What is the relationship among the efficieny output work and input work of a machine?

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Lattice energy relates to the attraction between ions and the stability of an ionic compound in which lattice energy increases for ions with higher charges and shorter distances between ions.

Lattice energy is a measure of the strength of the ionic bonds in an ionic compound. It provides insight into several properties of ionic solids including their volatility, their solubility, and their hardness.

For example, when sodium ion (Na+) combines with chloride ion (Cl–), sodium chloride (NaCl) crystal forms, and 787.3 kJ of energy is released. Another example, when calcium ion (Ca2+) combines with oxide ion (O2-), calcium oxide (CaO) crystal forms, and 3414 kJ of energy is released.

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A connection needs more attractive forces than repellent ones in order to be stable.

The electrostatic pull that holds the atoms together to create compounds is the basis of chemical bonds. Stronger bonds and more stable compounds result from stronger electrostatic attraction. The bond will require more energy to be broken because of the electrostatic attraction, making it more stable. The bond will be less stable if the repulsive forces are too strong since they will make the link weaker and need less energy to break. A durable link between atoms requires that the attractive forces outweigh the repulsive forces.

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The buffer solution made with 0.18 M [tex]NH_{3}[/tex] and 0.27 M [tex]NH_{4}Cl[/tex] has a pH of 5.14.

A buffer solution is an aqueous mixture of a weak acid and either its conjugate base or base itself. When a modest amount of a strong acid or base is applied to it, the pH hardly changes at all. A multitude of chemical applications use buffer solutions to maintain pH at a practically constant value. Numerous living systems use buffering to control pH in the natural world.

A buffer solution, which has a constant pH value, is used to keep the solution's pH within the appropriate range. Buffers come in both acidic and basic varieties.

Given,

The buffer solution made with 0.18 M [tex]NH_{3}[/tex] and 0.27 M [tex]NH_{4}Cl[/tex] and

[tex]k_{b}[/tex] of NH₃ = 1.8 × 10⁻⁵

Then, we know

[tex]pk_{b}[/tex] = - log ([tex]k_{b}[/tex])

       = - log (1.8 × 10⁻⁵)

       = 4.74

Now,

By Henderson equation, We get

pH = [tex]pk_{b}[/tex] +ln [[tex]NH_{4}Cl[/tex] / [tex]NH_{3}[/tex]]

     = 4.74 + ln (0.27 /0.18)

     = 5.14

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Number of moles of gas that would occupy a volume of 22.4 L at pressure of 745 torr and a temperature of 26⁰C is 90811.4 moles of gas.

An ideal gas is a theoretical gasoline composed of many randomly moving point debris that aren't challenge to interparticle interactions. the suitable fuel concept is useful because it obeys an appropriate fuel law, a simplified equation of nation, and is amenable to evaluation under statistical mechanics.

Calculation:-

By ideal gas law,

PV = n RT

P = pressure of gas, given = 745 torr = 99325 Pa

V = volume of gas, given = 22.4 L

n = number of moles of gas

R = gas constant, given = 0.0821

T = temperature of a gas, given = 299 K

Put the values in formula, PV = nRT

n = PV/RT

n = 90811.4

Hence, the moles of gas is 90811.4.

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Answer:

D)Calcium

Hope it help and is this the master A&P chapter 6?

The H ion concentration at pH 2 is 10-² mol/litre, at pH 6 is 10-⁶ mol/litre and concentration of H ion at pH 2 is 10,000 times more than H concentration at pH 6.

The H ion concentration can are related to each other as follows -

pH = - log (H)

For the pH 2

Keep the values in equation

2 = - log (H)

H = 10-² mol/litres

For the pH 6

6 = - log (H)

Keep the value in equation

H = 10-6 mo/litre

Excess acidic character -

Acidic character = 10-²/10-⁶

Performing division on Right Hand Side of the equation

Acidic character = 10⁴

So, the hydrogen ion concentration at 2 is 10,000 times more hydrogen ion concentration at pH 6.

