A calcium ion will have a positive charge when it loses an electron. If it loses 2 electrons, the calcium ion will have 18 electrons and a 2+ charge.
In order to meet its octet rule on what would eventually become the new valence shell, the calcium atom, which currently has two valence electrons, must lose both of them. Consequently, it has a 2+ charge. Calcium contains 20 protons but only 18 electrons since it lost two electrons. As a result, calcium has a charge of 2+, making it a positive ion. With 20 protons and 20 electrons, a neutral calcium atom easily loses two electrons. A cation with 20 protons, 18 electrons, and a 2+ charge is the consequence of this. It is represented by the formula Ca2+ and has the same number of electrons as atoms of argon, the previous noble gas.
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How many moles of carbon dioxide can be produced when 3.05 moles of calcium carbonate are heated?
0.0305mol of carbon dioxide can be produced when 3.05 mole of calcium carbonate are heated.
What is carbon dioxide?Carbon dioxide is a chemically compound made up of molecules that each one have one carbon atomclick covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is founded in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is to the transparent to visible light of the but absorbs infra-red by radiation, acting as the greenhouse gas.
CaCO3 ---> CaO + CO2
Mass of CaCO3 mol = 40 + 12 + (16 x 3) = 100g/mol
Number of CaCO3 moles heated = 3.05/100 = 0.0305 mol
One CaCO3 mol produces 1 mol CO2
Therefore 0.0305mol of CO2 produced.
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solid aluminum nitrate is added to distilled water to produce a solution in which the concentration of nitrate is 0.15 m. what is the concentration of aluminum ion in this solution?
The concentration of aluminum ions in the solution is 0.15 M.
To determine the concentration of aluminum ions in the solution, you need to know the formula for aluminum nitrate and the number of moles of aluminum nitrate that were added to the water. The formula for aluminum nitrate is Al(NO3)3. This means that for every molecule of aluminum nitrate, there is one molecule of aluminum ions (Al3+).
If the concentration of nitrate in the solution is 0.15 M, that means that 0.15 moles of aluminum nitrate were added to every liter of water. Since there is one mole of aluminum ions for every mole of aluminum nitrate, the concentration of aluminum ions in the solution is also 0.15 M.
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What are the IUPAC names for Ascorbic Acid, Fructose, and Glucose?
Answer:
The IUPAC names for Ascorbic Acid, Fructose, and Glucose are L-ascorbic acid, D-fructose, and D-glucose, respectively.
Explanation:
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) names are standardized names used to identify chemical compounds. These names are based on the structure of the compound, and they provide a unique and unambiguous way to identify each compound.
The IUPAC name for Ascorbic Acid is L-ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is a compound with the chemical formula C6H8O6. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water. The "L" in the name indicates that the compound has a specific configuration of atoms, which is called the L-configuration.
The IUPAC name for Fructose is D-fructose. Fructose is a simple sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O6. It is a sweet-tasting substance that is commonly found in fruits and honey. The "D" in the name indicates that the compound has a specific configuration of atoms, which is called the D-configuration.
The IUPAC name for Glucose is D-glucose. Glucose is a simple sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O6. It is a sweet-tasting substance that is commonly found in plants and is an important source of energy for living organisms. The "D" in the name indicates that the compound has a specific configuration of atoms, which is called the D-configuration.
Answer:
The IUPAC name for ascorbic acid is 2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyfuran-3-one.
The IUPAC name for fructose is (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydrofuran-3-ulose.
The IUPAC name for glucose is (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydrofuran-3-ulose.
Where are most volcanoes located? (Use information from the map.) What is happening to the earth’s crust in these locations? Why might these locations be more conducive to volcanic activity?
Answer:
hope this helps!: Most volcanoes are found along a belt, called the “Ring of Fire” that encircles the Pacific Ocean. Some volcanoes, like those that form the Hawaiian Islands, occur in the interior of plates at areas called “hot spots.”
Explanation:
what I don't know?? lol!! hope u get a good grade and stuff :)
at the end of the glycolysis, in what molecule can one find some of the energy that was contained in the chemical bonds of glucose? select all that apply.
At the end of glycolysis, one can find energy contained in chemical bonds of glucose in ATP, NADH and pyruvate molecules.
The cytoplasm of a cell is where glycolysis takes place. It has two phases, which are the energy-requiring phase and the energy-releasing phase. The initial molecule, glucose, is first rearranged and two phosphate groups, which come from ATP, are attached to it in the energy-requiring phase. The sugar fructose-1,6-biphosphate is made up of phosphate groups. This separates into sugars with three carbons.
