Option (a), When economists use the word "scarcity," they're referring to the situation in which the limited resources that can be used to satisfy people's desires are insufficient to meet those wants.
When economists discuss a shortage What are they referring to?The foundation of economic studies is the concept of scarcity. There is a scarcity when there aren't enough resources to satisfy all of our requirements.
How many resources we have is referred to in economics as "scarcity." This can be in the shape of material possessions like gold, oil, or real estate, or it could be in the form of cash, labor, and capital. These scarce resources can be used in different ways.
What causes a shortage of resources in the economy?There is scarcity because society does not have enough resources to satisfy all of the demands of its members. Because there aren't many resources available, we have to choose wisely how to use them to satisfy a variety of competing and never-ending needs.
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when pollutive industries are shifted from wealthy countries to poorer countries with weaker environmental laws, it raises a question concerning
When pollutive industries are shifted from wealthy countries to poorer countries with weaker environmental laws, it raises a question concerning environmental justice.
What is the environmental law?Environmental law is a broad word that refers to areas of the law that safeguard the environment. A similar but different collection of regulatory regimes, now heavily affected by environmental law concepts, are concerned with the management of specific natural resources.
The goal of environmental law is to safeguard the air, land, water, and soil. Infractions of these rules result in a variety of penalties, including fines, community service, and, in severe circumstances, jail time.
Therefore, When polluting companies are relocated from affluent countries to impoverished countries with environmental laws, it raises concerns about environmental justice.
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what kind of obligation companies clearly have to provide a work environment in which employees are free from sexual harassment?
A firm has a moral duty to protect its employees against a hostile work environment that includes sexual harassment. The Companies Act has declared it to be a requirement.
So that there is no distraction in the employee's mind and they feel safe in the organisation, it is important to offer an environment free from sexual harassment in the workplace.According to the book "Moral issues in business," a company's office environment should be welcoming to employees and free of sexual harassment.
There are many other problems in the workplace, but none are as serious or as wicked as a hostile climate that leads to sexual assaults.The law has been revised in all applicable acts such the Companies Incorporation Act, Factories Act, Labor Acts, etc. in light of how serious the problem.
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your roommate says, "sales taxes are reported as an expense in the income statement." do you agree?
When an item is sold to a customer, sales tax applies. This is categorized as a current liability that must be paid to the government rather than a cost.
Does VAT correspond to sales tax?A flat tax assessed on an item is known as value-added tax (VAT). It is similar to a sales tax in some ways, but unlike a sales tax, the consumer pays the entire amount owed to the government at the point of sale. With a VAT, different parties to a transaction each pay a portion of the tax.
What is an illustration of a sales tax?Take a look at this sales tax illustration. Before you check out at The Clothing Boutique, you should estimate your final bill after taxes. The sum of the prices of the items in your cart adds up to $100. In that county, the sales tax is 9.5%, so you would divide $100 by 9.5% (100 x 0.095).
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independence inc. is planning to sell 900,000 units for $1.50 per unit. the contribution margin ratio is 20%. with break even at this level of sales, what are the fixed costs?
If independence inc. will break even at this level of sales, the fixed costs will be $270,000.
Break-even point = 900,000 units; Selling price per unit = $1.50 and Contribution margin ratio = 20%. So, Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit x Contribution margin ratio = 1.50 x 20% = $0.30. Now, the Break-even point (units) = Fixed cost/Contribution margin per unit, so, 900,000 = Fixed costs/0.30 = $270,000.
The cost of a company expense that remains constant regardless of whether more or fewer goods and services are produced or sold is referred to as a fixed cost. Regular outlays like rent, interest payments, and insurance are examples of fixed costs that aren't directly connected to production.
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Timothy has written market goals for his business. He wants to put them in action by
creating marketing strategies. Which of the following is not a key characteristic in
developing marketing strategies? Choose the answer.
expensive
scalable
targeted
data driven
Answer:
expensive
Explanation:
The correct answer is "expensive."This is not a key characteristic in developing marketing strategies.Marketing strategies should generally be designed to be cost-effective and provide a good return on investment.Other important characteristics of marketing strategies include being scalable, targeted, and data-driven.These characteristics help ensure that the strategies are effective and can be adapted to meet changing market conditions.hich of the following is a particular benefit of teamwork to the organization as a whole, rather than the individual? a) transfer of skills and technical expertise b) learning skills from others c) job enrichment d) increased motivation
d) a stronger sense of motivation.