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Answer:

Explanation:

to find standard reduction potential we have to know one formula

that is E°cell = E cathode - E anode

where the cathode is always one with more negative signs and the anode would always be a less negative sign or more positive value.

Answer:          

Phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine have 5, 6 and 7 valence electrons respectively. They accept 3, 2 and 1 electrons respectively. It is easier to accept 1 electron than 2 or 2 electrons than 3. Hence, phosphorus is least reactive followed by sulphur and chlorine which is most reactive.

Explanation:

You are researching a substance called remerol, which dissolves in hexane but not in water. Non-polarity is remerol.

Because it dissolves in hexane, a nonpolar solvent, but not in the water, remerol is nonpolar (a polar solvent).

Polar breaks down polar. Similar to this, neither polar nor non-polar will dissolve the other. Hexane's structure consists only of carbon-hydrogen bonds since both carbon and hydrogen have nearly identical electronegativities. Water is actually quite polar, whereas hexane is incredibly non-polar. We can therefore conclude that remerol is non-polar if we are not soluble in polar. If we are non-polar and soluble, it follows that morality is also non-polar. There are therefore only two possibilities: either it is non-polar because it dissolves in hexane, a polar solvent but not in the water, or it is a non-polar solvent. Because hexane is a non-polar solvent, that is illogical. Let's examine the alternate hypothesis. It is true that remerol is non-polar because it dissolves in hexane, which is a non-polar solvent, but not in water, which is a polar solvent.

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A 6.00-cm-diameter sphere with a mass of 89.3 g is neutrally buoyant in a liquid will be  5358 n.

The propensity of an element to float in such a fluid is known as buoyancy. The buoyant force is an upward force that all liquids as well as gases in the absence of gravity apply to any object submerged in them.

the formula Fb=Vg to determine the buoyant force. F b =  dV g, where F b is still the buoyant force expressed in Newtons, would be the fluid density expressed in kilograms per cubic metre, V is the volume of the displaced fluid expressed in cubic meters, and g would be the acceleration brought on by gravity.

Put the values in formula:

F b =  dV g,

Fd = 6.00-cm × 89.3 g × 10

Fd = 5358 n

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The products of the given chemical equation is given serially 1) zinc nitrate and lead bromide,2) hydrogen chloride and copper bromide 3) sodium phosphate and potassium acetate .

Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.

The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.

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ANSWER:-

2Ag(aq)++Cu(s)→2Ag(s)+Cu(aq)+2

The copper wire dipped in the solution acquires a silver coating because b. Ag+ oxidizes Cu to Cu2+ C u 2 + . This is because, according to the reactivity series of metals, copper is a more reactive metal compared to silver.

Explanation:

i hope this helps

a) The molecular orbital diagram of carbide ion in ground state is attached in the image below and b) The bond order of C22- is 2 and C) the molecule is diamagnetic.

a) The valence electrons of the carbide ion into the given diagram in order to create the molecular orbital diagram for the carbide ion in its ground state is given as by deriving bond order as follows:

b) The bond order can be calculated as follows:

Bond order=8-2/2=2

c) The molecular orbital diagram of carbide ion in ground state is attached in the image below. This molecule is diamagnetic in nature. A diamagnetic substance is one whose atoms have no permanent magnetic dipole moment.

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If 50 g of potassium nitrate is added to 100 g of water at 30 degrees Celcius, 30 gram of potassium nitrate will not dissolve.

A solubility curve is a curve that is produced when the amount of solute that dissolves in a given volume of solvent is plotted against the temperature of the solution formed.

A solubility curve can be used to predict the amount of a given solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature.

The solubility curve of potassium nitrate is shown in the attachment.

At 30°C, the solubility of potassium nitrate is 20 g/100 g of water.

Hence, the amount of potassium nitrate that will remain undissolved when 50 g of it is added to 100 g of water at 30°C will be:

Amount left undissolved = 50 - 20 g

Amount left undissolved = 30

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Mass spectrometers may be used to pick out unknown compounds through molecular weight determination, to quantify regarded compounds, and to decide shape and chemical residences of molecules.

