There is a 25% probability that a mating between two carriers will produce an offspring with a recessively inherited disorder.
Inorder to understand the probability of mating between two carriers, we need to form a punnet square. In the field of biology, a punnet square is a diagram that shows the probability of outcomes when mating is done between two prospect parents.
Consider two carrier mates to be Hh and Hh. The punnet square will be drawn as:
H h
H HH Hh
h Hh hh
The results of the punnet square show that there is 25% probability for the recessively inherited disorder to occur. 50% probability is there for the offspring being carriers like the parents and 25% probability is that there will be no disorder in the offspring.
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suppose that a single dna base change of an ""a"" to a ""t"" occurs and is copied during replication. is this change necessarily a mutation?
The DNA sequence has changed, that much is certain. when a single "a" to "t" DNA base mutation takes place and is replicated during replication.
A base, or base-pair, substitution is the term used to describe this kind of mutation. Base substitutions involving the switching of one pyrimidine for another or a mismatched A-A pair for an A-T pair are referred to as transitions; the switching of a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa is referred to as a transversion. A mutation is a change in our DNA sequence that results from environmental influences like UV radiation and cigarette smoke or mistakes made when the DNA is duplicated.
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is a stretch of dna consisting of an operator, a promoter, and genes for a related set of proteins, usually making up an entire metabolic pathway.
Operon is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter, and genes for a related set of proteins, usually making up an entire metabolic pathway.
A grouping of genes along the DNA that code for functionally similar proteins is known as an operon and is a genetic regulatory mechanism that is present in bacteria and their viruses. Because of this property, protein production can be coordinated to meet the demands of the cell.
An operon is a collection of genes that are all translated into the same mRNA and share a common promoter. Operons come in two different varieties: lac and trp. The lac operon is an inducible operon that is present in Escherichia coli and encodes the genes involved in the catabolism of lactose.
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Structure (b) is a ____.
Chromosome
centromere
chromatid
Answer:
Explanation:
a chromatid
a dna fragment with 100 base pairs is smaller than a dna fragment with 150 base pairs.truefalse
It is True that a DNA fragment with 100 base pairs is smaller than a DNA fragment with 150 base pairs.
Each of the two nucleotide strands that make up DNA contains four different kinds of nucleotides. Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) are the nucleotides that make up base pairs and are joined by hydrogen bonds. Since the number of base pairs in a DNA fragment determines its length, a DNA fragment with 100 base pairs will be shorter than a DNA fragment with 150 base pairs.
The amount of information contained in a DNA fragment depends on its length. For example, a DNA fragment with 150 base pairs will have more information than one with 100 base pairs. A DNA fragment's length can also affect how well it can interact with other molecules. For instance, some proteins or enzymes require larger pieces for interaction, therefore a 100 base pair fragment would not be able to do so.
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what is binomeol nomeclature in biology
Answer:the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet
Explanation:
to prevent this, farmers can plant buffer zones, grassed waterways downhill from there lots. explain how planting buffer zones between the farmland and waterways can reduce phosphate pollution.
Planting buffer zones between farmland and waterways reduces phosphate pollution. It acts as a physical barrier, absorbing nutrients, and providing a habitat for wildlife, buffer zones can help to keep the water clean and keep the ecosystem in balance.
Planting buffer zones between farmland and waterways is an effective way to reduce phosphate pollution. A buffer zone is an area of land that is planted with vegetation to act as a barrier between two different ecosystems. In this case, a buffer zone between farmland and waterways can reduce the amount of nutrients, such as phosphates, that enter the waterway from the farm.
Buffer zones act as a physical barrier to prevent agricultural runoff from entering the waterway. The vegetation in the buffer zones absorbs the runoff and filters out the pollutants, such as phosphates, before they have a chance to enter the water. The roots of the plants also help to hold the soil in place, reducing the risk of erosion.