Employees can make more decisions and have more influence over the working process when they work as a team.
Which one is the primary benefit of teams within an organization?Advantage: Better Communication
The main benefit of a team-based organization is that communication between employees is far more effective and free-flowing because there typically aren't any supervisors or only one manager overseeing many teams.
How does teamwork benefit organizations?According to studies, teams who value collaboration innovate more quickly, recognize errors more quickly, come up with better solutions to issues, and produce more work overall. Enhancing teamwork attempts to boost output and performance for the benefit of the organization.
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the principle that one who is not a direct party to a particular contract normally does not have rights under that contract is known as
the principle that one who is not a direct party to a particular contract normally does not have rights under that contract is known as privity contract.
A common law theory known as the doctrine of privity of contract states that a contract cannot provide anybody who is not a party to it rights or bind them to responsibilities.
The underlying idea is that only parties to a contract should be able to file a lawsuit to assert their rights or seek compensation for damages. The doctrine's consequences for contracts made for the benefit of third parties who are unable to enforce the duties of the contracting parties, however, have proven troublesome. The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act of 1999 significantly weakened the theory in England and Wales by establishing a legislative privity exception (enforceable third party rights).
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is this statement true or false?the cost of a meal with any beverage and any sandwich at susan's kitchen is more than $5.00.
This statement is False, the cost of a meal with any beverage and any sandwich at Susan’s kitchen is more than $5.00.
In production, studies, retail, and accounting, a cost is the price of money that has been used up to provide something or supply a service, and hence isn't always to be had to be used anymore. In a commercial enterprise, the cost may be considered one of acquisition, wherein case the quantity of money expended to acquire it is counted as price. In this example, cash is the input this is gone for you to gather the element.
This acquisition cost may be the sum of the cost of manufacturing as incurred through the unique producer, and further charges of the transaction as incurred by way of the above and above the sum paid to the producer by the purchaser. generally, the price additionally consists of a markup for income over the cost of manufacturing.
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If the federal open market committee wants to decrease the money supply through open market operations it will?
Answer:
A .sell US
Explanation:
treasury securties
If the federal open market committee wants to decrease the money supply through open market operations it will Sell government securities, Receive payment, Reduce bank reserves, Reduce lending capacity, and Decrease the money supply.
The Federal Open Market Committee will sell government securities on the open market, such as Treasury bonds or bills from the Treasury. This entails making these securities available to commercial banks and other financial institutions. When the Federal Open Market Committee sells government securities, the buyers pay the FOMC. This payment diminishes the amount of cash in the economy's circulation.
The proceeds from the sale of government securities are normally deposited in the Federal Reserve's bank account. As a result, commercial banks' reserves fall since they have fewer funds stored in their Federal Reserve accounts. Commercial financial institutions have less money to lend to companies and customers since their reserves have decreased. This reduces the overall supply of credit in the economy. The reduction in lending capability reduces the overall money supply in the economy. This aids in the control of inflation and the tightening of monetary policy.
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Naomi, the product line manager for a small family business believes that it is time for the company to begin exporting its product to foreign markets. Her father, the owner, is skeptical. To convince her father, Naomi points out that：
- exporting is easier because international markets are less complex than domestic markets.
- firms that do not export are at a greater risk for economies of scale.
- exporting will allow the company to avoid taxation requirements in the domestic market.
- firms that do not export often lose out on significant opportunities for cost reduction.
To convince her father, Naomi points out that firms that do not export often lose out on significant opportunities for cost reduction. The correct option is D.
Why do most firms try exporting first?Profits can go up significantly when goods are exported. This is mainly due to the fact that orders placed by foreign customers for stock are more frequently large ones.
For companies of all sizes, exporting can be profitable. Sales generally increase more quickly, more jobs are added, and employees make more money than in non-exporting businesses. The advantage in the marketplace. The United States is renowned throughout the world for its innovative products and services, excellent customer support, and ethical business practices.
Thus, the ideal selection is option D.
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Which credit utilization rate would be preferable to a lender on a credit card application?
Your credit utilization ratio should be no higher than 30 percent, and the lower it is, the better for your credit score it will be.
