"frequency" describes the amount of variation, over or under the required size, permitted on a piece of machined work.
When a wave changes media, what happens to its velocity, frequency, and wavelength?the wave's frequency as well as its wavelength. The wave moves at the same speed no matter what the medium. However, pace varies depending on the medium. The characteristics of the medium affected how fast these waves traveled.
How can variations in amplitude and wavelength affect sound speed?Note: The speed of sound is unaffected by changes in the wavelength of the sound wave. The amplitude of the sound wave diminishes as the distance from the source grows. The density of the medium affects how quickly sound travels.
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which one of the following statements best explains why gases are not commercially sold by volume?
a. Gas volume is neligible
b. Gas volume is difficult to measure
c. Gas volume depends on the type of gas
d. Gases have comparitviely low densities
e. Gas volume depends on temperature and pressure
Due to the dependence of gas volume on temperature and pressure, gases are not commercially marketed by volume.
The space occupied by the gaseous particles under typical pressure and temperature circumstances is referred to as the volume of gas.
It has the symbol "V."
The symbol for volume in the SI is "litres," or "L".
When the gas is at normal temperature, a mole has a volume of 24 m3, or 24 000 cm3.
The molar volume of a gas is this quantity.
The body of lecture 18 is included in the material that follows. The Gas Laws, including the Ideal and Combined Gas Laws, as well as Charles', Boyle's, Avagadro's, and Gay Lussacs', are covered in this lecture.
The four primary characteristics of gases are related to one another by four main principles.
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Find the kinetic energy of arotating body with moment of inertia 0.003 kgm^2 and angula velocity of 0.6 radius
The kinetic energy of a rotating body with moment of inertia 0.003 kgm^2 and angular velocity of 0.6 radius per seconds is equal to 0.00054 Joules.
What is kinetic energy?In Science, kinetic energy can be defined as a type of energy that's possessed by a physical object or body, especially due to its motion or a change in velocity (acceleration).
How to calculate the kinetic energy of a rotating body?Mathematically, the kinetic energy of a rotating body with a given moment of inertia and angular velocity can be calculated by using the following mathematical expression;
K.E = 1/2 × I × ω²
Where:
K.E represents the kinetic energy of a rotating body.I represents the moment of inertia.ω represents the angular velocity measured in rad/s or rads⁻¹.Substituting the given parameters into the formula for the kinetic energy of a rotating body, we have;
K.E = 1/2 × 0.003 × 0.6²
K.E = 0.00054 Joules.
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Complete Question:
Find the kinetic energy of a rotating body with moment of inertia 0.003 kgm^2 and angular velocity of 0.6 radius per seconds.
Six vectors (a through f ) have the magnitudes and directions indicated in the figure. (Figure 1)1.Rank the vector combinations on the basis of their magnitude.Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.a+cf+cda+ba+ea+d
The vector size→a Along X -axis is 2 When Mets size along with j -axis is 0
So the vector → a will be → a = 2^Me+0^j.
vector size → b Along X -axis is 0
When t size along with j-axis is−2
When ts so the vector → b will be →b = 0^− 2 ^j.
A vector represents movement from one point to another. Vector quantities have both direction and magnitude. A scalar quantity has only one quantity. A vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow think about the problem
The f-vector has the results of the other two vectors. According to the parallelogram law of vector addition.
Let f be the resultant force of d and e
that's why,
d+e=f
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an outdoor thermometer ~sterl1l temperature of 40 f. five minutes after it is brought into a room where the temperature is 70 f. the thermometer registers 60 of. when will it register 65 ' f')
An outdoor thermometer ~sterl1l temperature of 40 f. five minutes after it is brought into a room where the temperature is 70 f. the thermometer registers 60 of. In 8.15 min it will register 65 f.
The physical concept of temperature indicates in numerical form how hot or cold something is. A thermometer is used to determine temperature. Thermometers are calibrated using a variety of temperature scales, which historically defined distinct reference points and thermometric substances. The most popular scales are the Celsius scale, sometimes known as centigrade, with the unit symbol °C, the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale (K), with the latter being mostly used for scientific purposes. One of the seven base units in the International System of Units is the kelvin (SI). The lowest temperature on the thermodynamic temperature scale is absolute zero, or 0 kelvin, or 273.15 °C. The third law of thermodynamics acknowledges that it cannot actually be reached experimentally but can only be very closely approached. At that temperature, it would be difficult to produce heat from a body. All areas of natural science, including physics, chemistry, Earth science, astronomy, biology, ecology, material science, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, geography, and most aspects of daily life, depend on temperature. These fields include medicine, biology, ecology, and most other branches of science.