Buffer zones can also help to reduce the amount of nutrients entering the waterways by reducing the amount of fertilizer used by the farmers. Since the buffer zones absorb some of the nutrients, the farmer can use less fertilizer to achieve the same results. This reduces the amount of phosphates that reach the waterway and prevents them from accumulating in the water.
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Explain how milk production in a lactating mother is an example of positive feedback.
Answer: An newborn sucking creates prolactin, which causes the production of milk; more sucking results in more prolactin, which causes more lactation. This is a positive feedback mechanism because the milk's ability to increase suckling and hormone production.
Explanation:
which would be the effect of a blood clot that blocked the vessels of the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system in the infundibulum between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland?
The adrenal cortex would atrophy and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion would diminish.
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to control the activity of various endocrine glands. Its role is to release releasing and inhibitory hormones that promote or inhibit hormone production in the anterior pituitary.
Any trauma or damage to the hypothalamus can also result in a loss of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone secretion, which will stop the normal production of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone, resulting in menstrual cycles (amenorrhoea) in women, sperm production in men, and production of...
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which protein is found in the a band of a myofibril and which protein is found in the i band?
Actin, myosin, titin, and other lengthy proteins make up myofibrils, which are held together by other proteins. The Z line, a disk of the protein -actinin, is where the I bands are concentrated.
The morphological unit of skeletal muscle's contractile system is called a myofibril. The muscle fiber, which has a diameter that varies from 30 to 150, is made up of many myofibrils that have a diameter of approximately 1 and are encircled by the sarcoplasmic reticulum network. Troponin, tropomyosin, and thin actin filaments make up I bands. Myosin, the protein, makes up thick filaments. In addition to other proteins, the A band is made up of overlapping thin and thick filaments.
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michael pollan a. defends the rights of animals b. calls for alternatives to factory farmed meat c. none of these d. defends speciesism
Michael Pollan is an American author, journalist, activist, and professor of journalism at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. So non of these.
What is speciesism?Speciesism is a form of discrimination based on species membership. It is the belief that humans are superior to other animals in a moral sense and should therefore be afforded greater rights and treatment. Speciesism can be seen in many areas of society, from the way animals are used in research and entertainment, to the way animals are treated in the food industry. Speciesism is often used to justify animal exploitation, and has been criticized by animal rights activists as being morally wrong.
He is best known for his books and articles on food, agriculture, and health. Pollan is an advocate for sustainable agriculture and a critic of industrial food production. He has written extensively on the environmental, economic, and ethical implications of modern food production, including factory farming and industrial agriculture. He believes that our current food system is unsustainable and calls for an alternative that is more respectful of animals, people, and the environment. He has argued against the idea of speciesism and for the rights of animals in the food system. He has also advocated for more sustainable and ethical forms of food production, including regenerative agriculture, agroforestry, and urban farming.
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both female and male reproductive systems are primarily nonfunctional until puberty.State True or False your answer:
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
.............. True
Answer: True
Explanation: I see this question before, so I know the answer! I hope you find it helpful!
which mineral is a component of atp, dna, and rna, a component of the mineral complex hydroxyapatite in bone, and is abundant in our food supply?
Phosphorus is a component of atp, dna, and rna. And, yes, Phosphorus is so available in the food supply, there's a lot of natural foods with phosphorus in it, like dairy's, red meats, poultry's, seafoods, legumes, and ect, this is called organic phosphorus.
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the process of a neuron, its axon, conducts electrical impulses called towards the end of the axon that innervates a target cell.
Action potentials are electrical impulses that are carried along a neuron's process, or axon, and are directed toward the end of the axon that innervates a target cell.
What is the procedure through which a neuron sends electrical signals to the cell that needs to be stimulated?A neuron (also known as a nerve cell) is the fundamental component of the neurological system. An electrical impulse known as an action potential is a component of the transmission mechanism used by neurons to send signals throughout the body.
What is the name of the part of the motor neuron that connects to the skeletal muscle?Because of its unique structure, the synapse formed between a spinal motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell is known as the motor endplate.
