What causes the electron groups around a central atom to similarly spread out as much as possible?

Entropy, the amount of thermal energy per unit temperature in a system that cannot be used for productive work.

Entropy is the measurement of the amount of thermal energy per unit of temperature in a system that cannot be used for productive work. Entropy is a measure of a system's molecular disorder or randomness because work is produced by ordered molecular motion. Entropy theory offers profound understanding of the direction of spontaneous change for many commonplace phenomena. A standout of 19th-century physics is its invention by the German physicist Rudolf Clausius in 1850. Entropy offers a mathematical way to express the intuitive understanding of which processes are impractical even though they wouldn't go against the fundamental principle of energy conservation.

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a glass vessel fitted with a stopcock has a mass of 337.428g when evacuated completely. when filled with ar, it has a mass of 339.854g. when evacuated and refilled with a mixture of ne and ar.  the mole fraction of ne in the mixture is 64,8%

You filled the first run with m = 339.854g - 337.428g = 2.426g of pure Argon. which is equivalent to N = m / M(Ar) = 2.426g / 39.948g/mol = 0.06073 mol. Assume the gas in the vessel behaves perfectly. The amount in the vessel is then given by: N = pV / (RT) and is independent of the type of gas. If you fill the vessel with the same mixture of N(Ne) moles of Neon and N(Ar) moles of Argon as in the first run, the total number of moles will be the same: N = 0.06073 mol N(Ne) + N(Ar) = N. The total mass of gas is calculated as: N(Ne) M(Ne) + N(Ar) M(Ar) = m', which is measured as: m' = 339.07g - 337.428g = 1.648g. Next, initiate the mole fraction of Neon x(Ne) = N(Ne)/N from the simple equation for the number of moles: N(Ar)/N = 1 - x(Ar) (Ne). Divide the mass equation by N to get: x(Ne) M(Ne) + (1-x(Ne)) M(Ar) = m'/N. As a result, the mole fraction of Neon is calculated as follows: x(Ne) = (M(Ar) - m'/N) = (M(Ar) - M(Ne)) = (39.948g/mol - 1.648g/0.0607mol) / (39.948g/mol - 20.1797g/mol) = 64,8%.

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Answer: The correct answer is 4.956 * 10^7.

Explanation:

For Electrostatic force,

Given qA =1.2 × 10∧-6 C (Since 1 micron = 10∧-6)

qB=0.92 ×10∧-6 C Since 1 micron = 10∧-6)

r = 4.8m

Electrostatic force = (K×qA×qB)÷r∧2 where K is Coulomb's constant or electrostatic constant =8.98755×10∧9

Therefore Electrostatic energy =(8.98755×10∧9×1.2×0.92×10∧-12)÷4.8∧2

                                                   =0.00043065 N ················ eq1

Now for Gravitational force,

mA=2Kg ,mB=1.5Kg ,r=4.8m,G is Gravitational constant =6.67408 × 10-11 N m2 kg-2

Gravitational force=(G×mA×mB)÷r∧-2

                               =(6.67408 × 10-11 ×2×1.5)÷4.8∧-2

                                 =0.869021875 ×10∧-11 N...............eq2

Ratio of electric and gravitational force between ‘A’ and ‘B’ = eq1÷eq2

                                                                                 =49555714.5785

Electrostatic force occurs due to interaction either between like charges that is either between positive-positive or negative negative charges or between unlike charges like positive-negative. Its strength  depends on the charges and the distance between the charges which decreases as the distance increases.

Gravitational  force occurs due to the fact every particle attracts each and every other particle in the universe. Its strength  depends on the mass  and the distance between the particles which decreases as the distance increases.

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There are approximately 0.975 phosphorus atoms in 0.325 moles of sodium tripolyphosphate.