What is the best credit card utilization rate?30 percent Keeping your credit utilization below 30 percent is a good idea, especially if you want to keep your good credit score. This means that if you have $10,000 in credit available, your outstanding balances shouldn't be more than $3,000 at any given time.
Why is credit utilization recommended at 30%?The normal exhortation is to continue to spin obligation beneath 30% of your accessible credit with the goal that your usage rate doesn't hurt your financial assessment. However, experts claim that your FICO score, which is used by the majority of lenders to make decisions, begins to decline well below that point.
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if you want to pay a set fee to receive unlimited or reduced-fee assistance, you should use (a) a. class-action lawsuits b. lawyer c. legal aid society d. prepaid legal services e. small claims court
Option d is correct that is if you want to pay a set fee to receive unlimited or reduced-fee assistance, you should use prepaid legal services.
Prepaid legal services are membership plans that provide members with access to attorneys for consultation, legal document review, document preparation, and legal representation in court. fourth, and access to legal documents. Members pay a monthly fee to receive health care benefits. Companies sell plans directly, through independent resellers, and through some agencies. Lawyers enter into agreements with companies that sell legal services in various jurisdictions. Members can choose a lawyer from a list of plans.
Companies offering prepaid legal services promise many benefits such as consulting with lawyers about employment or insurance disputes, personal injury, set criminal problems, and many other problems. Prepaid legal services often include legal reviews of contracts, deeds, and other legal documents. Services may also include the preparation of documents such as wills, powers of attorney, and contracts. Members may also access information on legal documents and information from the company's sales plan.
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when using the indirect method to calculate net cash flows from operating activities, we must remove all accruals from net income so that only the cash portion remains. true or false
In the indirect method to calculate net cash flows from operating activities, we must remove all accruals from net income so that only the cash portion remains. This statement was the truth. Thus, option (a) is correct.
What is cash flows?The term cash flow refers to the movement of the cash are the flow out of the business. There are the three types of the cash flow such as investing activities, financing activities, operating activities.
Net cash flow signifies either the gain or loss of funds during a period provided all liabilities have been settled. After settling all of its operational expenses, the company's cash flow was positive.
As a result, the statement was the truth about net cash flows from operating activities. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
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bob purchased a bond that can be exchanged for a set number of shares of the issuer's common stock. what type of bond has bob purchased?
The type of bond that Bob purchased is called Convertible Bonds.
Convertible bonds are corporates bonds that can be converted into the common stock of the issuing company. When convertible bonds are issued, they act no different than the regular corporate bonds, only a slightly lower interest rate. Convertible bonds have its own convertible ratio, the number of stock shares an investor will receive should they choose to convert their bonds.
Convertible bonds became a company's strategy to lower the coupon rate on debt because of the conversion feature that convertible bonds have. Convertible bonds also helps to delay a company's dilution. Convertible bonds allows company to delay dilution to its equity holders.
There are 2 types of convertible bonds:
Vanilla convertible bondMandatory convertible bondVanilla convertible bond is a standard convertible bond An investor could decide to hold is bond to maturity and receive the bond's face value, or he can convert it to equity shares and benefits.
Mandatory convertible bond is an advertisement in disguised. An investor's bond will automatically convert by a certain date specified in the bond's indeture agreement.
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excluding any legislated changes in statutory tax rates, for which tax base would one expect the greatest revenue increase from a given increase in state economic activity?
Which tax base would one expect the biggest revenue increase from a particular increase in state economic activity, excluding Personal Income Tax authorized changes in statutory tax rates.
What kind of tax brings in the greatest money for state and local governments?Sales taxes are the main tax revenue source for state and local governments. A 50% tax rate on their federal income.
Which tax system mandates that taxpayers with higher incomes pay lower tax rates?According to the alternative minimum tax system, higher-income taxpayers must pay an additional, higher tax rate on their ordinary income tax base in order to calculate the amount of alternative minimum tax.
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wanston operates factories in southeast asia. after a fire burned down one of the factories, wanston needs to decide whether to continue operating in a damaged building or to wait until the damage has been repaired and chance losing orders. what might the ethical decision be?
The ethical call could be to raise workers to enter the building solely once the structural issues had been mounted, and to raise customers for a little leeway in filling orders.
Managers possess complete structural issues. Managers don't face restrictions once creating choices.The rational alternative paradigm assumes that call manufacturers have restricted information-processing capabilities and interact in a very restricted search for alternatives.