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Select the characteristics of biofilms that differentiate them from planktonic bacteria. check all that apply.
a. Microorganisms live singly and independently.
b. Microorganisms participate in quorum sensing.
c. Microorganisms secrete extracellular material, usually polysaccharide, that forms a matrix.
d. Microorganisms are readily eradicated using antibiotics
e. Microorganisms exist as part of a diverse interdependent community
The characteristics of biofilms that differentiate them from planktonic bacteria are a, b, c, e
a. Microorganisms live singly and independently.
b. Microorganisms participate in quorum sensing.
c. Microorganisms secrete extracellular material, usually polysaccharide, that forms a matrix.
e. Microorganisms exist as part of a diverse interdependent community
Planktonic bacteria are free-dwelling micro organism. they are the populations that grow in the acquainted check tube and flask cultures in the microbiology laboratory. the other mode of increase is the adherent, or sessile, kind of increase. Planktonic micro organism had been diagnosed for centuries.
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explain how helper t cells of the immune system communicate with antigen presenting cells using cell-to-cell contact
The antigen-presenting cell will consume bacteria before displaying an antigen fragment on its surface. The helper t cell possesses receptors that attach to the antigen, which causes that helper t cell to become activated.
Immune cells include helper T-cells. They alert other immune cells to an infection so they can combat it. They may trigger the production of antibodies by B-cells or cytotoxic T-cells. One of the most significant cell types in your adaptive immune response are your helper T-cells.
Since they are necessary for practically all adaptive immune responses, helper T cells are arguably the most significant cells in adaptive immunity. They aid in the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells, as well as B cells that generate antibodies and macrophages that kill ingested microorganisms.
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How do you design and conduct an investigation or a project on the classification of organisms using the scientific method?
Design and conduct an investigation or a project on the classification of organisms using the scientific method as follows-
What is scientific method?The scientific method is a systematic approach to problem-solving that involves making observations, forming hypotheses, testing those hypotheses, and drawing conclusions.
First, form a question or hypothesis about the classification of organisms.
2. Collect relevant data and observations through research, fieldwork, and experiments.
3. Analyze and interpret the data to form a conclusion about the hypothesis.
4. Develop a method for testing the hypothesis.
5. Gather materials and conduct the experiment, recording all data and observations.
6. Analyze the results of the experiment and draw conclusions.
7. Communicate the results of the investigation, including the data, observations, and conclusions.
8. Compare the results of the investigation with the original hypothesis.
9. Publish the results of the investigation and present them to the scientific community.
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the na-k pump the major electrogenic pump in animal cells, exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions, both of which are cations. how does this exchange generate a membrane potential
The Na-K pump works by taking in a sodium ion (Na+) and potassium ion (K+) from the extracellular fluid and releasing them into the cytosol. This exchange of ions creates a difference in electrical charge, known as the membrane potential.
The Na-K pump is an electrogenic pump because it pumps more positive charges out than it pumps in, thereby creating a net movement of positive charge out of the cell. This leads to the inside of the cell becoming more negatively charged than the outside. The difference in charge across the membrane, known as the membrane potential, is an important source of energy for cells, and is used to power various processes such as the movement of substances across the membrane.
The Na-K pump is necessary for maintaining the concentration and electrical gradients across the membrane. Without it, the membrane potential would be lost and cells would be unable to carry out essential functions. Furthermore, it helps cells maintain the correct balance of electrolytes in the cell and extracellular fluid, which is necessary for optimal cellular function.
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which compound(s) formed in the body during diabetes alters protein structures and stimulate damaging metabolic pathways?
Methylglyoxal (MGO), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) alter protein structure and are damaging in diabetes.
ROS formation is strongly implicated in the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance. ROS generation occurs mainly in complexes I and III of ETCs and increases when ETCs cannot cope with excessive electron input.
Under these circumstances, as a result of nutrient overload, the electron supply to the mitochondrial ETC increases and excess electrons transfer to oxygen to produce O2- and then hydrogen peroxide. Mitochondrially-generated ROS oxidize residues of proteins, damaging protein structure and impairing their function, ultimately leading to cell death.