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determine the equilibrium constant, k, at 25°c for a reaction in which δgo = −20.5 kj/mol.
3.92 ×[tex]10^{3}[/tex] is the equilibrium constant, k, at 25°c for a reaction in which δgo = −20.5 kj/mol. ΔGo and K are related by the equation ΔGo = -RT ln K.
For a chemical reaction, the equilibrium constant can be defined as the ratio of reactant to product that is used to determine chemical behaviour. The rate constants are constant at a given temperature.
The equilibrium constant is equal to the forward reaction rate constant divided by the reverse reaction rate constant.
The demand and supply function (Qa - bP = x + yP) can be used to calculate it. When the supply equals the demand, the equation yields an equilibrium price. Because we're supposed to be using active masses rather than molarity/concentrations of the respective substances, the equilibrium constant has no units.
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what is the angle between the beam that is reflected at the water surface and the beam that is transmitted into the water?
The critical angle for water is 49 degrees, calculated as the angle between the beam and a line perpendicular to the surface.
What alternative word would you use for reflecting?Cogitate, deliberate, reason, conjecture, and think are a few words that frequently replace the word reflect. All of these terms indicate "to utilize one's faculties of imagination, reasoning, or inference," but reflect denotes thoughtful deliberation over a memory that has just come to mind.
What response is reflected?When light reflects off of something, it does so. The light will reflect at the same angle it struck the surface if the surface is smooth and shining, such as glass, water, or polished metal. Specular reflection is the name for this. A smooth surface allows light to bounce back at the same angle that it was incident.
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a racecar traveling at a constant speed of 50 m/s drives around a circular track that is 500 m in diameter. what is the magnitude of the radial acceleration of the car?
The magnitude of the radial acceleration of the car 10m/sec²
Given Velocity v = 50m/sec
Diameter D = 500m
Radius r = 250m
Acceleration a = [tex]v^{2}[/tex]/r = 2500/250 = 10m/sec²
The rate of change in an object's velocity with respect to time is known as acceleration in mechanics. In vector quantities, accelerations exist (in that they have magnitude and direction). [1] [2] The direction of the net force that is acting on an object determines its acceleration. Newton's Second Law[3] states that the sum of the effects of two causes determines the size of an object's acceleration:
The net balance of all external forces acting on that thing — magnitude is directly proportional to this net resulting force; that object's mass, depending on the materials out of which it is built — magnitude is inversely proportional to the object's mass.
Meter per Second Squared (m/s2) is the SI unit for acceleration. displaystyle, mathrm, tfrac, ms2, and
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a ball is shot from the ground straight up into the air with initial velocity of 46 46 ft/sec. assuming that the air resistance can be ignored, how high does it go?
The ball may fly up to a height of 27.56 feet. A ball is thrown up into the air, yet although though it rises into the air, the direction and velocity of the ball are actually downward.
As it rises, the ball's speed slows until the very apex of its motion, where it briefly pauses. At the peak, it accelerates at -9.8 m/s2.
the settings provided.
initial ball velocity (u) = 42 ft/s initial ball acceleration (a) = 32 ft/s2
The following formula is used to determine the ball's highest possible height:
v² = u²- 2gh
where;
When the ball is at its highest point, its velocity is zero.
0 = u² - 2gh
2gh = u²
The ball can therefore go a maximum height of 27.56 feet.
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a point-to-point microwave link is being implemented at 10 ghz using identical parabolic antennas on each end of 20 cm diameter and illumination efficiency of 90%. find the gain of these antennas. g
A point-to-point microwave link is being implemented at 10 ghz using identical parabolic antennas on each end of 20 cm diameter and illumination efficiency of 90%. 10 g X G means 10gG is the gain of these antennas.