A phosphorus atom is a type of atom that is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. It is one of the chemical elements and is represented by the symbol "P" on the periodic table. Phosphorus is a member of the nitrogen group and is a nonmetal. It is a highly reactive element and is found in several different forms, including white phosphorus, red phosphorus, and black phosphorus.

To calculate the number of phosphorus atoms in 0.325 moles of sodium tripolyphosphate, you need to know the formula for the compound. The formula for sodium tripolyphosphate is Na5P3O10.

Each molecule of sodium tripolyphosphate contains 3 phosphorus atoms. To find the number of phosphorus atoms in 0.325 moles of the compound, you need to multiply the number of phosphorus atoms per mole (3) by the number of moles you have (0.325).

The number of phosphorus atoms in 0.325 moles of sodium tripolyphosphate is:

3 phosphorus atoms/mole * 0.325 moles = 0.975 phosphorus atoms

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When phenol is prepared industrially in the process that involves the formation and oxidation of cumene, then industrially important by-product acetone is formed.

When oxidation of cumene takes place in the presence of air, cumene hydroperoxide is obtained. Phenols are obtained on further treatment of cumene hydroperoxide with dilute acid,  Acetone is produced as one of the by-products of this reaction.

The process of acidifying sodium salt results in phenol. A diazonium salt is created by reacting an aromatic primary amine with nitrous acid (NaNO2 + HCl) at 273-278 K. By heating diazonium salts in water or subjecting them to weak acids, phenols are produced as a byproduct.

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True statement of inorganic compounds are  Inorganic compounds lack long, complex chains of carbon atoms.

A material without both carbon and hydrogen is said to be an inorganic compound. Many inorganic substances, like water (H2O) and the hydrochloric acid (HCl) secreted by your stomach, do contain hydrogen atoms. In contrast, carbon atoms are only present in a small number of inorganic molecules. A chemical without a carbon-hydrogen bond is said to be inorganic. A chemical substance that does not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, or one that is not an organic complex, is known as an inorganic compound. Any substance in which two or more chemical elements (often those other than carbon) are mixed, almost invariably in precise proportions, is referred to as an inorganic compound. When carbon is bonded to hydrogen, a compound is categorized as organic.

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The molarity of the solution is 0.018 M.

For the calculation of molarity, we need to use the formula for molarity, put all values in the formula, and then complete the calculation.

formula of molarity= [tex]\frac{number of moles}{volume(L)}[/tex] M

volume of solution is 3800ml or 3.8L

number of moles= [tex]\frac{Given mass}{Molar Mass}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{4}{58.44}[/tex] = 0.06844

where given mass is the  mass of solute that are present in the solution

Molar mass is also defied as the sum of atomic masses of all atoms present in the molecule.

molarity = [tex]\frac{0.06844}{3.8}[/tex] = 0.018 M

Hence the molarity of solution is 0.018 M

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CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs take in infra-pink radiation and therefore are greenhouse gases which can exert a further radiative forcing that has a tendency to heat the climate.

HFCs are mighty greenhouse gases that may be masses to hundreds of instances stronger than carbon dioxide (CO2) in contributing to weather alternate in line with unit of mass. They do not virtually purpose any harm locally. So in contrast to particulate count or nitrogen oxides, they do not damage human beings uncovered to them and respiratory them in. What they do damage, however, is the ozone layer. HFCs are a greenhouse gas, and so emitting them contributes to global warming.

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An atom is a complicated configuration of negatively charged electrons grouped around a positively charged nucleus in certain shells. The majority of the atom's mass is concentrated in this nucleus.

In Thomson's "plum pudding" atom model, a positively charged "soup" was surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The majority of an atom is empty space, with a small, dense, positively-charged nucleus, as demonstrated by Rutherford's gold foil experiment. Rutherford postulated the nuclear model of the atom in light of these findings.

Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three fundamental building pieces that make up an atom in any element. In the grand scheme of things at the subatomic level, protons are positively charged particles while neutrons are uncharged particles.