ROS species also damage DNA and membrane lipids, thereby promoting mitochondrial dysfunction.
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As with an inner join, an outer join using multiple tables with a many-one-many relationship will not create a valid dynaset using only one query.
a. True
b. False
The statement is false. An outer join using multiple tables with a many-one-many relationship can create a valid dynaset using only one query.
What is an outer join?
An outer join is used to combine rows from two or more tables, even if there is no match between the rows in the tables. In a many-to-one-to-many relationship, there can be multiple records in one table that correspond to a single record in another table. An outer join can be used to include all the records from both tables, including those that do not have a match in the other table.
In SQL, an outer join can be expressed using the LEFT OUTER JOIN or RIGHT OUTER JOIN syntax. The LEFT OUTER JOIN returns all the records from the left table and the matching records from the right table, or NULL values if there is no match. The RIGHT OUTER JOIN returns all the records from the right table and the matching records from the left table, or NULL values if there is no match.
Therefore, it is possible to use an outer join with multiple tables in a many-to-one-to-many relationship to create a valid dynaset using only one query.
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ethidium bromide is a dye that is used to stain the gel and allows the dna to be viewed under uv light. t or f
When applied as a stain, the fluorescent substance ethidium bromide inserts itself between base pairs. This has the disadvantage of being exceedingly poisonous.
Why is the gel stained with ethidium bromide?When separating DNA fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis, ethidium bromide (EtBr) is occasionally added to the running buffer. It is employed because the DNA banding pattern may be seen once the molecule binds to the DNA and is illuminated by a UV light source.
What mechanism does ethidium bromide use to alter DNA?Ethidium bromide alters DNA, which results in mutations. A flat, planar chemical called ethidium bromide has a ring structure that resembles a pair of DNA bases. Because of its distinct structure, EtBr can intercalate or insert itself between stacked bases in double-stranded DNA.
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control of skeletal muscle is the responsibility of: question 30 options: a somatic motor neuron. a preganglionic neuron. an autonomic ganglion. a postganglionic neuron.
A somatic nerve cell is responsible for controlling skeletal muscle.
This is the somatic nervous system manages the movement of skeletal muscles. The motor cortex is the origin of conscious movement control (both premotor and primary motor cortex). However, the cerebellum and extrapyramidal parts of the CNS, among other organs, refine and coordinate movement. The muscles that are linked to the bones of the skeleton move the skeleton. Skeletal muscles are under the supervision of the nervous system system's (CNS') peripheral division.A somatic nerve cell is responsible for controlling skeletal muscle. These muscles are therefore managed by conscious, or voluntary, thought. The somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous systems that is involved in the voluntary regulation of skeletal muscle movement.
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what makes up steroids? to what group of organic compounds do steroids belong? how are they used in animals?
Steroids are made from 4 fused carbon organic compounds rings, they are lipids, they are hormones in animals.
Steroids are synthetic versions of hormone-like substances that the body naturally produces. These steroid hormone medications are frequently created as pellets or "implants" that are inserted beneath the skin on the animal's ear's back. steroid is no need to remove the implants because they progressively organic compounds disintegrate under the skin. The treated animals' ears are not eaten as food for animals and are discarded at the time of slaughter. The group of biochemicals known as lipids includes steroids. They are organic compounds that are extremely soluble in nonpolar organic solvents but insoluble in water.
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Genes, Transcription and Translation - Quick revision sheet A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular p The order of the b_____ in a gene determines the order of the a __ in the protein. has a different Each gene contains a different sequence of b____. Therefore each p___ combination of amino acids. The amino acids in the protein f___ up to give each protein a different, specific function. E.g. enzymes (which are proteins) have a specific shape. A sequence of three bases in the DNA is called c____ protein. DNA contains f___ different bases (a_ they can combine to make 64 different codons. There are only 20 amino acids, so there is more than one codon coding for each amino acid. and codes for one a .,8_ t ___a____ in the and c_ _) so Some regions of DNA are n__- c___ .. They don't code for amino acids, but they are still involved in protein synthesis.