The relative abundance of every isotope may be decided the usage of mass spectrometry. A mass spectrometer ionizes atoms and molecules with a high-power electron beam after which deflects the ions via a magnetic discipline primarily based totally on their mass-to-charge ratios ( m / z m/z m/z ). In a pure sample of an element, the mass of that element is represented as an m/z ratio and can be used to identify the element. Also, identification of an element can be done by calculating the average atomic mass from the mass spectrum data.

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The volume of hydrogen chloride gas that will be produced when 163.7 L of hydrogen gas reacts with excess chlorine gas is 327.4 L

First, we shall obtain the balanced equation for the reaction. This is shown below:

H₂(g) + Cl₂(g) -> 2HCl(g)

From the balanced equation above,

1 L of H₂ reacted to produce 2 L of HCl

With the above information, we can obtain the volume of hydrogen chloride gas, HCl produced when 163.7 L of hydrogen gas reacts. Details below:

From the balanced equation above,

1 L of H₂ reacted to produce 2 L of HCl

Therefore,

163.7 L of H₂ will react to produce = 163.7 × 2 = 327.4 L of HCl

Thus, the volume of hydrogen chloride gas produced is 327.4 L

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Answer: the number of moles of PbCl2 produced when 16 moles of AlCl3 are consumed is 24 moles.

Explanation: To determine the number of moles of PbCl2 that are produced when 16 moles of AlCl3 are consumed, you will need to balance the chemical equation and use the coefficients in front of each compound to determine the mole ratio.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

3Pb(NO3)2 + 2AlCl3 → 3PbCl2 + 2Al(NO3)3

Once the equation is balanced, you can use the coefficients in front of each compound to determine the mole ratio. In this case, the coefficient for PbCl2 is 3, and the coefficient for AlCl3 is 2, which means that there is a 3:2 mole ratio between these two compounds. This means that for every 2 moles of AlCl3 that are consumed, 3 moles of PbCl2 are produced.

To calculate the number of moles of PbCl2 produced when 16 moles of AlCl3 are consumed, you can divide the number of moles of AlCl3 by the mole ratio:

moles PbCl2 = 16 moles AlCl3 / (3 moles PbCl2 / 2 moles AlCl3)

= 16 moles AlCl3 / (3/2)

= 24 moles PbCl2

The starting isotope for the formation of Molybdenum-99 by the neutron bombardment of a naturally occurring isotope is Molybdenum-98, ⁹⁸₄₂Mo.

Nuclear reactions are reactions in which there are changes in the particle present in the nucleus of an atom of an element.

The particles found in the nucleus of an element are protons and neutrons. Changes that occur in the number of these particles result in the formation of isotopes of elements or entirely new elements.

Nuclear reactions are represented by nuclear equations.

The nuclear equation for the formation of Molybdenum-99 by the neutron bombardment of a naturally occurring isotope is shown below:

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Complete question:

Molybdenum-99 is formed by the neutron bombardment of a naturally occurring isotope. If one neutron is absorbed and no byproducts are formed, what is the starting isotope?

Explanation:

STP= 0 degrees

1atm or 101.3 kpa

[tex]pv = nrt[/tex]

P=101.3 kpa

v=?

n=mass/molar mass of co2=56/44.01

r=8.314

T=-273 K

[tex]101.3 \times v = \frac{56}{44.01} \times 8.314 \times 273 [/tex]

[tex]v = 28.5l[/tex]

The resulting carbocation is achiral. Hence, the correct option is B.

Racemisation is defined as a process in which optically active compounds (consisting of a single enantiomer) are converted into an equal mixture of enantiomers with zero optical activity (a racemic mix). The rate of the racemisation depends upon the molecule and conditions such as pH and temperature.

When racemisation occurs at a single stereocentre of a chiral compound, the resulting carbocation is achiral. Carbocation has trigonal planar structure, so it is optically inactive.