Whereas, the three carbon-sugars are transformed into three-carbon molecules during the energy release phase. Here, one of the NADH and pyruvate molecules is present together with two ATP molecules. Thus, the energy held in the chemical bonds of glucose can be found in ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
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the vapor pressure of water at 25oc is 25.2 mmhg. what is the vapor pressure of a glucose solution made by dissolving 18.0 g of c6h12o6 (180. g/mol) in 72.0 g of water (18.0 g/mol)?
The vapor pressure of the glucose solution at 25°C is 20.16 mmHg.
To answer this question, we need to use Raoult's Law. Raoult's Law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution.
In this case, the solvent is water and the solute is glucose. We can use the given information to calculate the mole fraction of water in the solution:
Mole fraction of water = (72.0 g H2O) / (72.0 g H2O + 18.0 g C6H12O6) = 0.8
We can then use Raoult's Law to calculate the vapor pressure of the glucose solution:
Vapor pressure of glucose solution = (Vapor pressure of pure water) * (Mole fraction of water in solution)
= (25.2 mmHg) * (0.8)
= 20.16 mmHg
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Which of the following reactions involves a single compound producing two or more simpler substances?answer choices- Synthesis reaction- Decomposition reaction- Combustion reaction- Double-replacement reaction
Reactions involves a single compound producing two or more simpler substances. The decomposition reaction is the right response.
Multiple products are created from a single reactant in a decomposition process. When a chemical and oxygen are combined, the result is a combustion reaction that produces oxides of other elements as a byproduct (although nitrogen atoms react to make N 2).
Decomposition reactions occur when complex chemical entities split apart into smaller components. Decomposition reactions often demand energy input. For instance, the thermal breakdown of potassium chlorate (KClO3) is a typical technique used in laboratories to generate oxygen gas.
When one reactant disintegrates into two or more products, the reaction is said to be in decomposition. This can be modelled by the all-inclusive formula AB = A + B. The conversion of water to hydrogen and oxygen and the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide are two examples of decomposition reactions.
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A person has a mass of 70.0 kg on Earth,
what would their mass be on the Moon,
which has 1/6 the gravity of Earth?
Answer:
11.67 lbs
Explanation:
what is the name of the process most commonly used to grow single crystal ingots of silicon for semiconductor processing?
The Czochralski method is the process most commonly used to grow single-crystal ingots of silicon for semiconductor processing.
The Czochralski method, also known as the Czochralski process or Czochralski technique, is a method of crystal growth employed to obtain single crystals of semiconductors such as silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide, metals such as palladium, silver, platinum, gold), salts and synthetic gemstones.
The most important application of this method may be the growth of large cylindrical ingots, or boules, of single-crystal silicon used in the electronics industry to make semiconductor devices like integrated circuits.
Czochralski's method is not limited to the production of metal or metalloid crystals. It is also employed in the production of very high-purity crystals of salts, also used in particle physics experiments, with tight controls on confounding metal ions and water absorbed during production.
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consider the following reaction: no+o3→no2+o2,rate=k[no][o3]
Therefore, the order of the reaction with respect to NO is 1, the order of the reaction with respect to [tex]O_3[/tex] is 1, and the total order of the reaction is 2.
[tex]NO + O_3 - > NO_2 + O_2[/tex] ,rate=k[NO][[tex]O_3[/tex]]
The rate of the reaction is given as rate=k[NO][[tex]O_3[/tex]] , where k is the rate constant and [NO] and [[tex]O_3[/tex]] represent the concentrations of NO and [tex]O_3[/tex], respectively.
The order of the reaction with respect to each element is determined by the power to which the concentration of that element appears in the rate expression. In this case, the concentration of NO appears to the first power and the concentration of appears to the first power, so the order of the reaction with respect to NO is 1 and the order of the reaction with respect to [tex]O_3[/tex] is 1.
The total order of the reaction is the sum of the orders of the reaction with respect to each element. In this case, the total order of the reaction is 1 + 1 = 2.
Therefore, the order of the reaction with respect to NO is 1, the order of the reaction with respect to [tex]O_3[/tex] is 1, and the total order of the reaction is 2.
