electric field strength at point x=1m

so putting the value of x in in equation (i) we get

[tex]E_x=[/tex] 200[tex]e^-^2[/tex]

=> 200/(2.71*2.71)

=>27.23

so electric field strength at point x=1 is 27.23 V/m

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The moment of this force about point C is 267.7lb.ft

According to the information provided in the aforementioned query,

The provided data are,

A curved rod has a radius of 5 feet.

The force act on the end of a curved rod is 60lb.

We have to determine the moment of this force about point C?

Position vector from C to A is;

[tex]& \vec{r}_{C A}=\vec{r}_A-\vec{r}_C[/tex]

Substitute the value in above we get,

[tex]& \Rightarrow \vec{r}_{C A}=\left(5 \sin 60^{\circ} \hat{j}+5 \cos 60^{\circ} \hat{k}\right)-(5 \hat{k}) \\& \Rightarrow \vec{r}_{C A}=4.33 \hat{j}-2.5 \hat{k}[/tex]

Position vector from A to B is;

[tex]& \vec{r}_{A B}=\vec{r}_B-\vec{r}_A[/tex]

Substitute the value in above we get,

[tex]& \Rightarrow \vec{r}_{A B}=(7 \hat{i}+7 \hat{j})-\left(5 \sin 60^{\circ} \hat{j}+5 \cos 60^{\circ} \hat{k}\right) \\& \Rightarrow \vec{r}_{A B}=7 \hat{i}+2.67 \hat{j}-2.5 \hat{k}[/tex]

Force in vector form;

[tex]& \vec{F}=(F)\left[\frac{\vec{r}_{A B}}{\left|r_{A B}\right|}\right][/tex]

Substitute the value in above we get,

[tex]& \Rightarrow \vec{F}=(60)\left[\frac{7 \hat{i}+2.67 \hat{j}-2.5 \hat{k}}{\sqrt{7^2+2.67^2+2.5^2}}\right] \\& \Rightarrow \vec{F}=53.178 \hat{i}+20.284 \hat{j}-18.992 \hat{k}[/tex]

Moment about C will be;

[tex]& \vec{M}_C=\vec{r}_{C A} \times \vec{F}[/tex]

Substitute the value in above we get,

[tex]& \Rightarrow \vec{M}_C=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\0 & 4.33 & -2.5 \\53.178 & 20.284 & -18.992\end{array}\right| \\& \Rightarrow \vec{M}_C=-\mathbf{3 1 . 5} \hat{\mathbf{i}}-\mathbf{1 3 2 . 9} \hat{\mathbf{j}}-\mathbf{2 3 0 . 3 \hat { \mathbf { k } }}[/tex]

Therefore the Magnitude will be;

[tex]& M_C=\sqrt{(-31.5)^2+(-132.9)^2+(-230.3)^2} \\& \Rightarrow M_C=\mathbf{2 6 7 . 7} \mathrm{lb.ft}[/tex]

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Note:- The correct question would be as bellow.

The curved rod has a radius of 5 ft. If a force of 60 lb acts at its end as shown, determine the moment of this force about point C.

The approximate value of tc for an ideal bose gas at a density of 125 kg/m3 is 8.3 * 10¹⁹ K

[tex]P_{c} = \frac{2mkt^{3/2} }{4 pi h^{2} } * (2.612)\frac{\sqrt{pi} }{2}[/tex]

[tex]125 kg/m^{3} = \frac{2(6.65*10^{-24})(1.38*10^{-23})^{3/2} }{4pi^{2}(1.05*10^{-34}} *(2.612)\ \frac{sqrt{pi}}{2}[/tex]

Tc = 8.3 * 10¹⁹ K

The substance's mass per unit of volume is its density (also known as specific mass or volumetric mass density). The Latin letter D can also be used to represent density, however the most common sign is (the lower case Greek letter rho). Mass divided by volume is the definition of density in mathematics, where  is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. Density is sometimes loosely described as weight per unit volume, although this definition is incorrect technically; the term "specific weight" is more appropriate. An example of this is in the US oil and gas business.

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Answer:

76 cm southwest

Explanation:

The displacement of the mouse is 76.01 cm along south-west at an angle 57.35° with south direction.

In mechanics, displacement refers to the distance that a particle or body moves in a particular direction. Generally, point masses are used to describe particles and bodies. This means that, without sacrificing generality, bodies can be thought of as having all of their mass concentrated in a single mathematical point.

The mouse  scurries 41 cm south and then  takes a 90-degree turn and scurries 64 cm west.

Hence, magnitude of resultant displacement = √( 41² + 64²) cm = 76.01 cm.

The direction of displacement is along south-west with an angle with south direction= tan⁻¹(64/41) = 57.35°.

Hence, the displacement of the mouse is 76.01 cm along  south-west at an angle 57.35° with south direction.

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A 5 m chain with density 2 kg/m hangs off the roof of a building. 10 joules work is required to pull the chain to the roof.

The lowest amount of thermodynamic work, or energy, required to transfer an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface is known as the work function (sometimes spelled workfunction). Here, the term "immediately" refers to a final electron position that is, on an atomic scale, far from the surface but still too close to the solid to be affected by ambient electric fields in the vacuum. The work function is a property of the material's surface rather than a characteristic of the substance in its bulk (depending on crystal face and contamination). When two dissimilar conductors are in complete equilibrium with one another, the space between them will have an embedded electric field due to the fact that relies on the material surface (electrically shorted to each other, and with equal temperatures). The work function refers to moving an electron many nanometers away from the surface so that the force between the electron and the surface's image charge may be disregarded. The electron must also be close to the surface in relation to any change in the surface structure, such as a change in the material composition, a surface coating, or a reconstruction, as well as the closest edge of a crystal facet.