Electromagnetic radiation that can be seen by the human eye is known as light or visible light. Typically, visible light is characterized as having wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers (nm), or frequencies between 750 and 420 terahertz, which fall between the longer-wavelength infrared and the shorter-wavelength ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths). The term "light" in physics can be used to more broadly describe electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether or not it is visible. Gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves are all forms of light in this sense. Intensity, illumination, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarization are the four main characteristics of light. One of the fundamental constants of nature is its speed in a vacuum, which is 299 792 458 meters per second (m/s). The wavelength of EMR affects how it behaves. While lower frequencies have longer wavelengths, higher frequencies have shorter ones. The behavior of EMR depends on the energy that each quantum of the field carries when it interacts with individual atoms and molecules.
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a chest x-ray is taken using 100 kvp and 2 mas and produce 32 mr of radiation. if the mas is changed to 4 mas how much radiation will be produced?
According to the question radiation will be produced is 64 mR.
What is a straightforward explanation of radiation?The energy that emanates from a point and moves across space at the rate of light is referred to as radiation. This energy has wave-like qualities and is accompanied by an electric field as well as a magnetic field. Radiation may also be referred to as electromagnetic waves.
Briefing:Intensity 1 / Intensity 2 = mAs 1 / mAs 2
Intensity 1 = 32mR
Intensity 2 = ???
⇒MAs 1 = 2
⇒MAs 2 = 4
⇒32mR / x = 1/2
⇒x= 64 mR
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an fm radio station broadcasts electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of 92.6 mhz. what is the wavelength (in meters) of this radiation (speed of light
The wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation broadcasted by the FM radio station is 0.3 m.
The FM radio station is broadcasting the electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of 92.6 megahertz.
The relation between the frequency, wavelength and speed of the electromagnetic radiation is given by,
v = cy
Where,
c, y and v are the speed, wavelength and frequency of the electromagnetic radiation respectively.
The speed of the electromagnetic radiation will be equal to the speed of the light.
Now, putting all the values,
92.6 x 1000000 = y x 3 x 10^8
y = 0.3 m.
So, the wavelength of the FM electromagnetic radiation is 0.3m.
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three resistors, 1-ohm, 2-ohm, and 3- ohm are connected in parallel. if they were connected in series instead their equivalent resistance would be
They would have an 11-times higher equivalent resistance if they were joined in series.
What is an example of resistance?Consider the scenario of a person navigating a busy market and encountering difficulty moving from one business to another to better understand resistance. Undoubtedly, this circumstance is comparable to a particle trying to pass through a wire.
What factors affect resistance?An electrical conductor's resistance is determined by its length, resistivity, and cross-sectional area. The relationship between conductance and resistivity must be understood; the more conductive that anything is, the less resisting it is.
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The complete question is-
three resistors, 1 ohm, 2 ohm, 3 ohm are connected in a parallel. if they were connected in series instead their equivalent resistance would be
a. 13 times as great
b. 11 times as great
c. 9 times as great
d. 7 times as great
e. none of the above
what do you call a spring that escapes a confined aquifer via rock fracture and is under enough pressure to free-flow to the surface?
Artesian spring all a spring that escapes a confined aquifer via rock fracture and is under enough pressure to free-flow to the surface.
To keep the water from evaporating, aquitards must exist both above and below the aquifer. when a well is dug into the aquifer and the pressure surface is above the surface.
A pumpless water source known as an artesian well utilizes pipes to help pressurized subsurface water rise to the surface.
movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers in inland and coastal regions as groundwater is drained more quickly than it is replenished by precipitation
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which has greater linear speed, a horse near the outside rail of a merry-go-round or a horse near the inside rail?
In the same period of time, the horses on the outside of the carousel must travel farther than the ones on the inside. Accordingly, the horses outside move at a faster linear speed than the horses at the hub.
On a merry-go-round, is the angular speed the same?Every point on the surface of the merry-go-round revolves at exactly the same angular speed because it rotates as a single solid entity.
whose tangential speed is higher A horse near the outside rail or one towards the middle of the merry-go-round?Which horse travels faster along a rail, one near the inside or one on the outside of a merry-go-round? neither because their linear speeds are equal.
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How does changing the frequency affect the wave speed
Answer:
Explanation:
Changing the frequency or amplitude of the waves will not change the wave speed, since those are not changes to the properties of the medium.