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Complete question:
Consider the following reaction:
[tex]NO + O_3 - > NO_2 + O_2[/tex] ,rate=k[NO][[tex]O_3[/tex]]
what is order of reaction with respect to each element and total order of reaction?
explain why increasing crosslinking or degree of crystallinity of a polymer will enhance its resistance to swelling and dissolution
Because there are more links between surfaces, increasing crosslinking and crystallinity enhance resistance. Since crosslinking uses covalent bonds, it is the more efficient of the two.
Crystallinity rises with crosslinking, improving resistance to swelling. Atoms or molecules of the solute seep into the regions between the polymer chains. As a result, amorphous regions are more likely than crystalline parts to experience this process. A polymer's resistance to swelling is improved by increasing crystallinity since there is more intermolecular interaction between chains. Due to the comparatively strong covalent crosslinks created by increased crosslinking, interchain displacement is more resistant, which reduces swelling.
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if a 5.63- g sample of an isotope having a mass number of 124 decays at a rate of 0.300 ci , what is its half-life?
If an isotope with a mass number of 124 in a sample of 5.63 g decays at a rate of 0.300 ci, its half-life is 5.00*10^4years, as is described below.
Half-life is the length of time it takes for half of an unstable nucleus to go through its decay process. A radioactive element's half life decay time varies depending on the element. The entire number of protons and neutrons (collectively known as nucleons), which make up an atomic nucleus, is known as the mass number (symbol A, from the German word Atomgewicht [atomic weight]). It is roughly equivalent to the atomic mass of the atom, also known as its isotopic mass, given in atomic mass units.The response to the posed query is included below.
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In class one day, a student heard the teacher say that "like dissolves like." To test this theory, she performed the following
experiment:
Four 250 mL beakers containing 100 mL of water each were placed side by side on a table.
Then, she put 50 g sodium chloride, 50 g vegetable oil, 50 g sugar, and 50 g glycerin into the first, second, third, and fourth
beakers, respectively.
Finally, she stirred each beaker for exactly 2 minutes using a different stirring rod for each beaker.
Which of the following factors was the variable in her experiment?
A. the volume of the water
B. the quantities of the substances
C. the substances that were placed in the water
D.
the time that she stirred each beaker
Answer:
In this experiment, the variable is the substance that was placed in the water. The student performed the experiment with four different substances (sodium chloride, vegetable oil, sugar, and glycerin), and she measured the effect of each substance on the water. All other factors, such as the volume of the water and the time that she stirred each beaker, were kept constant. Therefore, the correct answer is option C: "the substances that were placed in the water."
three ways to obtain salts: from nonmetals, oxides and bases
To solve such this we must know the concept of acid base reaction. Therefore, in below given ways salt can be formed easily. Salt is formed by reaction between acid and base.
What is chemical reaction?Chemical reaction is a process in which two or more than two molecules collide in right orientation and energy to form a new chemical compound. The mass of the overall reaction should be conserved. There are so many types of chemical reaction reaction like combination reaction, double displacement reaction, acid base reaction.
In the following ways salts can be made using nonmetals, oxides and bases.
oxides of non metal + water [tex]\rightarrow[/tex] acid
acid +base [tex]\rightarrow[/tex] salt
Therefore, in above given ways salt can be formed easily.
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4.two isotopes of an element differ only in their: a)atomic number b)number of protons c)number of electrons d)number of atoms e)atomic mass
Two isotopes of the same element only have these differences: atomic mass
what is an Isotope?Isotopes are forms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons but differing numbers of neutrons. The various isotopes of an element have varying weights depending on the amount of neutrons present in each isotope.
Chemically speaking, an element's isotopes are nearly or completely identical. The chemical behaviours of several isotopes are quite similar. But each isotope has a unique set of physical characteristics, including as mass, melting or boiling temperature, density, and freezing point. Any isotope's physical characteristics are mostly influenced by its mass.
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the heats of fusion, melting points, and boiling points of the transition metals continue to increase going from left to right across the periodic table. group of answer choices true false
True, This occurs because as nuclear charge increases, losing electrons from an atom becomes more challenging.
The atom radius of an atom is the distance between its nucleus's centre and its outermost shell. As we transition from one era to another, the atomic size of a group grows as a result of the addition of shells. Over time, the number of shells stays constant as the nuclear charge rises, but the atomic size shrinks. As a result, electrons in the outermost shell are drawn toward the nucleus, causing the size to decrease.
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how long must a constant current of 50.0 a be passed through an electrolytic cell containing aqueous cu2 ions to produce 5.00 moles of copper metal?