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The major product formed when nitrobenzene is treated with br2 in the presence of AlBr3 and heat is m - Bromo nitrobenzene.

Nitrobenzene reacts with Br2 in the presence of AlBr3 to give m-Bromo nitrobenzene as the major product. The σ-complex formed by the attack of Br+ at the meta position is the least destabilized and the most stable among the three σ-complexes. Hence, the nitro group acts as meta directing group. It deactivates the ring.

This is an electrophilic substitution reaction. It takes place in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst is aluminum chloride. Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a functional group in a compound.

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When the definition of atomic mass, isotopes, and average atomic mass of an element are kept in mind, the average mass of the metal is 20. 2. Exactly how does atomic mass mean?

The atomic mass of an element is its average atomic mass given in number of atoms (amu, also known as daltons, D). The atomic mass of a particular element is its arithmetic mean across all of its isotopes.

What does atomic mass look like?

An average atomic value is a number that is the only mass of an isotope of carbon-12. The carbon-12 reference standard is used to represent the mass of any isotope of any element. For illustration, the weight of an atom of information as appropriate is 4.0026 amu.

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Hexane bc it is a hydrocarbon is the molecules would a flame ionization detector (fid) be sensitive to after separation on a gas chromatography column.

Separating mixture's constituent parts by chromatography is a method. The combination is dissolved in a material known as the mobile phase to start the process, which then transports it through a material known as the stationary phase.

Chromatography's goal is to distinguish between the various components of a mixture. Applications can be anything from a straightforward analysis of a compound's purity to a precise breakdown of its constituent parts.

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The atomic symbols of five of the elements that correspond to the standard abbreviations of five of the states of the United States are:

1. Ne (Nebraska)

2. Ar (Arizona)

3. K (Kansas)

4. In (Indiana)

5. Md (Maryland)

Neon (Ne) is a chemical element with atomic number 10. It is a noble gas that appears as a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. The abbreviation for the state of Nebraska is NE.

Argon (Ar) is a chemical element with atomic number 18. It is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable gas that is the most common noble gas in Earth's atmosphere. The abbreviation for the state of Arizona is AZ.

Potassium (K) is a chemical element with atomic number 19. It is a silvery-white metal that is very reactive in water. The abbreviation for the state of Kansas is KS.

Indium (In) is a chemical element with atomic number 49. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that is both malleable and ductile. The abbreviation for the state of Indiana IN.

Mendelevium (Md) is a chemical element with atomic number 101. It is a synthetic, radioactive element that occurs as a decay product of certain heavier elements. The abbreviation for the state of Maryland is MD.

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The gooey substance which made up of cornstarch and water is the oobleck. It gets it name from Dr. Seuss

Oobleck is a non-newtonian fluid. Oobleck is a suspension, or a substance that has both solid and fluid-like properties. These substances are categorized as non-Newtonian fluids as well. A Newtonian fluid, like water or gasoline, has a constant viscosity. A non-Newtonian fluid's viscosity changes, as you might expect. Examples include oobleck, ketchup, and silly putty.

In his law of viscosity, Sir Isaac Newton described Newtonian fluids. In conclusion, he discovered that Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity/flow and that changes in temperature or pressure only cause these fluids' flow behavior to vary. This kind of fluid is not affected by stress.

Water is a good example. Its viscosity is affected by temperature. It becomes a solid at 0 degrees Celsius and a gas at 100 degrees Celsius, but between those two points, it behaves normally and maintains a constant viscosity. Applying stress does not change the viscosity of water.

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The temperature of the water increased when the value of q(specific heat capacity) is negative.

The hydrogen bonding in water is the cause of its high specific heat capacity, which we can explain. The water molecules must shake in order for the numerous connected hydrogen bonds to raise the temperature of the liquid. Because there are so many hydrogen bonds, it takes more energy for the water molecules to break. Similarly to this, it takes some time for warm water to cool down. The temperature drops as heat escapes and the vibrational motion of water molecules slows. The warmth released balances the chilling impact of the heat loss from the liquid water.

