Answer:
C: 40.
Explanation:
To answer this question, we need to use the concept of heat transfer and the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another.
When two substances are in contact, heat can flow from one substance to another until they reach thermal equilibrium (i.e., they have the same temperature). In this case, Substance 1 loses 40 calories of heat, which means it gives off 40 calories of heat to Substance 2. Therefore, Substance 2 will gain 40 calories of heat to reach thermal equilibrium.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: 40.
Nitric acid is commercially available at a concentration of 15.9 M. What volume of this solution must be diluted to a final volume of 1.00 L to prepare a 4.00 M solution?
i need help pleaseee!!!
The number of atoms of each element is now the same on both sides, so the equation is balanced.
On both sides of the equation, are there the same number of atoms for each element?Nothing can be created or destroyed, according to the conservation of matter principle. The quantity of each element's atom in the reactants and the quantity of that same element in the products must match in chemical equations.
When are two atoms equal?As soon as atoms distribute their electrons uniformly, a nonpolar covalent bond is formed. Normally, this happens when two atoms have comparable or identical electron affinities. The greater the attraction, the closer the values of their electron affinities are. This happens in gas molecules, also referred to as diatomic substances.
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Do you think there would be any difference in conductivity between a solution, a solution 10x more concentrated, and a solution 10x less concentrated?
Diluting a solution increases the amount of ions in the solution and gives them more room to move about, which increases the mobility of the ions and raises the molar conductivity in the solution at the same time.
What is a remedy?A solute dissolving agent, used to create homogenous mixtures. To create a homogenous mixture, a solute must dissolve in a solvent.Although solutions of both solids and gases are possible, the term "solution" is most frequently used to refer to the liquid condition of matter.
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you found ΔTb = 5.3 C in the last stp. Use this an the information below to find the boiling pint of the solution(BP solutions)
To solve molality use the following equation: ΔTb = Kb x molality.
How to solve molality?Molality (m) is a measure of the concentration of a solution and is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. To calculate molality, follow these steps:
Determine the mass of the solvent (in kilograms) used to make the solution. This can be measured directly or calculated from the volume and density of the solvent.Determine the number of moles of solute present in the solution. This can be calculated by dividing the mass of solute by its molar mass.Divide the number of moles of solute by the mass of the solvent (in kilograms). This gives the molality of the solution in units of moles per kilogram (mol/kg).To find the boiling point of the solution (BP solutions), the boiling point elevation constant (Kb) of the solvent and the molality of the solution. With these values, we can use the following equation:
ΔTb = Kb x molality
where ΔTb is the boiling point elevation, Kb is the boiling point elevation constant of the solvent, and molality is the molal concentration of the solution.
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What mass in grams of tin would be required to completely react with 1.20 L of 0.750 M HBr in the following chemical reaction?
Sn(s) + 4 HBr(aq) → SnBr₄ (aq) + 2 H₂ (g)
26.71 g mass of tin would be required to completely react with 1.20 L of 0.750 M HBr.
What is mass ?
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object or substance. It is often expressed in units of grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Mass is a fundamental property of matter and is different from weight, which is the force exerted on an object by gravity and varies depending on the object's location. Mass can be measured using a balance or scale, and is an important factor in many chemical calculations and experiments, such as determining the amount of reactants needed for a reaction or the concentration of a solution.
First, we need to determine the number of moles of HBr in the solution:
moles of HBr = Molarity x Volume
moles of HBr = 0.750 mol/L x 1.20 L
moles of HBr = 0.900 mol
According to the balanced chemical equation, 1 mole of Sn reacts with 4 moles of HBr to produce 1 mole of SnBr₄. Therefore, the number of moles of Sn required can be calculated as:
moles of Sn = (moles of HBr) / 4
moles of Sn = 0.900 mol / 4
moles of Sn = 0.225 mol
The molar mass of Sn is 118.71 g/mol, so the mass of Sn required can be calculated as:
mass of Sn = moles of Sn x molar mass of Sn
mass of Sn = 0.225 mol x 118.71 g/mol
mass of Sn = 26.71 g
Therefore, 26.71 g of tin would be required to completely react with 1.20 L of 0.750 M HBr.