We need 5.36 hours of constant current supply through the electrolytic cell containing aqueous copper ions.
What is an electrolytic cell ?
Among the different types of using current to power an electrolytic cell is the source of energy for any prospective growth across the cell where the redox chemical reaction takes place
Given:
Current (I) = 50 A
Quantity of electricity ( Q) = I x t
The half cell reaction can written as
Cu [tex]Cu^{2+} + 2e^{-1}[/tex] → [tex]Cu[/tex]
1 mole of copper is deposited by
9500 x 2 = 193000 coloumbs
1 mole of copper = 193000 coloumb
5 mole of copper = x
X = [tex]\frac{193000}{1}[/tex] x 5
= 965000C
putting the value of Q and I
965000 = 50 x t
1 hour = 3600 sec
t = 5.36 hours
thus we need 5.36 hours of constant current supply through the electrolytic cell.
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how must the electronegativities of two atoms compare if a covalent bond between them is to be polar
One atom must be much more electronegative than the other.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the propensity of an atom in a molecule to draw the shared pair of electrons toward itself.
Because it is merely a propensity, this attribute has no dimensions. It essentially represents the final consequence of atoms' propensities to attract electron pairs that form bonds in various elements. On several scales, we quantify electronegativity. Linus Pauling created the most widely used scale.
Factors Affecting Electronegativity
Because there will be less force of attraction between the electrons and the nucleus in a bigger atom, its electronegativity rating will be lower. Nuclear Charge: A greater nuclear charge value will result in a higher electronegativity value. Stronger electron attraction brought on by an increase in nuclear charge causes this to happen. Substituent Effect: The kind of substituent that is bound to an atom affects its electronegativity.To know more about Electronegativity, Check out:
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explain why the corrosion rate for a small anode-to-cathode area will be higher than for a large anode-to-cathode area
At the corrosion, these electrons are depleted. When the cathode region is larger and the anode is smaller, all of the liberated electrons at the anode are soon used up.
This approach accelerates corrosion by causing the anodic reaction to happen at its quickest rate feasible. A metal's susceptibility to corrosion is determined by the metal itself. Corrosion is more likely to occur in metals with lower reduction potential than in metals with higher reduction potential. If the pH is 3 or lower, considerable corrosion happens in the absence of air due to the continual evolution of H2 at the cathode. • However, metals like Al, Zn, and others quickly corrode in excessively alkaline environments. if the metal's anodic area is smaller.
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what is the freezing point of a solution prepared by adding 27.3 g of ethanol (c2h5oh) to 83.0 g of water? the molal freezing point depression constant for water is -1.86 oc/m.
The freezing point of the solution will be - 0.952 °C can be calculated by the molality of the solution.
Molality of the solution can be calculated as follows by :
Molality= Number of the moles of the solute / weight of the solvent in Kg
= 27.3 ×100/ 83.0 × 46.07
= 0.7m
Since the molar mass of the ethanol is 46.07g/mol
So by the formula,
The molal freezing point depression constant KF and the solute's molality, m, are used to calculate the freezing point depression, which is given by T = KFm. Rearranging results in the formula: mol solute = (m) x (kg solvent).
ΔTf = Kf ×Molality
=1.86×0.7
= 0.952
Thus, freezing point = 0−0.952
=−0.952
Hence the freezing point of the resulting solution is calculated .
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Two different atoms have six protons each and the same mass. However, one has a negative charge while the other has a positive charge. Describe what each atomic
structure could be, listing the possible number and location of all subatomic particles.
The atomic structure of the atoms would be ions with the positively charged ion having one extra electron and the negatively charged ion having one fewer electron.
Atomic structuresBoth atoms have 6 protons each. The first atom has a positive charge while the second atom has a negative charge.
In other words, the first atom has lost an electron in order to have a positive charge. Similarly, the second atom has gained an electron in order to have a negative charge.
This means that the atom with a positive charge originally has one extra electron while the one with a negative charge originally has one fewer electron.
For the two atoms, the protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus while the electrons are found outside the nucleus around the orbitals.
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What is the name of the model that represents the atom as a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud?
The name given to the model of the atom that repres the atom as a nucleus surrounded by electron cloud is Bohr's model of atom.
According to the Bohr's model item the positive charge of the atom is present in a small concentrated part called nucleus which is surrounded by the electrons.
According to Neil Bohr, the electrons revolve around the nucleus in a stationary circular orbit which do not changes the energy of the electron which describes the stability of the atom.