Directive decision-makers are terribly rational and have an occasional tolerance for ambiguity. Their choices are unmoving in their own information, experience, and principle, instead of progressing to others for a lot of info.
After in-depth work on one of the responses, study authors Dan Lovallo and Baron Olivier of Birghton Sibony discovered 5 decision-making designs. They are: Visionary, Guardian, Motivator, Flexible, and Catalyst.
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a third party can increase the supply chain surplus by aggregating demand across multiple firms and gaining production economies of scale that no single firm can on its own. this is called
Aggregation of acquisitions.A third party increases supply chain surplus by adding procurement for many small players and facilitating economies.
Scale in inbound orders,production,and transportation.Acquisition aggregation is most effective among many small buyers. a third party can increase the supply chain surplus by aggregating demand from multiple firms and gaining economies of scale from non-unique production.one part can provide sustainable growth of the company's surplus.A third party can increase supply chain surplus by aggregating demand from multiple firms and gaining production economies of scale that no single firm can achieve on its own.This is the most common reason for outsourcing production in a supply chain.
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you are the manager of a local bank. if your bank is experiencing a bank run, where can you turn to for a loan if no other banks will lend to you?
As the manager of the local bank, if I am experiencing a bank run and other banks refuse me a loan, I will turn to the central bank because it is the lender of last resort.
Who is a lender of last resort?When all other choices have been exhausted and you desperately need money, you turn to a lender of last resort. When they are unable to obtain the capital they require for their regular operations, banks often turn to their lender of last resort. This may occur during times of economic unrest when many people may suddenly wish to withdraw money from their bank accounts and banks may have second thoughts about lending to one another.
Central banks serve as the lender of last resort in cases like that. Because they are largely in charge of making sure that financial markets run smoothly and the financial system is stable, central banks have traditionally played this role.
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e management of gamespeople designed a comprehensive strategy that unifies advertising, personal selling, public relations and sales promotion activities creating a consistent message. this effort to promote a positive brand image represents a(n) progra
This effort to promote a positive brand image represents a(n) programs promote integrated marketing communication.
As we have got referred to previously, Integrated Marketing communications may be used harmoniously with 5 number one conversation tools. These are advertising, direct advertising, net advertising, income promoting and public relations.Builds Brand Recognition and Trust
If the numerous channels do an excellent process of speaking the logo and message consistently, then the character is even much more likely to understand and accept as true with the logo. An incorporated advertising communications method makes this regular transport possible.
The American Marketing Association defines IMC as “a making plans method designed to guarantee that every one logo contacts acquired with the aid of using a client or prospect for a product, service, or enterprise are applicable to that character and regular over time.”
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marketers can exploit (i.e., strategically use) sustainable competitive advantages to effectively position their brands inside market segments they target. such scas, in turn, might be based on
There are many factors that can contribute to a company's sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) in the market. Some common examples include:
Strong brand recognition and reputation: A well-known and highly respected brand can give a company an advantage in the market, as consumers are more likely to choose a familiar and trusted brand over an unknown one.Proprietary technology or intellectual property: A company that has developed unique technology or holds patents on its products can have a competitive advantage in the market.Cost leadership: A company that is able to produce its products at a lower cost than its competitors can offer them at a lower price, which can be a key advantage in the market.Quality and reliability: A company that consistently produces high-quality products that are reliable and durable can differentiate itself from its competitors and build a strong reputation in the market.Strong distribution and supply chain: A company that has an efficient distribution and supply chain can get its products to market faster and more efficiently than its competitors, giving it a competitive advantage.Marketers can use these and other sustainable competitive advantages to effectively position their brands within the market segments they target. For example, a company with a strong brand reputation may focus its marketing efforts on highlighting the trustworthiness and reliability of its products to attract consumers who value these qualities.
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twenty years ago a benefactor invested $50,000 for you. what is the current actual value of that investment today if the money was invested in a fund with a 6% market interest rate?
Your investment will return $200 in the first year and will continue to do so each year after that. Every payment will be 3% bigger than the one before it. if the purchase is expensive
With just a few inputs, you can determine the true worth of your investments using PersonalFN's free real returns calculator. This calculator makes it simple to determine monthly contributions to savings accounts, retirement plans, or college funds. If $100 will be available in five years, calculate its present value. Compound interest can be calculated using the formula FV = P*(1+R/N)(N*T), where FV is the future value of the loan or investment, P is the original principal amount, R is the yearly interest rate, and N indicates the number of years. You invest $1,000 today at an annual simple interest rate of 6%.