A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein. The order of the bases in a gene determines the order of the amino acids in the protein. Each gene contains a different sequence of bases. Therefore each protein has a different combination of amino acids. The amino acids in the protein fold up to give each protein a different, specific function. For example, enzymes (which are proteins) have a specific shape.
A sequence of three bases in the DNA is called a codon and codes for one amino acid. DNA contains four different bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) and they can combine to make 64 different codons. However, there are only 20 amino acids, so there is more than one codon coding for each amino acid.
Some regions of DNA are non-coding. They don't code for amino acids, but they are still involved in protein synthesis.
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suppose a certain poison kills human cells by blocking pores in the nuclear mem- brane. explain why it would or would not kill bacteria.
Suppose certain toxins kill human cells by blocking the pores in the nuclear membrane, it will not kill bacteria because bacteria do not have a nucleus and bacteria are prokaryotic (not membrane bound).
What are Bacteria?Bacteria are organisms that have a single cell, do not have a cell nucleus membrane (prokaryotes), and have a microscopic size meaning that a microscope is needed to be able to see them.
Bacterial cell structure is relatively simple when compared to other living things. Because bacteria do not have a cell nucleus, cell framework, and other organelles, for example mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Bacterial characteristics:
Small size.Consists of a single cell or unicellular.Do not have a nuclear membrane or prokaryotes.Body size is 0.1 – 1 micron in diameter and 1 – 20 microns in length.Can only be seen through a microscope.Live in colonies or solitary.Are cosmopolitan or broad-based.Benefits of Bacteria
The process of making antibiotics by the bacterium Streptomyces griseusAcetobacter bacteria produce acetic acidLactobacillus Casei bacteria play a role in the process of making dairy products.Acetobacter xylinum bacteria also play a role in the process of making nata de coco.
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which include fats, store energy that can be broken down to yield large amounts of energy.
Fats are a type of lipid that serve as energy stores and can be converted into enormous amounts of energy.
Ingested triglycerides begin to break down into shorter chain fatty acids and then into monoglyceride molecules in the colon thanks to pancreatic lipases, which break down lipids after they have been emulsified by bile salts.
When food enters the small intestine as chyme, intestinal cells in the intestinal mucosa release the digestive hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). The gallbladder constricts as a result of the pancreas releasing pancreatic lipase, which causes the stored bile salts to be released into the gut. CCK also travels to the brain, where it can act as an appetite suppressant.
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In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis.
muscle cells
fibroblasts
macrophages
dendritic cells
granulation cells
In a penetrating wound, fibroblasts divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis.
A fibroblast is a cell type that helps to build connective tissue, which is a fibrous cellular structure that supports and links other tissues or organs in the body. Fibroblasts release collagen proteins, which help tissues retain their structural framework.
Fibroblasts are spindle-shaped cells with an oval flat nucleus that are present in organ interstitial spaces. They live in very complex multicellular habitats in the lung, mainly near to the epithelium or endothelium. Because fibroblasts are formed from primitive mesenchyme, they express the filament protein vimentin, which serves as a hallmark of mesodermal origin. In rare situations, epithelial cells can create fibroblasts, a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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a neutral/silent mutation changes the codon cuu to cuc, which still codes for leucine. what characteristic allows more than one codon to encode the same amino acid?
The redundancy of the genetic code codes for leucine allows more than one codon to encode the same amino acid.
define mutation ?
A mutation is a permanent change in the genetic material (the genome) of a cell of a live creature or of a virus that may be passed on to the cell's or virus's progeny. (Organic genomes are all composed of DNA, whereas viral genomes can be composed of either DNA or RNA; see heredity: The Physical Basis of Heredity.) A mutation in the DNA of a body cell of a multicellular organism (somatic mutation) may be transmitted to descendant cells by DNA replication, resulting in a sector or patch of cells with abnormal function, an example being cancer.