If the starting molecule is chiral, the resulting products should be racemisation products or enantiomers. Racemisation takes place whenever the reaction causes chiral molecules to be converted to an achiral intermediate.

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a. Atomic radius is a measure of the size of an atom, typically defined as the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost valence electron.

b. An electron shell is a region of space around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are most likely to be found.

c. As more electrons and shells are added to an atom, the overall size of the atom increases.

d. The trend in atomic radius is that it generally decreases as we go across a period (from left to right) and increases as we go down a group (from top to bottom) on the periodic table.

Lithium and sodium are both alkali metals and have similar electronic structures, with one valence electron in the outermost electron shell. They differ in the number of protons and neutrons in their nuclei, which affects the overall size of the atom. Lithium has three protons and four neutrons in its nucleus, while sodium has 11 protons and 12 neutrons. As a result, sodium is larger than lithium, with a larger atomic radius.

When more electrons and shells are added to an atom, it will increasing the atom size. This is because the additional electrons are farther from the nucleus and contribute to the overall size of the atom. Additionally, as more electron shells are added, the shielding effect of the inner electrons increases, which means that the outer electrons experience less attraction to the nucleus and are therefore less tightly bound. This can also contribute to the overall size of the atom.

Atomic radius is that it generally decreases as we go across a period (from left to right) and increases as we go down a group (from top to bottom) on the periodic table. This is because as we go across a period, the number of protons in the nucleus increases, which increases the overall positive charge and attracts the valence electrons more strongly. This causes the valence electrons to be more closely bound to the nucleus, leading to a smaller atomic radius. As we go down a group, the number of electron shells increases, which increases the size of the atom overall. Additionally, the outermost valence electrons are farther from the nucleus and experience less attraction, which also contributes to the overall increase in size.

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The Enthalpy of the reaction ΔHrxn is calculated - 794 KJ.

Reaction :

Ca(s) + Cl₂(g) → CaCl₂(s)      

Mole of Ca = Mass of Ca / Molar mass of Ca

Where, Mass of Ca = 1.25 g

            Molar mass of Ca = 40.08 g/mol

Mole of Ca = [tex]\frac{1.25 g}{40.08 g/mol}[/tex] = 0.0311876 mol

Now, Mass of water, m = 150 g

Initial temperature of water, T₁ = 20.0°C

Final temperature of water, T₂ = 53.5°C

ΔT = T₂ - T₁

ΔT = 53.5 - 20

ΔT = 35.5°C

Specific heat capacity of water, Cp(H₂O)

Cp(H₂O) = 4.18 J/g · °C

We have, heat absorbed by water (q)

q = m · Cp(H₂O) · ΔT

q = 150 g × 4.18 J/g·°C × 35.5 °C

q = 24766.5 J

q = 24.7665 KJ

∴ Heat absorbed by water = 24.7665 KJ

Now, this heat is released by 1.25 g (0.0311876 mol) of Ca.

Using unitary method :

 0.0311876 mol of Ca released 24.7665 KJ heat

∴ 1 mol of Ca released (?) heat

    = [tex]\frac{24.7665}{0.0311876}[/tex]  = 754.11 KJ heat released by 1 mol of Ca

Therefore, Enthalpy of the reaction,

           ΔHrxn = - 794 KJ  (here, minus sign indicates heat is released)

Therefore, the Enthalpy of the reaction ΔHrxn is calculated - 794 KJ.

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The phenolphthalein the indicator was added, and  solution was titrated with the 0.215 M NaOH until the indicator will turned pink. the exact volume of NaOH 22.75 ml. The concentration of the HCl in 10 mL is 0.489 M.

Given that :

concentration , M1 = ?

volume V1 = 10 mL

concentration , M2 = 0.215 M

volume V2 = 22.75 mL

the reaction is :

HCl + NaOH ---->  NaCl  +  H₂O

1 mole HCl react with the 1 mole of the NaOH

the expression is given below :

M1 V1 = M2 V2

M1 = M2 V2 / V1

M1 = ( 0.215 × 22.75 ) / 10

M1 = 0.489 M

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Al₂O₃ is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.

