in liver cells the inner mitochondrial membrane are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes

The anticipated proportion of special bin pairs with empty bins is 216.

Let us consider four different cases to understand this problem:

Case I: The number of distribution methods is when no box is left unfilled.

10−1C5−1=9C4=126

Case II: One box alone is empty.

Number of ways = distribution of 10 things among the remaining 4 boxes and selection of one empty box.

5C1*9C3=420

Case iii: Only two are still vacant.

Distribution of 10 objects in remaining boxes = (selection of any two boxes two nearby) * number of ways = selection of two empty but not consecutive boxes.

9C2 =((5)C2−4) * 9C2 =6×36=216

Case IV: Three empty, exactly.

If there are no two adjacent empty boxes, there is only one method to choose three.

The variety of ways 1* 9C1=9

So, the total number of ways is 126 + 420 + 216 + 9 = 771.

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Answer:

Im not sure but i think the answer should be B

The stroma of the chloroplasts contains the remaining 120A° portion. The stroma has a significant amount of ATP synthase protein.

Because of a proton gradient created by light reactions, plants produce the ATP synthase Enzyme, a protein for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Typically, chloroplasts' thylakoid membrane contains the ATP synthase protein. It starts at the thylakoid lumen and travels through the thylakoid membrane to reach the stroma of the chloroplasts. However, we need a lot of ATP synthase. The thylakoid membrane measures 40A° in thickness. Fo and F1 are connected by a 37A° stalk. In chloroplasts, the Fo portion of ATP synthase has a diameter of 62A° and a height of 83A°. The F1 component has a diameter of 115 A° and a height of 85 A°. Thus, the whole size can reach 200A°. Only 10% of the Fo molecule is found in the lumen of chloroplasts' thylakoid membrane. It indicates that the thylakoid membrane and lumen contain up to 80A° of ATP synthase. Option C is erroneous because the thylakoid membrane only contains 70–75A° of the Fo portion. Option A is wrong because intermembrane space, which is the area between the outer and inner membranes of chloroplasts, lacks ATP synthase.

Thus, we might infer that the remaining 120A° part is contained in the stroma of the chloroplasts. A considerable amount of ATP synthase protein is present in the stroma-B.

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By decreasing activation energy barriers, enzymes speed up chemical processes.

Phosphodiesterase is unable to degrade cAMP and cGMP when it is inhibited. As a result, their concentrations inside the cell rise, which in turn causes calcium concentrations to drop. In the end, this causes smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation in the target tissues.

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are drugs that relax and enlarge blood vessels, enhancing circulation and reducing blood pressure. They can thus be used to treat a variety of illnesses, including as issues with your skin, joints, heart, and lungs, as well as  dysfunction.

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The statement is true in that energy from the passage of electrons via the electron transport chain is used directly to create ATP.

Because it is a fundamental human need, energy plays a significant role in our everyday lives. Energy not only heats, but also cools our cognitive structures. You require energy to move your finger, get out of sleep, or even walk down the street.

Human power is the work or energy created by a human being. Muscles are the main source of power, but body heat may also be used for tasks like warming food, shelters, or other people.

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Correct option is D, All of the listed choices are possible cytopathic effects (CPE) of viruses.

Cytopathic effect (CPE), structural alterations brought on by viral infection in a host cell. CPE happens when the invading virus causes the host cell to lyse (dissolve), or when the cell dies without lysing because it is incapable of reproducing.

Cytopathic effects (CPE), or morphological abnormalities in cells brought on by viral infection, are referred to as cytopathogenic viruses. The type of virus, type of host cells, multiplicity of infection (MOI), and other parameters all affect how much observable harm viral infection causes to cells.

There are three ways to analyze images to evaluate cytopathic effects: destroying the cell monolayer, lowering the number of host cells, and altering the morphology of each individual cell.

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The route that one oxygen molecule, will take unto the lungs is through nasal cavities then pharynx to trachea then primary bronchi, to secondary bronchi then tertiary bronchi then bronchioles and finally alveoli.