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Complete question is: 26.71 g mass in grams of tin would be required to completely react with 1.20 L of 0.750 M HBr in the chemical reaction. Sn(s) + 4 HBr(aq) → SnBr₄ (aq) + 2 H₂ (g)
Question 9 of 10
Which of the following is an example of a Brønsted-Lowry acid?
OA. NH4+
OB. F
OC. BF3
OD. NH3
SUBMIT
The correct answer is option A, [tex]NH_{4}^{+}[/tex] which is an example of a Brønsted-Lowry acid.
Brønsted-Lowry acid:
According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory, an acid is a substance that donates a proton ([tex]H^{+}[/tex]), while a base is a substance that accepts a proton.
[tex]NH_{4}^{+}[/tex]can act as an acid because it can donate a proton to a base. In this case, [tex]NH_{4}^{+}[/tex]can donate a proton to a water molecule, forming [tex]NH_{3}[/tex] an H3O+. Therefore, [tex]NH_{4}^{+}[/tex]is an example of a Brønsted-Lowry acid.
Option B, F, is a Brønsted-Lowry base because it can accept a proton to form HF. Option C, [tex]BF_{3}[/tex], is not an acid or a base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory because it does not contain any hydrogen atoms that can donate protons. Option D, [tex]NH_{3}[/tex], is a Brønsted-Lowry base because it can accept a proton to form [tex]NH_{4}^{+}[/tex].
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Complete question is: [tex]NH_{4}^{+}[/tex] is an example of a Brønsted-Lowry acid.
which three (3) patterns are true regards to seasons on earth
Three patterns that are true regarding seasons on Earth are: 1. Seasons are caused by the tilt of Earth's axis. 2. Seasons are opposite in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 3. Seasons are characterized by changes in temperature and weather patterns.
As Earth orbits around the sun, different parts of the planet receive varying amounts of sunlight depending on their angle to the sun.
When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
For example, summer is typically associated with warm temperatures, longer days, and increased humidity, while winter is associated with colder temperatures, shorter days, and often snow or rain.
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The average kinetic energy of particles is affected by both the mass of the particles and
how fast they move. While mass plays an important role, how fast the particles move
affects the energy much more. Temperature reflects the amount of kinetic energy a
sample's particles has.
Which of the following has the least thermal energy?
20 g of metal at 70°C
10 g of metal at 70°C
20 g of metal at 10°C
10 g of metal at 10°C
Answer:
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. Therefore, the substance with the least thermal energy would be the one with the lowest temperature and the lowest mass.
Using this information, we can see that the substance with the least thermal energy is 10 g of metal at 10°C. This is because it has both a lower temperature and a lower mass than the other substances listed. The other substances have a higher temperature and/or a higher mass, which means they have more kinetic energy and therefore more thermal energy.
When lead (II) nitrate reacts with sodium iodide, sodium
nitrate and lead (II) iodide are formed. If you start with 25.0
grams of lead (II) nitrate and 15.0 grams of sodium iodide, how
many grams of sodium nitrate can be formed?
Answer:
20.44 grams of sodium nitrate can be formed
Explanation:
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between lead (II) nitrate and sodium iodide is:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaI → 2NaNO3 + PbI2
Calculate the mass of the white solid calcium carbonate that forms with 25.0L of a 0.100 M calcium nitrate solution mixed with 20.0 mL of a 0.15M sodium carbonate solution.
Answer:
The mass of the white solid calcium carbonate that forms is 0.300 g.
Explanation:
To calculate the mass of the white solid calcium carbonate that forms, we first need to determine the limiting reagent in the reaction between calcium nitrate and sodium carbonate. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
From the equation, we can see that one mole of calcium nitrate reacts with one mole of sodium carbonate to produce one mole of calcium carbonate. Therefore, the limiting reagent is the one that produces the least amount of calcium carbonate.
To determine the limiting reagent, we need to calculate the moles of calcium nitrate and sodium carbonate used in the reaction:
Moles of calcium nitrate = volume of solution (L) x concentration (mol/L) = 25.0 L x 0.100 mol/L = 2.50 mol
Moles of sodium carbonate = volume of solution (L) x concentration (mol/L) = 0.0200 L x 0.150 mol/L = 0.00300 mol
Since the moles of sodium carbonate are much smaller than the moles of calcium nitrate, sodium carbonate is the limiting reagent.