The specific heat capacity (Cp) of a liquid at atmospheric pressure and temperature is roughly 4.2 J/g°C. This suggests that to increase 1 gramme of water by 1 degree Celcius, 4.2 joules of energy are required. Actually, this Cp number is rather high. The specific heat of liquid water, also known as the specific heat capacity of liquid water, is 1.9 J/g°C..

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1.5 moles of Al₂O₃ is produced from the reaction of 3.0 mol Al with 2.0 mol Fe₂O₃.

In chemistry, a mole, also spelled mol, is a standard scientific unit for measuring large amounts of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, or other specified particles.

The mole denotes a massive amount of units, 6.02214076 10²³. Since May 20, 2019, the General Conference on Weights and Measures has defined the mole as this number for the International System of Units (SI).

Previously, the mole was defined as the number of atoms found in 12 grammes of carbon-12 as determined experimentally. In honour of the Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro, the number of units in a mole is also known as Avogadro's number, or Avogadro's constant (1776–1856).

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As a result, the answer we have is 1.5 moles of l 203, and this is it. The reaction results in a significant quantity of al2o3.

What are chemical changes exactly?

The conversion of one or more chemicals, known as chemical components, into one or more new compounds, known as byproducts, is referred to as a reaction mechanism. Substances are composed of chemical elements or compounds.

How do chemical reactions happen?

When atoms' chemical bonds are established or ruptured, chemical processes take place. The materials that initiate a chemical reaction are termed as reactants, while the materials created as a result of the reaction are known as products.

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The picture given shows the weather of New England, because it shows the precipitation over a few days.

What is the difference between weather and climate?

Climate describes how the weather is in a certain location over a long period of time as opposed to weather, which refers to short-term changes in the atmosphere.

The average of the weather is the climate. As an illustration, you can anticipate snow in the Northeast in January or hot and muggy weather in the Southeast in July. Climate is this. Extreme values, such as record-breaking high temperatures or heavy rainfall, are also part of the climatic record.

The map only shows precipitations only for 2 days hence it is depicting the weather conditions.

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Part A : pH = 4.77 when a  solution is made by titrating 8.00 mmol (millimoles) of HA and 2.00 mmol of the strong base. Part B : pH = 9.15 if More strong base is added until the equivalence point is reached in solution of total volume 71.0mL.

Part A :

Ka value of 5.61 x 10 -6

pKa = -log Ka = 5.25

And the reaction:

HA + OH- = A- + H0

excess millimoles HA = 8.00 - 2.00 = 6.00

mmol A- formation = 2.00

pH = 5.25 + log 2.00/6.00

=5.25 + log 0.333

=4.77

Part B:

A- millimoles formed at the equivalence point = 8.00 => 8.00 x 10^-3 mol

[A-]= 8.00 x 10^-3 mol/ 0.0710 L=0.113 M

A- + H0 <=> HA + OH-

Kb = Kw/Ka = ​​1.0 x 10^-14 / 5.61 x 10^-6 = x^2/ 0.113-x

1.78*10^-9 = x^2/0.113-x

Due to the small value of Kb, we can write 0.113-x = 0.113.

1.78*10^-9 = x^2/0.113

X = 1.42*10^-5

x = [OH-] = 1.42 x 10^-5M

pOH = -log[OH-] = 4.85

and pH + pOH = 14

Therefore pH = 14-4.85

pH = 9.15

Equivalence point is the titration point where the amount of titrant added is just sufficient to completely neutralize the sample solution. At the equivalence point in an acid-base titration, moles of base = moles of acid, and the solution contains only salt and water. Diagram of equivalence points.