Answer:
Changing the frequency or amplitude of the waves will not change the wave speed
Explanation:
q2. is it possible for the particle undergoing tunneling to be found within the barrier, rather than on either side of it?
Yes, it is possible for a particle to be found within the barrier while undergoing tunneling.
This phenomenon is known as quantum tunneling. Quantum tunneling occurs when a particle tunnels through a barrier that is normally too high to be crossed by the particle's kinetic energy. This occurs due to the wave-like nature of particles, which allows them to go through barriers that are otherwise impenetrable.
The wave-like nature of particles allows them to penetrate the barrier, often with a probability greater than zero. This phenomenon is used in many applications in science and technology, such as in quantum computing, where quantum tunneling is used to tunnel qubits through the barrier of a logic gate.
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xif 54 j of work is needed to stretch a spring from 10 cm to 16 cm and another 90 j is needed to stretch it from 16 cm to 22 cm, what is the natural length (in cm) of the spring? cm
the natural length (in cm) of the spring is 4 cm
Calculation :
Let a = natural length of string from given data
54 = k/2(16-a)² - k/2(10-a)²
108 = k[256 + a² - 32a - 100 - a² + 200]
108 = k[156 - 12a]
9 = k[39 - 3a] ------ 1
90 = k/2(22-a)² - k/2(16-a)²
90 = k(114 - 6a)
15 = k(19 - a) --------2
solving eqn 1 and 2
15/9 = (19k - ka)/(13k - ka)
15/9 = (19- a) / (13 - a)
24 = 6a
a = 4 cm
the natural length (in cm) of the spring is 4 cm.
Work is a force over distance. Examples of jobs include lifting objects against gravity, driving cars up hills, and pulling down trapped helium balloons. Work is a mechanical manifestation of energy. The usual unit of work is the joule (J), which is equivalent to the Newton meter (N m).
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a domestic microwave oven, like you might use in your dorm room, operates at 2.45 ghz. what is the wavelength of this radiation in cm?
the wavelength of this electromagnetic radiation is 12.2cm.
Calculation :
The frequency, speed of light, and wavelength are interrelated with each other as:
fλ=c
f is 2.45GHz or 2.45∗10⁹Hz
λ=3∗10⁸/2.45∗10⁹
So, the wavelength of this electromagnetic radiation is 12.2cm.
Wavelength is the distance between identical points (adjacent peaks) in adjacent cycles of a waveform signal propagating in space or along a line. For wireless systems, this length is usually specified in meters (m), centimeters (cm), or millimeters (mm).
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In a game of tug-of-war, two teams pull on opposite directions of a rope and there are two
important forces. If Newton's 3rd Law says the forces are equal, explain how it is possible to
win tug-of-war.
This phenomenon of motion in physics can be explained in the following manner,
In a tug-of-war the rope is pulled by the two competing teams simultaneously, each using an equal amount of force. The rope is pulled with equal force by both teams thanks to Newton's third law. If one team pushes harder, the other team will follow suit.
The power with which the teams press the ground determines whether one team wins or loses. The team that pushes the floor harder gets pushed back with identical intensity by the ground, causing them to stand up straight without losing their equilibrium.
As a result, the power by which the team pushes the floor determines who wins and who loses.
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A simple pendulum consists of a small object of mass m (the "bob") suspended by a cord of length l of negligible mass. A force F⃗ is applied in the horizontal direction (so F⃗ =Fi^), moving the bob very slowly so the acceleration is essentially zero. (Note that the magnitude of F⃗ will need to vary with the angle θ that the cord makes with the vertical at any moment.) (Figure 1) Part A Determine the work done by this force, F⃗ , to move the pendulum from θ=0 to θ=θ0. Express your answer in terms of the variables m, l, θ0, and appropriate constants. Enter the argument of trigonometric function in parenthesis. WF = SubmitMy AnswersGive Up Part B Determine the work done by the gravitational force on the bob, F→G=mg→. Express your answer in terms of the variables m, l, θ0, and appropriate constants. WG = SubmitMy AnswersGive Up Part C Determine the work done by the force F→T that the cord exerts on the bob. Express your answer in terms of the variables m, l, θ0, and appropriate constants. WT = I need hellp with part c
The work done by the the force is mg ( 1 - cosθ₀ ). The work done by the gravitational force on the bob is - mgl ( 1 - cosθ₀) . The work done by the force that the cord exerts on the bob is always zero.