The stationery level of orbits was represented by the letters K, L, M, N,... respectively. This model of atom was applicable to the one electrons species like the Alpha particles and the hydrogen atoms.
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how does intensity of peaks change when atoms are inserted into the octahedral sites proble solution
Electronic Spectroscopy relies on the quantized nature of energy states, then there will be no intensity and no peak on the spectrum.
Electronic Spectroscopy
By measuring the kinetic energies of the electrons that are emitted when a chemical species is exposed to X-ray or ultraviolet radiation, a technique known as electron spectroscopy can be used to determine the energy with which electrons are bonded in chemical species. Because variations in atom configurations alter the amount of energy needed to release electrons, the data can be used to determine the structure's specifics.
Because Auger electrons and photoelectrons have relatively low energy, typically 20–2000 eV, chemical information can only be gleaned from the sample's topmost atomic layers (depth 10 nm or less).
The term "electron spectroscopy" describes a collection of methods that analyse the energy of released electrons like photoelectrons and Auger electrons. This category comprises Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (AES).From the surface of a test sample, these analytical procedures are utilised to detect and ascertain the elements and their electronic structures. Solids, gases, or liquids can all be samples.To know more about Electron Spectroscopy, Check out:
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What volume will 0.36 moles of carbon monoxide gas occupy at stp
Answer: 29.4L
Explanation:
n = m/mm
36.8g/28g/mol = 1.31mol
At STP, the molar volume is equal to 22.4L/mol, therefore, the volume that will be occupied by 36.8g carbon monoxide is:
Multiply 22.4 and 1.31,
Answer = 29.4L
At 1700 C, the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the following reaction is 4.10 x 10^-4.
N2 (g) + O2 (g) <=> 2NO (g)
What percentage of O2 will react to form NO if 0.867 mol of N2 and 0.867 mol of O2 are added to a 0.769-L container and allowed to come to equilibrium at 1700 C?
The percentage of O2 will react is 0.97%.
The rate of reaction at equilibrium is determined by the equilibrium constant (Kc) value; that is, the higher the Kc value, the more products are formed. Kc is calculated by taking the ratio of product and reactant concentrations at equilibrium.
The chemical equation is N2 (g)+O2 (g)⇋2NO (g)
The reaction's equilibrium constant is Kc = 4.10104.
The solution contains 0.867 mol of N2 and 0.867 mol of O2.
The container has a volume of V=0.769L.
The initial concentration of
N2 = 0.967/0.769 M = 1.13 M
O2 = 0.867/0.769 M = 1.3 M
For the table, refer image
Now we write this same reaction's equilibrium constant expression.
[tex]K_{c} = \frac{[NO]^{2} }{[N_{2} ] . [O_{2} ]} \\\\4.10 * 10^{-4} = \frac{(2y)^{2}}{(1.13 - y) . (1.13 - y)} \\\\1.277 - 2.26y + y^{2} = 9756y^{2} \\\\9755y^{2} + 2.26y - 1.277 = 0\\[/tex]
y = 0.011 M
So,
Now we know that the amount of O2 reacting is y = 0.011 M
and the percentage is 0.011/1.13 * 100%
= 0.97%
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If the molar enthalpy of combustion of propane is -2220 KJ/mol, Calculate the amount needed (in grams) to transfer 640 KJ into a pot of water.
Answer:
Explanation:
To solve this problem, we need to use the equation Q = mcΔT, where Q is the heat transfer, m is the mass of the water, c is the specific heat capacity of water, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
First, we need to determine the mass of water in the pot. Let's assume that the pot has a volume of 1 liter, or 1000 mL. Water has a density of 1 g/mL, so the mass of the water is 1000 g.
Next, we need to determine the change in temperature of the water. We know that the heat transfer is 640 KJ, and the specific heat capacity of water is 4.184 J/g°C. So, the change in temperature of the water is 640,000 J / (4.184 J/g°C * 1000 g) = 152.3°C.
Now, we can use the equation Q = mcΔT to solve for the mass of propane needed. We know that Q = 640,000 J, m = 1000 g, c = 4.184 J/g°C, and ΔT = 152.3°C. Plugging these values into the equation, we get 640,000 J = (1000 g)(4.184 J/g°C)(152.3°C). Solving for the mass of propane, we get m = 640,000 J / (4.184 J/g°C * 152.3°C) = 30.8 g.
So, the amount of propane needed to transfer 640 KJ of heat into the pot of water is 30.8 g.