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There are various approaches to answering this question. The most typical method is to use the formula M1V1=M2V2 . the concentration of the diluted solution is 1.364 M

Make sure M is Molarity and V is Volume in Liters when entering this formula. To solve this issue, you must divide 24.8 mL  1,000 to obtain.0248 L. M1 denotes the given molarity (11.0M), and V1 denotes the given molarity's volume (.0248 L). V2 is the final volume of M2, the final molarity that we are looking for. This makes sense given that we increased the volume of the solution while maintaining the same number of moles in the concentration . Our solution should be less concentrated (have a smaller molarity) is 1.364 M

(11.0M) * (.0248 L) = (X) * (.2000 L)

(11.0M) * (.0248 L) / (.2000 L) = (X)

1.364 M = X

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Option (b) is correct. The molarity of the resulting solution is 0.652 M. This is calculated using the expression of ideal gas equation and molarity.

12.7 l of argon at 33°c and 735 torr are dissolved in enough water to give a final volume of 0.750l. so,

P = 735.0 torr

 = (735.0/760) atm.

 = 0.9671 atm.

V = 12.7 L

T = 33.0 o C

 = (33.0+273) K

 = 306 K

We can find the  number of moles using ideal gas equation. The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions. The ideal gas equation is,

         P * V = n*R*T

        0.9671 atm. * 12.7 L = n * 0.08206 atm. L/mole . K * 306 K

        n = 0.4891 mole

Now, we will calculate Molarity. Molarity or molar concentration is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, which can be calculated using the following equation,

Molarity = number of mole / final volume

 = 0.4891 mole / 0.750 L

 = 0.652 M

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Yes, a hydrogen atom in the ground state can absorb a photon of energy less than 13.6 ev.

The wavelength of the matter waves that make up an electron orbit around a nucleus is the same as the radius of the orbit. Any fractional number would not fit the circle of the electron orbit, but a whole number of wavelengths might. Atomic excitations, in which the electrons take in a photon to enter a higher energy state, are another process that an atom goes through. As a result, electrons' wavelength can shift, which also causes the electron's orbit to alter. The relationship between an electron's energy and wavelength is inverse. An electron in the ground state can therefore absorb a photon with energy equal to the energy difference between the ground state energy and excited state energy during atomic excitation.

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Radiative heat transfer through the glass is reduced by the silvering. The vacuum flask was created in 1892 by James Dewar.

Because of the vacuum between its double walls and the inner bottle's silver coating, heat cannot move through the inner bottle by convection. Conduction cannot transfer heat into or out of the flask due to the thickness of the glass walls.

Using using a vacuum area between the outer and inner vessels and a few heat-insulating supporters to support the inner container, it is possible to completely stop heat loss by this method.

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The mass of the products element  of a nuclear fusion reaction is more than  the mass of the original elements.

H2+H2= He

Nuclear fusion is the process by which light elements interact to create heavier elements (up to iron). Significant amounts of energy are released when interacting nuclei from low atomic number elements, like hydrogen (atomic number 1) or its isotopes deuterium and tritium, are involved. Thermonuclear weapons, also known as hydrogen bombs, were created in the decade immediately following World War II and were the first to use the vast energy potential of nuclear fusion. See nuclear weapon for a thorough history of this development. Meanwhile, there has been a significant push to harness nuclear fusion for the generation of power due to the potential peaceful applications of the process and the virtually infinite supply of fusion fuel on Earth.

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Alcohol is more soluble in water than ether. And CH4 is non polar. So, CH4 will be almost insoluble water.

CH3OH - most soluble

CH3-O-CH3 - second

CH4 - least soluble.

Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a specified amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is a characteristic property of a particular solute/solvent combination, and different substances have very different solubilities.