(A) Mass of the bob = m
Length of the chord = l
Magnitude of force = f
Initial acceleration = 0
Initial angle = θ₀ = 0
Final angle = θ
Distance travelled = s = Final angle - Initial angle
The work done is proportional to force and displacement. It can be determined as W.
Work done by the force = W =
= W = ΔU
= W = mgh
= W = mg ( 1 - cosθ₀ )
Here, we used the work energy theorem to solve for the work done by the horizontal force.
(B) The work done by gravitational force is = W
= W = F.x
= W = mgl ( 1 - cosθ₀) X cos180
= W = - mgl ( 1 - cosθ₀)
(C) The tension that cord exerts on the bob is always at the angle of 90.
The work done is given as,
= W = F.x
= W = F. x X cos90
= W = 0
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compared to the velocity of a 400 hz sound, the velocity of a 200 hz sound through air is
A sound traveling through air at 200 Hz has the same velocity as one traveling at 400 Hz.
The source determines the frequency of the sound wave. However, the density of the medium and the bulk modulus are the only factors that affect the speed of the sound wave. When compared to the speed of sound at 400 Hz, the speed of sound at 200 Hz is therefore constant.
Air and water have different sound propagation rates. The speed of sound in air is around 343 meters per second under normal circumstances, while the speed of sound in water is approximately 1,480 meters per second. Fundamentally, a compression wave moving through a medium is what makes up normal sound.
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Correct Question:
Compared to the velocity of a 400 Hz sound, the velocity of a 200 Hz sound through air is __________.
Suppose cartAhas a mass of 3m and is moving at speed v. Cart B has a mass of m and is at rest. CartA collides perfectly inelastically with cart B. What is their combined speed after the collision?
The combined speed after the inelastic collision is equal to 0.75 v.
What is inelastic Collision?An inelastic collision can be described as a type of collision that occurs between two objects in which some energy is lost. In the case of inelastic collision, momentum remains conserved but the kinetic energy will not be conserved.
Given, the mass of cart A, m₁ = 3 m
The mass of the cart B, m₂= m
The initial speed of cart A, u₁ = v
The initial speed of cart B, u₂ = 0
After the inelastic collision the momentum will remain conserved:
m₁.u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁.v₁ + m₂ v₂
3m × v + m ×0 = (3m + m)× V
V = 3mv/4m
V = 0.75 v
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a 1.5 kg block is sliding on a frictionless surface with a speed of 12 m/s when it crashes into a horizontal spring. the spring has a spring contstant of 2100 n/m. how far will the spring be compressed wehn the box's speed has been reduced to exactly half its speed?
The spring's compressed length before halting frictionless is therefore 0.40m.
(m2) (s–1) (s–1)
2 N kg m s2 (kg m-1) Take a test. 5. Scalars: mass, distance, and the labour required to extend the spring out of its equilibrium position are stored as elastic potential energy; vectors: displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force; The work required to extend the spring away from equilibrium is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the box. The spring is extended until the box stops moving; hence, the box's final kinetic energy is zero. The elastic potential energy used to compress the spring can be equated to the initial kinetic energy of the box to find the expression to compute the compressed distance using the law of conservation of energy frictionless.
The force required to create
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it is ok to evaporate all the liquid so that the conical vial is completely dry.
When the bubbling stops, what appears to be liquid is actually molten solid, which won't evaporate but could breakdown under extreme heat.
What liquid matter means?Particle are less closely packed in liquids than they are in solids. When maintained inside a container, liquids adopt that shape. Since there is a smaller room for movement among particles in liquid, compression is challenging. While liquids have a fixed volume, their shapes are not.
Why is water a liquid?The significant difference in polarity between oxygen and hydrogen causes the water molecules to be dipolar. As a result, a tight hydrogen bond forms between the H & O of nearby water molecules, which explains why the water molecules are packed closely together.