Aluminium oxide is used for its hardness and strength. It is widely used as an abrasive, including as a much less expensive substitute for industrial diamond. Many types of sandpaper use aluminium oxide crystals.

Aluminium is a chemical element having the atomic number 13, and chemical symbol Al. Alumina is a chemical compound having the chemical formula Al₂O₃. Therefore, the key difference between aluminium and alumina is that the aluminum is a chemical element, and alumina is an aluminium containing compound.

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Answer:  330.7 jule energy

The valence electronic configuration of group 17 is s² p⁵, and that for group one is s¹ and group 16 is s² p⁴. For group 3 -12 the valence electrons fill in d - orbitals. and for group 2 it is s². for group 13- s² p¹. For lanthanides and actinides, the valence electrons fill in f- orbitals.

The filling of electrons of an atom from the lower energy level to the higher energy level is called its electronic configuration. The group number for atom with  3 and more electrons are 10 added to these numbers.

For group 15, there are 5 valence electrons and the valence electronic configuration is :  s² p³.

For group 18 :  s² p⁶.

For group 16 : the valence configuration is s² p⁴. And for group 17 it is s² p⁵. Group 1 and 2 have the valence electronic configuration as  s¹ and s² respectively.

Group 14, the configuration is s² p² and the that for group 13 is s² p¹.  Elements of group 3 - 12 are d - block elements. The valence electrons of  these elements fall in d- orbital.

Similarly lanthanides and actinides are f - block elements. Their valence electrons are filled in f- orbitals.

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Consequently, each C-H bond in methane can be understood as the overlap of a half-filled 1s orbital in four hydrogen atoms with the bigger lobe of one of the four half-filled sp3 hybrid orbitals to generate a four equivalent sigma () bond.

By combining one orbital with three p orbitals, methane molecules hybridize. One unpaired electron can be found in each orbital.

Four covalent connections between the carbon and hydrogen atoms make up the methane molecule. Due to the presence of bonds on the core atom's four sides, the arrangement of the molecule exhibits a fair amount of symmetry.

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The number of moles in 17.9 g of  mg(oh)2 is 0.305 mol

The number of moles of a substance can be determined by taking the ratio of the given mass and the molar mass of that substance. The mathematical expression to calculate the number of moles is as follows

number of moles is the ratio of given mass by molar mass

Number of moles= [tex]\frac{Given \mass\ (g)}{Molar\ mass\ (g/mol)}[/tex]            ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅(1)

The given mass of antacid magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) is 17.8 g.

The molar mass of Mg(OH)2 is 58.3197 g/mol.

Now , substitute these values in equation (1) to get the number of moles of antacid magnesium hydroxide as follows:

Number of moles = [tex]\frac{17.8\ moles}{58.3197\ g/mol}[/tex]

 =>0.305 mol

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Average atomic mass of X is 35.22 amu

What will be the average atomic mass?

The average atomic mass of X will be closer to 35

Let Isotope X³⁵ be A

Let Isotope X³⁷ be B

Let Isotope X³⁸ be C

According to the given question:

The average atomic mass of X can be obtained as follow:

For isotope A (X³⁵):

Mass of A = 35 amu

Abundance of A (A%) = 90%

For isotope B (X³⁷):

Mass of B = 37 amu

Abundance of B (B%) = 8%

For isotope C (X³⁸):

Mass of C = 38 amu

Abundance of C (C%) = 2%

Atomic mass of X =?

Atomic mass = [(mass of A × A%)/100] + [(mass of B × B%)/100] + [(mass of C × C%)/100]

= [(35 × 90)/100] + [(37 × 8)/100] + [(38 × 2)/100]

= 31.5 + 2.96 + 0.76

Average atomic mass of X = 35.22 amu

Therefore, average atomic mass of X will be closer to 35

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