Solubility can be expressed in grams of solute in one liter of saturated solution. For example, the solubility in water at 25 oC is 12 g/L. Molar solubility is the number of moles of solute per liter of saturated solution. For example, 0.115 mol/L at 25 oC

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Answer:The rate law and the equilibrium constant are two ways to describe the relationship between the concentrations of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

The rate law is an equation that describes how the rate of a chemical reaction depends on the concentrations of the reactants. It is typically expressed in the form rate = k[A]^m[B]^n, where k is the rate constant, [A] and [B] are the concentrations of the reactants, and m and n are the exponents that describe how the rate of the reaction changes with the concentration of the reactants. The rate law can be used to predict how the rate of a reaction will change if the concentrations of the reactants are changed.

The equilibrium constant (K) is a value that describes the relative concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium, the point at which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. The equilibrium constant is typically expressed in the form K = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b, where [C] and [D] are the concentrations of the products and [A] and [B] are the concentrations of the reactants. The exponents a, b, c, and d are the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants and products in the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. The value of the equilibrium constant can be used to predict the direction in which a reaction will shift if the concentrations of the reactants and products are changed.

Explanation:

This is because their biosynthesis involves acetyl-CoA, a coenzyme with two carbon groups.

Due to the mechanism of synthesis, most fatty acids have an even number of carbons, but odd carbon chains can occur. The double bonds between carbons can produce even more diversity. Fatty acids are usually composed of two carbon molecules, so they have an even number of carbon atoms.

Fatty acids differ in the number of carbon atoms they contain and the number of carbon-carbon double bonds. Most fatty acids are unbranched and contain an even number of carbon atoms. Unsaturated fatty acids have a lower melting point than saturated fatty acids with the same number of carbon atoms.

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N-methylpiperidine and n,n-dimethylaniline (structures attached), and both are 3° amine.

According to the number of carbon atoms that are directly bonded to the nitrogen atom, amines can be divided into three categories: primary, secondary, and tertiary. A single carbon atom is linked to the nitrogen atom in primary amines. The nitrogen is bound to two carbons in secondary amines, while it is bonded to three carbons in tertiary amines. Secondary amines are found in organic compounds.

The molecule n,n,-dimethylaniline contains a benzene ring, followed by nitrogen that is linked to two CH3 groups. As a result, we can see that the element nitrogen is bonded to three different carbon atoms in each molecule. As a result, it is an amine of the third degree or it is a tertiary amine.

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The statement stating the inflammatory response involves chemical and physical barriers that help protect the body from harmful substances is true.

Our body has immune system to protect from unwanted substances and organisms that may harm our body. It involves different types of cells that are broadly categorised into myeloid and lymphoid immune cells. They utilise chemicals to impart protection to body.

Physical barrier is tears, skin, mucus that prevents the entry of harmful organisms into the body. The common symptoms we see on encountering the foreign substances are allergy, cough, fever, pain and other such signs.

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Answer: true

Explanation: edg

Every item in motion contains kinetic energy, which is equal to 1 / 2 mv 2, where m is the object's mass and v is its speed. The electromagnetics equation is (6 10 - 19 C).

Electron velocity (V) = 1/(mqv2) An electron's energy is 0 while it is infinitely far from the nucleus, but as it approaches closer, it is bounded from the nucleus and its energy changes to negative. Energy increases to a bigger negative value as the distance decreases because it is inversely proportional to equation. The speed of an electron in the ground state of a hydrogen atom is 1 137 times faster than the speed of light.

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The rate of the forward reaction increase with a decrease in the concentration of the product.

According to Le chatelier's principle, by increasing the rate of chemical reaction then the equilibrium of the reaction will shift towards the low concentration side. On decreasing the rate of reaction then the equilibrium of the reaction shifts towards the high-concentration side.

The effect on the rate of forward chemical reaction to the concentration of the product.

The rate of forward reaction will increase when the concentration of the product decreases. The rate of forward reaction will decrease when the concentration of the product will be increased.

The rate of the forward reaction is also affected by the concentration of the reactant. The rate of forward reaction will increase when the concentration of reactant will increase. The rate of forward reaction will decrease when the concentration of the reactant will decrease.

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