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g many economists argue that, in the long run, the economy self-corrects and achieves full employment. this argument is known as the:
In the long run, the economy self-corrects and achieves full employment. this argument is known as the natural rate hypothesis.
A crucial idea in the study of economic activity is known as the natural rate of unemployment. The invention of the idea is recognised as a key reason why Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps, who tackled this "human" problem in the 1960s, both got the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for their work. The concept can be summed up simply as follows: "The natural rate of unemployment is the proportion of the workforce who are unemployed while an economy is in a stable state of "full employment." The natural unemployment rate is primarily influenced by the supply side of the economy, and consequently by production potential and economic institutions. The natural rate of unemployment may include involuntary unemployment if these institutional elements include persistent pay or labour market mismatches. When the labour and resource markets are in equilibrium, the natural rate of unemployment is a combination of frictional and structural unemployment that endures in an effective, increasing economy.
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crane company is planning to produce 1,400 units of product in 2022. each unit requires 3.4 pounds of materials at $5.8 per pound and a half-hour of labor at $12 per hour. the overhead rate is 50% of direct labor. (a) compute the budgeted amounts for 2022 for direct materials to be used, direct labor, and applied overhead. direct materials $ direct labor $ overhead
The budgeted amounts for 2022 for direct materials to be used, direct labor, and applied overhead is $8,120.
Given,
Budgeted production = 1,400
Direct materials per unit = 3.4 pound
Direct materials cost per pound = $5.8
The Direct labor hour per unit = $12
Overhead rate = 50% of direct labor
This is explained below in the given table-
Budgeted Standard cost Budgeted
production production amount
Direct materials 1400 3.5 $4,900
Direct labor 1400 8 $11,200
Overhead 1400 5.8 $8,120
Hence, the budgeted amounts for the year 2022 for direct materials to be used, direct labor, and applied overhead is $8,120.
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debeers diamonds was a transnational company that attempted to build a railroad from south africa to egypt. what is a transnational company
The multinational company is Cecil Rhodes. An international business called debeers diamonds wanted to build a train from southern Africa to Egypt.
What does "international business" mean?
Company size:
Multinational corporations tend to have high returns and if a corporation is called a multinational corporation and it has international business in at least several different countries.
What are the main characteristics of multinational companies?
They are constantly looking for the cheapest and most effective manufacturing locations around the world to gain a competitive advantage and maximize profits in international business and you are moving geographically. Activities and resources can be moved anywhere in the world.
What is international business and why it is important?
International business includes all commercial activities undertaken to facilitate the transfer of goods, services, resources, people, ideas and technology across borders.
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property managers may choose at times not to perform ordinary maintenance at the time a problem is detected in order to boost short-run noi. this type of maintenance is more commonly referred to as:
The Correct Option is D. Preventive maintenance, The property manager may be responsible for locating and vetting potential renters, handling day-to-day maintenance concerns and tenant complaints, as well as handling tenant move-outs and evictions.
The persons that tenants often deal with are property managers. You might require a property management company if you have numerous rental properties and renters. Property managers today are under stress because of problems, according to a new Unicom survey of small- to medium-sized property portfolio managers. This poll is very helpful in demonstrating that property managers struggle to hire and retain quality workers while maintaining their profit margins.
Property managers may choose at times not to perform ordinary maintenance at the time a problem is detected in order to boost short run NO1. This type of maintenance is more commonly referred to as:
A. corrective maintenance.
B. custodial maintenance.
C. deferred maintenance.
D. preventive maintenance.
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which conditions need to be met in order for a contract with a customer to be within the scope of ifrs 15?
It is possible to identify a contract that complies with IFRS 15's definition of a contract: There is commercial substance in the contract:
• the gatherings have endorsed the agreement;
• The entity is able to identify: each party's freedoms, - the installment terms for a long term benefit and administrations to be moved.
Before a contract with a customer can be accounted for under IFRS 15, which of the following must be fulfilled?