Oxygen gas and carbon dioxide diffuse from the alveoli into the blood and from the blood into the alveoli, respectively, in a process known as simple diffusion. A gradient in concentration is needed for diffusion. It is necessary to maintain a high pressure of oxygen in the alveoli, while maintaining a lower concentration of carbon dioxide.

Naturally, breathing helps us do this by continuously bringing in new air that is rich in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. Surface tension is a force that is produced when water molecules, particularly those on the alveolar walls, are attracted to one another more strongly than they are to air.

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Epigenetics are different than mutations in that mutations can change DNA sequences and is therefore denoted as option B.

This is a term which is referred to as a change in the DNA sequence of an organism during DNA replication in the process of cell division and is usually caused by exposure to mutagens and a viral infection in the body of the organisms.

Mutation however can change DNA sequences while on the other hand, epigenetics are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence which is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.

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The kind of cells that HIV target is helper T- cells, which is capable of affecting the host’s body processes by decreasing the ability to elicit immune responses.

The relationship between helper T- cells and the HIV virus is based onsurvive the fact that these retroviruses affect the ability of survival of CD4 T-cells, which are required to have important roles in the adaptive immune responses of the immune system.

HIV retroviruses enter into the CD4 structural cells on the surface of helper T-cells, thereby triggering the elimination or destruction of CD4 T-cells.

Therefore, with this data, we can see the relationship between helper T- cells and the HIV virus is cemented in the fact that these viruses remove CD4 cells which play fundamental roles in the immune system.

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option c Gorillas are more closely related to humans than to orangutans.is a correct statement about great apes.

Gorillas are herbivorous, primarily ground-dwelling great apes that live in equatorial Africa's tropical forests. Gorilla is divided into two species: eastern and western gorillas, as well as four or five subspecies. Gorilla DNA is 95 to 99% similar to human DNA, depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after chimps and bonobos. Orangutans are great apes that live in the Indonesian and Malaysian rainforests. They are now only found in Borneo and Sumatra, but they were once found throughout Southeast Asia and South China. Orangutans, which are classified in the genus Pongo, were previously thought to be a single species.

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The phylum Mollusca is highly diverse and includes such members as clams, snails, octopuses, and squid.

Define Phylum Mollusca.

In the world's ecosystem, molluscans, which are incredibly diverse creatures, play a significant role. Snails, octopuses, squids, oysters, clams, and other animals you are likely familiar with are all members of the phylum Mollusca.

The bodies are often relatively soft and protected by a strong exoskeleton.

Therefore, Phylum Mollusca is highly diverse and includes clams, snails, octopuses, and squid.

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The middle and inner ear structures of the ear is attached.

The three smallest bones in your body are located in a box-shaped region called the middle ear, which is located behind the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The inner ear is located in a tiny opening in the temporal bones, which help form the sides of your skull, just beyond the middle ear.

The malleus, incus, and stirrup are three tiny bones that make up the middle ear (stapes). The eardrum separates your middle ear from your external ear, and the eustachian tube connects it to the back of your nose and throat.

The inner ear, also known as the hearing and balance system, is located next to the middle ear in the skull's bone. Two major sections make up the inner ear. The cochlea, which is responsible for hearing, and the semicircular canals, which are responsible for balance.

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The increase in the light intensity would led to increase in the rate of photosynthesis.

We know that photosynthesis is the process by which green plants can be able to produce their own food in the presence of carbon dioxide and water. We know that sunlight is the catalyst of the photosynthesis process because it is the light that enables the water and the carbon dioxide to be combined so as to produce sugars and oxygen.

In this case, we can see that as the light intensity is increasing, the rate of the photosynthesis is  increasing from the data that has been provided. The impact of this is that light makes the combination of the reactants much more possible and this would increase the rate of the reaction.

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Answer:

c. contaminated food and water

Explanation:

Bacteria that has contaminated with food or toxins causing diarrhoea, nausea and abdominal pain.