The balanced chemical equation tells us that one mole of calcium carbonate is produced for every mole of sodium carbonate used. Therefore, the moles of calcium carbonate produced are also equal to 0.00300 mol.
Finally, we can calculate the mass of calcium carbonate produced using the molar mass of calcium carbonate:
Mass = moles x molar mass = 0.00300 mol x 100.1 g/mol = 0.300 g
Therefore, the mass of the white solid calcium carbonate that forms is 0.300 g.
CHEMISTRY IN INDUSTRY, HEALTH, FOOD, LIFE, and the ENVIRONMENT
This assignment gives us an opportunity for us to engage and continue to dialogue with one another. We will explore the role of chemistry in our everyday life, as it pertains to industry, health, and the environment. Chemistry can help us to understand, monitor, protect, and improve the environment around us. Chemists use analytical tools and techniques to assess and measure air and water pollution due to environmental chemicals. This has helped to build the evidence that shows how our climate has changed over time. In drug and food development chemistry has a major cornerstone to foster the treatment of illnesses and wellness and to foster the availability of food.
Have a look at the following two Figures attached and use the periodic table of elements and natures in addition to your own research and reflect on how you see the chemistry and its application. Your task, select an aspect that is of interest to you and write a short reflection on how you currently perceive chemistry,
Food, clothing, shelter, health, energy, and clean air, water, and soil are all dependent on chemistry. Chemical technologies improve our quality of life in a variety of ways by solving problems in health, materials, and energy utilization.
Chemistry in everyday lifeChemistry is important in the development of technological solutions. Chemists contribute to lower transportation emissions in a variety of ways, from generating cleaner fuels (such as low sulfur fuels) to enhancing engine efficiency.Environmental chemistry examples include: Counting the amount of pollutants in a sample of water or soil. Using chemistry knowledge to offer alternative ecologically acceptable compounds for usage in products. Creating chemicals with functionalities that replace poisons.For more information on chemistry in everyday life kindly visit to
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A-scientist has a 2.5 g-sample of radium-226: How many grams of the sample will decay.in-800
-years if the half-life is 1600-years?
The mass (in grams) of the sample that will decay in 800 years, given that the half-life is 1600-years is 0.78 g
How do i determine the amount that will decay in 800 years?We shall begin our calculation by obtaining the number of half lives that has elapsed after 800 years. Details below:
Half-life (t½) = 1600 yearsTime (t) = 800 yearsNumber of half-lives (n) =?n = t / t½
n = 800 / 1600
n = 0.5
Next, we shall determine the amount remaining after 800 years. Details below:
Original percentage (N₀) = 2.5 gNumber of half-lives (n) = 0.5Amount remaining (N) = ?N = N₀ / 2ⁿ
N = 2.5 / 2^0.5
N = 1.77 g
Finally, we shall obtain the mass of the sample that has decayed in 800 years. Details below:
Original amount (N₀) = 2.5 gAmount remaining (N) = 1.77 gMass that decay =?Mass that decay = N₀ - N
Mass that decay = 2.5 - 1.77
Mass that decay = 0.78 g
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If you have 155 mL solution of a 0.762 mL solution of a 0.762 M FeCl3 solution, how many grams of FeCl3 are contained in this sample?
Determine the boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving 119 g ethanol (CH3CH2OH) in 425 g water.
In the alkene, when treated with HCl, it shows an increase in weight of 52.14%. what is the molecular formula of alkene?
Answer:
CnH2n
Explanation:
Alkenes are either branched or unbranched hydrocarbons with at least one carbon–carbon double bond (CC) and have a general formula of CnH2n.
Calculate the number of molecules of Freon-12 in 4.75 mg of Freon-12. What is the mass of chlorine in 4.75 mg of Freon-12?
The mass of chlorine in 4.75 mg of Freon-12 is approximately 1.39 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex]g.
What is Mass?
Mass is a fundamental property of matter that measures the amount of substance or material present in an object. It is a scalar quantity and is typically measured in units such as grams (g) or kilograms (kg) in the metric system, or pounds (lb) or ounces (oz) in the imperial system.