The redundancy of the genetic code codes for leucine allows more than one codon to encode the same amino acid.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. __________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.
Gender Bias is the phenomenon that consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.
Gender Bias is the preference of a certain gender over the other. It is considered as a form of unconscious bias or implicit bias. For example, when considering the occupations like doctor or engineer, they are more relate with the males. While teaching is considered to be a profession for females.
Gender refers to the personal identity of an individual. Earlier there were majorly 2 defined genders: male and female. However, there are various other genders like Intersex, Trans, Non-Conforming, bigender, Cis-gender, Pangender, etc.
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Cell division. How and why does it happen? Cells can make exact copies through a process called mitosis. The parent cell undergoes DNA replication and makes a copy; same DNA, same chromosome number. Some simple organisms use mitosis as a method of asexual reproduction, but there is a disadvantage: no genetic variation. When organisms began undergoing sexual reproduction, there needed to be a way for parent cells to combine DNA in their offspring, hence facilitating genetic variation. Meiosis. In this process, DNA replication still takes place, but instead of two identical cells with the same DNA and chromosome number, four daughter cells are produced with half the chromosome number. We call these cells gametes. When gametes combine via fertilization, there is a new genetic combination and the chromosome number is restored.
Compare the two processes: mitosis and meiosis. Can you identify the the true statements about the two? (Choose 4)
Responses
A
There are four haploid daughter cells produced by meiosis. A mitosis produces four daughter cells that are diploid.
What are daughter cells?Daughter cells are defined as when a cell divides by mitosis, genetically identical cells are created. Genetically identical to both the original parent cell and the two daughter cells created during mitosis.
Mitosis comprises the division of body cells, as opposed to meiosis, which involves the division of sex cells. A cell divides twice during meiosis as opposed to just once during mitosis. Following mitosis and cytoplasmic division, two daughter cells are created, whereas four daughter cells are created after meiosis.
Thus, there are four haploid daughter cells produced by meiosis. A mitosis produces four daughter cells that are diploid.
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Your question is incomplete, but probably your complete question was
Cell division. How and why does it happen? Cells can make exact copies through a process called mitosis. The parent cell undergoes DNA replication and makes a copy; same DNA, same chromosome number. Some simple organisms use mitosis as a method of asexual reproduction, but there is a disadvantage: no genetic variation. When organisms began undergoing sexual reproduction, there needed to be a way for parent cells to combine DNA in their offspring, hence facilitating genetic variation. Meiosis. In this process, DNA replication still takes place, but instead of two identical cells with the same DNA and chromosome number, four daughter cells are produced with half the chromosome number. We call these cells gametes. When gametes combine via fertilization, there is a new genetic combination and the chromosome number is restored.
Compare the two processes: mitosis and meiosis. Can you identify the the true statements about the two? Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells. Mitosis results in four diploid daughter cells. In both processes, DNA replication must occur. During meiosis the 2N mother cells produces N daughter cells. Mitosis is responsible for genetic continuity; in higher organisms it is essential for growth and repair. In plants, egg and sperm are produced via mitosis.
all sensory information passes through which portion of the diencephalon before reaching the sensory cortex?
thalamus was the portion of sensory cortex that is responsible for passing all the sensory information through the diencephalon.
what is diencephalon ?
The diencephalon is a division of the forebrain (embryonic prosencephalon). It is located between the telencephalon and the midbrain . In ancient literature, the diencephalon was sometimes called as the 'tweenbrain. It is made up of components on each side of the third ventricle, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus.
The diencephalon is one of the primary vesicles of the brain that develops throughout embryogenesis. During the third week of development, a neural tube is formed from the ectoderm, one of the three basic germ layers. During the third week of development, the tube generates three major vesicles: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The prosencephalon progressively separates into the telencephalon and diencephalon.
The thalamus is the region of the sensory brain that is in charge of transferring all sensory information through the diencephalon.
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