The correct option is (a) Taste; flavor

Our sensory perception of the world is referred to as perception. We learn more about our surroundings as a result of this experience.

Perception is dependent on the cognitive processes we employ to analyze information, such as using memory to identify a friend's face or detect a recognizable scent.

We have the capacity to recognize and react to external stimuli thanks to the perception process.

We are constantly surrounded by many stimuli. Our ability to perceive the world and comprehend it without being overpowered by the amount of stimuli allows us to exist in it and do so.

Visual perception, olfactory perception, tactile perception, auditory perception, and taste perception are the several types of perception.

Additionally, there are other types of perception in psychology, including person perception and social perception.

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It was not the expected consequence of hydrogenating polyunsaturated fatty acids in butter-like spreads to introduce trans double bonds into the molecule.

The basic elements of fat in our bodies and the food we eat are called fatty acids. The body turns lipids into fatty acids during digestion so that they may be taken into the circulation. Three fatty acid molecules are joined together to form a molecule called a triglyceride.

The most crucial fats, though, are those that our bodies are unable to produce and must obtain from diet. These essential oils (EFAs) are composed primarily of the omega-6 group linoleic acid.

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Option D, The components in the pentose phosphate pathway, fructose-6-phosphate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, are also intermediates in glycolysis.

An essential part of cellular metabolism is the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). In addition to providing precursors for the production of nucleotides and amino acids, reducing intermediates for anabolism, and protection against oxidative stress, the PPP is crucial for maintaining carbon homeostasis.

This intermediate can be changed into glucose storage substances like starch or glycogen in place of continuing along the glycolysis process. When glycogen, for example, is broken down in the reverse reaction, mostly glucose-6-phosphate is produced; relatively little free glucose is created during the process.

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Explanation:

In the food web, bacteria and fungi are the decomposers

The vestibulocochlear nerve's vestibular branch is responsible for hearing, while the cochlear branch is involved in equilibrium. This claim is untrue.

The vestibular nerve, which innervates the semicircular canals of the inner ear and is involved with equilibrium, coordination, and orientation in space, and the cochlear nerve, which innervates the cochlea and supports hearing, are both parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, which has two components within a single trunk.The vestibulocochlear nerve, which divides into the cochlear nerve and vestibular nerve, is primarily made up of bipolar neurons.A vestibular branch and a cochlear branch make up the vestibulocochlear nerve. Balance is controlled by the vestibular branch, and hearing is controlled .

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The zebras would be considered as the primary consumers.

What are primary consumers?

Primary consumers constitute the second trophic level. They are also known as herbivores. They eat the primary producers—plants or algae—and eat nothing else. For example, a grasshopper that resides in the Everglades will be considered a primary consumer.

The organisms that eat the primary consumers are called secondary consumers, i.e., carnivores. Examples would be lions, etc. Omnivores, those who eat both plants and animals, are also secondary consumers.

Therefore, in this grassland community, the zebras would be considered as the primary consumers.

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Functions of saliva include helping cleanse the mouth and teeth, moistening food particles, initiating chemical digestion of carbohydrates, and dissolving molecules so they can be tasted (options 1, 2, 3 and 5).

Saliva is a secretion of the body which contains many enzymes required to digest foods but also can be helpful to eliminate pathogenic agents such as bacteria and viruses before entry to the organism.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the saliva is a very useful secretion of the saliva glands which served to digest foods.

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Old-growth forests can be described as forests that have not been significantly disturbed by humans in several hundred years. These forests are usually found in remote, undisturbed areas and are characterized by a wide variety of vegetation and ecological niches.

Old-growth forests contain a diverse array of species and provide essential habitat for animals and other organisms, including those that are threatened or endangered.

Old-growth forests differ from tree farms or plantations in that they contain a variety of vegetation and habitats, including areas with a clear forest floor, dead wood or debris, snags, downed logs, and other debris. This debris provides a variety of habitats for animals and other organisms, and is an important part of the forest's ecosystem. Tree farms and plantations, on the other hand, are managed forests with a single species of trees, and are not as diverse.