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Starting from rest, you run to a speed of 6.5 m/s in a time of 1.2 seconds. Determine your acceleration
- .37 m/s^2
- 2.7 m/s^2
- 3.8 m/s^2
- 5.4 m/s^2
Answer: a = 5.4 m/s^2
Explanation:
a = Δv/Δt
a = (6.5 m/s)/(1.2 s)
a = 5.4 m/s^2
the force of gravity of one body exerts different strengths on opposite sides of another body. this differential gravitational force is called the
The differential gravitational force that one body exerts on opposite sides of another body is called gravitational torque.
Gravitational torque is a measure of the rotational force exerted by a gravitational field on an object. It is equal to the product of the gravitational force and the lever arm (the distance between the point of application of the force and the axis of rotation).
For example, consider a satellite orbiting a planet. The satellite experiences a gravitational force from the planet, which acts to pull it toward the planet. However, this gravitational force is not uniform over the surface of the satellite.
The side of the satellite closest to the planet experiences a stronger gravitational force than the side furthest from the planet. This differential gravitational force creates a gravitational torque on the satellite, which causes it to rotate about its axis.
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a small object of mass m on the end of a light cord. what is the tension in the cord when the object is at the lowest point of its swing
The tension in the cord when the object is at the lowest point of its swing is 3 mg.
The complete question is in the attachment. The small object moves from point A to point B. According to the law of conservation of energy
KE a + PE a = KE b + PE b
0.5 m₁ v₁² + m₁ g h₁ + 0.5 m₂ v₂² + m g h₂
At point A(0.5 × m × 0²) + (m × g × r) = (0.5 × m × v₂²) + (m × g × 0)
0 + mgr = 0.5 mv₂² + 0
v₂² = 2gr
[tex]v_2 \:=\: \sqrt{2gr}[/tex]
The object moves according to uniform circular motion. There is the centripetal force that works in the system. The forces acting on the object are weight force and tension force. According to Newton's second law for circular motion
Fc = mα
T - w = mv²/R
T - mg = mv²/R
m = the mass v = the velocity at the lowest point = v₂R = the radius = rg = the acceleration due to gravityT = mv₂²/r + mg
T = (m × 2gr ÷ r) + mg
T = 2mg + mg
T = 3 mg
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the energy of a photon that has a frequency of 1.821 × 1016 s-1 is ________ j.
The energy of the photon is 1.21 *[tex]10^{-17} J[/tex]
Photons released during transition have an energy of
E = hv
E=(hc) / λ
where ,
h Planck's constant, which is equal to 6.626 x[tex]10^{-34}[/tex] J-s
v is frequency of photon
λ is wavelength of photon
Einstein's paradigm was built on the basis of two suppositions. He initially believed that light was made up of photons, which are tiny, discrete bundles of energy. Second, he predicated that the energy of a photon is inversely related to both its wavelength and its frequency.
substituting the values in above formula we get
E=( 6.626 x[tex]10^{-34}[/tex] J-s) *(1.821 × [tex]10^{16}[/tex] [tex]s^{-1}[/tex])
E= 1.21 *[tex]10^{-17} J[/tex]
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does the evidence you collected support or refute the claim objects with a larger mass will sink in water
If an object weighs more than an equal volume of water, it is more dense and will sink, and if it weighs less than an equal volume of water, it is less dense and will float.
Heavy objects sink and light objects go with the flow irrespective of their size, form or the type of cloth used to lead them to. A true floating item ought to be wholly above the floor of the liquid.
All objects, even those that drift, displace some water. Mainly, while located in water, an item sinks into the water until it displaces an quantity of water same to its very own mass. The extra mass an item has, the in addition it sinks.
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describe how you could use a ray diagram to determine the location of the image of an extended object. such as a pencil.
A ray diagram is a tool used by physicists to explain or predict the behavior of beams of light as they pass through objects such as glass blocks or lenses.
A ray diagram is a diagram that strains the route that light takes so as for a person to view a factor in the photograph of an object. In the diagram, rays are drawn for the incident ray and the meditated ray.
Ray diagrams help us hint at the course of the light for the man or woman to view a point on the photograph of an object. The Ray diagram makes use of lines with arrows to symbolize the incident and reflected ray. It also helps us trace the direction in which the mild travels.
A mild ray is a line that is perpendicular to the mild's wavefronts; its tangent is collinear with the wave vector. light rays in homogeneous media are instant. They bend at the interface between two distinctive media and may be curved in a medium wherein the refractive index modifications.
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