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The group that will make the car travel closest to 5 m/s when it is at the bottom of the first will is of:

Group C.

The velocity that each car will assume at the bottom of the hill is given by the equation presented as follows:

v = square root (2gh + kx²/m).

The parameters are given as follows:

The parameters are given by the table in this problem, hence the velocities of each car are given as follows:

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Answer: group C

Explanation:

The masses accelerate at a speed of 3g13 m/s2 after being released from rest.

m1 is 2 kilogram, while m2 is 5 kg. Because the pulley has no friction and no mass, the tension force on both sides of the string will be the same. [An inactive state for the Law of Motion] Both masses accelerate at the same rate. Let's say it is a m/s2.

Remember that 2 kg of mass is flowing downhill while 5 kg of mass is traveling upward, or the opposite is true.

Let's begin writing equations.

m1 g - T = m1a for a mass of 2 kg.

2g - T = 2a ————— (I) For a mass of 5 kg, T - m2g = m2a

T - 5g = 5a ————— (II) By combining the two equations, we arrive at 2g - 5g = 13a a = 3g13 m/s2.

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The highest frequency ultrasound devices have frequencies around 20 mhz. 5 m lambda to 15 m lambda is the wavelength of these sound waves inside the body.

Formula for sound wave = sound wavelength (λ) = sound velocity (v) / Sound frequency (F).

After calculating sound wavelength by the above formula we get the wavelength in between 5 to 15.

A periodic wave's wavelength is its spatial period, or the length over which its shape repeats. It is a property of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. It is the distance between two successive corresponding locations of the same phase on the wave, such as two neighboring crests, troughs, or zero crossings.  The spatial frequency is the reciprocal of wavelength. The Greek letter lambda is frequently used to represent wavelength. The term wavelength is also occasionally used to refer to modulated waves, their sinusoidal envelopes, or waves created by the interference of several sinusoids. Wavelength and frequency are inversely related, with shorter wavelengths for higher frequencies and longer wavelengths for lower frequencies, assuming a sinusoidal wave travelling at a constant wave speed. The medium (such as a vacuum, air, or body of water) through which a wave travels determines its wavelength. Waves can be anything from music to light to water to periodic electrical signals in a conductor.

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The work function of the metal is 2.25 eV.

The work function, or binding energy, of a metal is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the surface of the metal. In this case, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons is 1.40 eV, which means that the energy required to remove the electron from the metal was at least 1.40 eV.

To find the work function of the metal, we can use the following equation:

Work function (eV) = Photon energy (eV) - Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons (eV)

Plugging in the values given in the problem, we get:

Work function (eV) = Photon energy (eV) - 1.40 eV

The energy of a photon can be calculated using the equation:

Photon energy (eV) = hc / wavelength (m)

Where h is the Planck constant (6.626 x [tex]10^{-34}[/tex] J × s), c is the speed of light (2.998 x [tex]10^{8}[/tex] m/s), and wavelength is the wavelength of the photon in meters.

Plugging in the values and converting the wavelength to meters, we get:

Photon energy (eV) = (6.626 x [tex]10^{-34}[/tex] J × s) × (2.998 x [tex]10^{8}[/tex] m/s) / (3.70 x [tex]10^{-7}[/tex] m)

= 3.65 eV

Substituting this value back into the first equation, we get:

Work function (eV) = 3.65 eV - 1.40 eV

= 2.25 eV

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The  14976.31 revolutions has the drill turned.

What is acceleration?

The rate of change in velocity is known as acceleration. Acceleration typically signals a change in speed, though this is not always the case. Because of the shifting direction of its velocity, an item moving on a circular path at a constant speed is still accelerating.

What is revolutions ?

When two objects orbit one other, there is a revolution. For instance, once every month, the Moon makes its way around the Earth.

Drill is initially  rest ( w₀) = 0

Angular velocity = 814 rad/ s²

time = 4.84 sec

Equation of motion

Ф= w₀t ∝ 1/2∝ t²

where,

∝ = angular acceleration

we want to find no. of revolution which is write as

no.of radiation = distance travelled / 2π

Ф= (0)  ( 4.84) + 1/2 (814) ( 4.84)²=  0+ ( 407) (4.84)²

n= Ф/ 2π = 1534.2192/ 2π= 14916.31

n= 14976.31

Therefore,  14976.31 revolutions has the drill turned.

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The solar system has a biosphere on its surface where photosynthesis can take place.

What is Biosphere?

The biosphere, usually referred to as the ecosphere, is the sum of all ecosystems on the planet. The area where life exists on Earth is another name for it. According to certain descriptions, the biosphere is practically a closed system in terms of matter, with few inputs and outputs.

The biosphere, according to the broadest definition of biophysiology, is the ecological system that encompasses all living things and their relationships, including their interactions with the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

It is generally believed that the biosphere began to evolve at least 3.5 billion years ago, beginning with a process of biopoiesis (which means life formed spontaneously from non-living matter, such as simple organic molecules) or biogenesis (which means life created from living stuff).

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