Old-growth forests are also important for replenishing soil nutrients and improving water quality. The decay of dead wood and other debris provides a source of organic matter and nutrients for the soil, which in turn helps to create a healthy, diverse ecosystem. This is especially important for areas that are prone to drought, erosion, and other environmental issues.

Despite the importance of old-growth forests, they are quickly being destroyed due to logging, mining, and other human activities. This is why it is important to protect these forests and ensure that they remain intact. By protecting these forests, we can help to ensure that they are able to provide essential habitats and resources for animals and other organisms, as well as helping to mitigate climate change, improve water quality, and provide a variety of ecological services.

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Answer:

Koch's postulates are a set of criteria that are used to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a specific disease. The four postulates are:

These postulates were first proposed by the German physician and scientist Robert Koch in the late 19th century, and they remain an important tool in the field of medical microbiology.

It's wrong to kill spiders. But if spiders have eternal souls, then It's wrong to kill them. Thus, it's false that spiders have eternal souls.

As with other arachnids, spiders differ anatomically from other arthropods in that their usual body segments—the cephalothorax or prosoma and the opisthosoma, or abdomen—are merged into two tagmata and connected by a tiny, cylindrical pedicel. However, as there is currently no evidence from either embryology or paleontology that spiders ever possessed a discrete division resembling a thorax Similar objections to the term "abdomen" might be raised because all spiders have a heart and respiratory system, which are not characteristics of an abdomen.

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Answer:

It is a single layer of cells called meristematic cells that lies between the xylem and phloem. It is also called cambial zone.

Explanation:

Answer:

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Solar Energy, Water, Minerals, Glucose.

Abiotic Factors are non living parts of an ecosystem that shapes the enviroment.

Biotic Factors are living organisms of an ecosystem that shapes the enviroment.

The abiotic factors in the ecosystem include oxygen, carbon dioxide solar energy, water, and minerals all are nonliving things.

The abiotic factors are the factor that is nonliving things and interact with living biotic factors, making an ecosystem, light, temperature, soil, and water all are examples of abiotic factors.

Biotic factors are living organisms present in the ecosystem. It majorly includes all living organism producers, consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers. It works with abiotic factors in order to create a unique environment.

Therefore, oxygen, carbon dioxide Solar energy, water, and minerals all are nonliving things and examples of abiotic factors.

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Answer:     C.  genetically the same as the parent cell.

Explanation:

Epithelial cells are cells that line the surface of organs and tissues in the body and are involved in functions such as protection, absorption, and secretion. When an epithelial cell replicates, it divides into two daughter cells, each of which contains a copy of the parent cell's genetic material.

Therefore, when an epithelial cell replicates 16 times, the resulting daughter cells are genetically the same as the parent cell. They contain the same genetic information as the parent cell and are not further differentiated into specialized cells. The daughter cells may be phenotypically the same as the parent cell, meaning that they have the same physical characteristics, but they are not replicated indefinitely. Eventually, the daughter cells may enter a state of quiescence, in which they are no longer actively dividing.

The free energy diagrams A & B pairs of the coupled reaction would provide sufficient free energy input to drive the non-spontaneous reaction.

A nonspontaneous reaction is a reaction that does not favor the formation of products at the given set of conditions. In order for a reaction to be nonspontaneous, it must be endothermic, accompanied by a decrease in entropy, or both. If the reactants have a lower ΔG than the products, there will be an increase in free energy and the reaction is nonspontaneous.

An endothermic reaction is any chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment. The absorbed strength affords the activation strength for the reaction to arise. an indicator of this kind of response is that it feels bloodless.

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Answer:

B. Teens are entering adolescence later is NOT true.

Explanation:

In Western cultures, adolescents generally begin to go through puberty and experience the physical and emotional changes associated with adolescence around the ages of 11-12 for girls and 12-13 for boys. This is earlier than in previous generations, and the age at which people enter adolescence has been decreasing over time.