Answer:
approximately 22 grams of propane to transfer 640 KJ of heat into a pot of water.
Explanation:
To determine the mass of propane needed to transfer 640 KJ of heat into a pot of water, you can use the following equation:
mass (g) = (heat transfer (J) / molar enthalpy of combustion (J/mol)) x molar mass (g/mol)
First, you need to convert the heat transfer value from KJ to J. To do this, multiply the value in KJ by 1000: 640 KJ * 1000 J/KJ = 640000 J
Next, you need to convert the molar enthalpy of combustion value from KJ/mol to J/mol. To do this, multiply the value in KJ/mol by 1000: -2220 KJ/mol * 1000 J/KJ = -2220000 J/mol
Finally, you can plug these values into the equation above to calculate the mass of propane needed:
[tex]mass (g) = (640000 J / -2220000 J/mol) x 44 g/mol = 22 g[/tex]
So, you would need approximately 22 grams of propane to transfer 640 KJ of heat into a pot of water.
c-14 (radiocarbon) is radioactive and decays into n-14 with a half-life of 5730 years. assume a rock starts with 1000 atoms of c-14. if the rock is 5730 years old, how many c-14 atoms should be left?
250 , C-14 atoms should be left, if the rock is 5730 years old. C-14 (radiocarbon) is radioactive and decays into n-14 with a half-life of 5730 years. assume a rock starts with 1000 atoms of C-14.
Radiation-emitting radiocarbon substances are referred to as radioactive . A radionuclide decays into a different atom known as a decay product. Until the atoms achieve a stable state and stop being radioactive, the radiocarbon continue to change into new decay products. C degrades through a process known as beta decay. One of the neutrons in the radiocarbon atom turns into a proton during this process, which results in the decay of a 14C atom into a 14N atom. By adding one more proton to the atom, this results in the formation of a nitrogen atom rather than a radiocarbon atom.
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Which type of monomer combines and forms nucleic acids?
OA. Amino acid
OB. Nucleotide
O C. Monosaccharide
D. Nitrogenous base
Answer:
B. Nucleotide
Explanation:
It combines and can form nucleic acids
Answer:
your answer would be b
Explanation:
DNA and RNA are made up of monomers known as nucleotides. The nucleotides combine with each other to form a nucleic acid, DNA or RNA. Each nucleotide is made up of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group
if a gasoline-powered vehicle requires primary energy of 3.7 mj/km from the combustion of gasoline (mostly octane) and emits 1.7 g/km of co, what percent of the carbon in the octane is not fully oxidized? the complete combustion of octane is
The percent of the carbon in the octane that is not fully oxidized is 3.8%. This is due to incomplete combustion of the octane, resulting in the production of carbon monoxide (CO) and other pollutants.
The combustion of octane is a highly exothermic reaction. For every three oxygen molecules (O2) that are consumed, eight carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) and eighteen water molecules (H2O) are produced. The theoretical energy output of the complete combustion of octane is 3.7 megajoules per kilometer (MJ/km).
However, due to incomplete combustion, not all of the octane is fully oxidized. Incomplete combustion of octane results in the formation of carbon monoxide (CO) and other pollutants. In a gasoline-powered vehicle, 1.7 grams per kilometer (g/km) of CO is often emitted due to incomplete combustion.
To determine the percent of the carbon in the octane that is not fully oxidized, we can use the following equation:
Percent Carbon Not Fully Oxidized = (CO emission rate (g/km) / Carbon content of octane (g/km)) x 100
In our example, the CO emission rate is 1.7 g/km and the carbon content of octane is 44.1 g/km. Thus, the percent of the carbon in the octane that is not fully oxidized is 3.8%. This means that 3.8% of the carbon in the octane is not being completely oxidized in the combustion process, resulting in the formation of CO and other pollutants.
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vanadium has a body-centered cubic unit cell. how many atoms of v are present in each unit cell?
The number of atoms of v are preset in each unit cell is 2.
This unit cell uses nine atoms, eight of which are corner atoms forming the cell and one further in the center of the cell. The corners contribute only one net atom and the center atom contributes another for a aggregate of two atoms.
In a BCC ( body centered cubic) unit cell, there's one atom fully contained within the unit cell at the chassis point in the center, and the chassis spots at each of the eight corners are also enthralled, but each of those is participated between eight neighboring unit cells.
So the total number of atoms for each unit cell is
= > 18/8
= > 2
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