A contract can only be accounted for by an entity under IFRS 15 if all of the following conditions are met: The contract has been approved by the parties, and they have pledged to carry out their respective responsibilities. Each party's rights to the transferred goods or services can be identified by the entity.
Which falls under the purview of IFRS 15?
An agreement with a client will fall inside the extent of IFRS 15 when every one of the accompanying measures are met: • The contract has been approved by all parties involved; It is possible to identify each party's rights regarding the transferred goods or services: • The terms and conditions for making payments for the goods or services.
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at rwi distilleries, rules and procedures are used only when necessary. instead, shared goals and values guide employee behavior. rwi uses what type of organizational control?
rwi uses what type of organizational control is called autocratic supervision.
What is Autocratic supervision?Autocratic management is a control fashion in which one individual controls all of the choices and takes little or no input from different institution participants. Autocratic leaders make alternatives or choices primarily based totally on their personal ideals and do now no longer contain others for or their idea or advice.It is a shape of control fashion wherein one chief or member of the corporation takes choices on behalf of the company. This sort of management fashion is visible by and large in organizations that might be highly small with fewer personnel.This sort of management fashion is simplest powerful in corporations in which the character of labor calls for short selection-making. The sole duty of the selection and the final results is the chief. It is taken into consideration to be a bendy management fashion however a few might argue that it's miles previous now.However, there are sure traits of autocratic management such as - no inputs from different institution participants being taken, institution chief(s) dictating all of the obligations or distributing obligations amongst different personnel, and no praise or popularity is given to personnel to enhance morale.Some professionals argue that this sort of management fashion may be detrimental instead of profitable ultimately because it resembles that of a dictator. It ends in low worker morale, which in flip may also cause attrition in lots of cases.However, there are a few blessings of autocratic management as well. It ends in short selection-making, manipulation of the techniques and the operations of a company, etc.Autocratic management might be useful in conditions in which an enterprise faces steady extrude or a crisis. It might be capable of reacting to the state of affairs right away in comparison to different management styles, due to streamlined organizational shape and short selection-making ability.
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when government expenditure rises by $180 million and the initial increase in government expenditure was $60 million, then the multiplier is:
The multiplier of the Government expenditure will be $3.
Government Expenditure helps to supply goods and services that are not supplied by the private sector, To achieve improvements in the supply side of the macro-economy, and To provide subsidies to industries that need financial help for their expansion. It is normally spent by the public sector.
Government Expenditure = $180 million
Increased Government expenditure = $60 million
Multiplier = 180 million - 60 million
Multiplier = $ 3 million.
Therefore we can conclude by saying that the multiplier of the Government expenditure will be $3.
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if denise is hired to work as a cashier, she has the implied authority to do acts reasonably necessary to carry out her job.
If denise is hired to work as a cashier, she has the implied authority to do acts reasonably necessary to carry out her job. [TRUE]
Employee Obligations to the CompanyEmployees also have obligations that need to be given to the company.
1. Obligation of obedience
In this case, it means that workers must have consequences and also obey the rules that exist in the company.
2. Obligation of confidentiality
Every employee is required to maintain all important data that has been obtained while working at the company. Especially for the type of company data that is confidential.
3. The obligation of loyalty
The last rights and obligations of employees are regarding loyalty in which workers need to support the company's vision and mission and also have high loyalty to the company.
In order for mutual reciprocity, the company also has company rights and obligations that need to be carried out.
Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was:
True/False: If denise is hired to work as a cashier, she has the implied authority to do acts reasonably necessary to carry out her job.
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automation systems stock has a beta of 1.3. the risk-free rate of return is 4.34 percent and the market risk premium is 7.92 percent. what is the expected rate of return on this stock?
Automation systems stock has a beta of 1.3. the risk-free rate of return is 4.34 percent and the market risk premium is 7.92 percent. The expected rate of return on this stock is 8.35.
In finance, return is a profit on an investment. It includes any modification within the worth of the investment, and/or cash flows that the capitalist receives from that investment, such as interest payments, coupons, cash dividends, stock dividends, or the payoff from a derivative or structured product. it should be measured either in absolute terms or as a share of the quantity invested. The latter is additionally known as the holding amount come.
A loss rather than an academic is represented as a negative return, presumptuous that the amount invested is larger than zero. To compare returns over time periods of various lengths on an equal basis, it's helpful to convert every return into a return over a period of your time of a standard length.
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