Freon-12, also known as dichlorodifluoromethane, is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compound that was used as a refrigerant and propellant in aerosol products. Its chemical formula is CCl2F2.
The atomic masses of carbon (C), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F) are approximately 12.01 g/mol, 35.45 g/mol, and 18.998 g/mol, respectively.
The molar mass of Freon-12 (CCl2F2) is:
Molar mass of Freon-12 = 12.01 g/mol (C) + 2 x 35.45 g/mol (Cl) + 2 x 18.998 g/mol (F)
= 120.91 g/mol
Next, we use the formula:
moles = mass / molar mass
to calculate the number of moles of Freon-12 in 4.75 mg:
moles of Freon-12 = 4.75 mg / 120.91 g/mol
= 3.92 x 10^-5 mol
Finally, we use Avogadro's number to calculate the number of molecules of Freon-12:
Number of molecules = moles of Freon-12 x Avogadro's number
= 3.92 x[tex]10^{-5}[/tex] mol x 6.022 x[tex]10^{23[/tex] molecules/mol
= 2.35 x [tex]10^{19}[/tex] molecules
To calculate the mass of chlorine in 4.75 mg of Freon-12, we can use the molar mass of chlorine (Cl) and the moles of Freon-12 calculated above.
The molar mass of chlorine (Cl) is 35.45 g/mol.
Mass of chlorine in Freon-12 = moles of Freon-12 x molar mass of chlorine
= 3.92 x [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] mol x 35.45 g/mol
= 1.39 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] g
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Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + 2H2O
Go out to 3 decimal places for all values except 0.
In this reaction, 48.5 g of Ca(OH)2 and 32.8 g of HCl:
1) Determine how many moles of each reactant are present at the beginning of the reaction.
2) Convert one of the reactants into moles of the other reactant to determine whether or not it is the limiting reactant.
3) Convert moles of the excess reactant into moles of the product.
Moles of HCL present in the reaction is 0.899 moles
What is moles?The mole is the unit of substance that is equal to the number of atoms in 0.012 kilogrammes of carbon 12 and is represented by the sign "mol".
What is reaction?chemical reaction, the transformation of one or more chemicals (the reactants) into one or more distinct compounds (the products). Chemical elements or chemical compounds make up substances. In a chemical reaction, the atoms that make up the reactants are rearranged to produce various products.
Use the following formula to calculate the moles of each reactant present at the start of the reaction:
Molar mass divided by mass equals a mole.
The molar mass of HCl is 36.461 g/mol (1.008 g/mol for H and 35.453 g/mol for Cl), while the molar mass of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] is 74.093 g/mol (40.078 g/mol for Ca, plus 215.999 g/mol for O and 21.008 g/mol for H).
Consequently, the amount of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] in the starting moles of the reaction is:
[tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] moles are equal to 48.5 g / 74.093 g/mol, or 0.654 moles.
At the start of the reaction, there are: moles of HCl present.
32.8 g of HCl divided by 36.461 g/mol yields 0.899 moles.
Since we have only 0.899 moles of HCl present, it is the limiting reactant. This means that all of the [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] will react, and some of the HCl will be left over.
To convert this to grams, we use the formula:
mass = moles x molar mass
The molar mass of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] is 110.984 g/mol (40.078 g/mol for Ca and 2*35.453 g/mol for Cl).
Therefore, the mass of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] produced is:
mass of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] = 0.654 moles x 110.984 g/mol = 72.6 g
So, 48.5 g of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] and 32.8 g of HCl will produce 72.6 g of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] and 2 moles of [tex]H_2O[/tex].
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A sodium ion Na+ with a charge of 1.6x10^-19 and a chloride ion Cl- with a charge of -1.6x10^-19 are separated by a distance of 4.95 Nm . How much work would be required to increase the separation of the two ions to an infinite distance?
Answer: , the work required to separate the two ions to an infinite distance is 4.63 x 10^-19 J.
Explanation: One can determine the potential energy of two point charges by utilizing the specified equation:
The value of U is directly proportional to the product of q1 and q2, and inversely proportional to the distance between them (r), where k is a constant factor.
The potential energy denoted by U is determined by the Coulomb constant, k, which has a value of 9 x 10^9 Nm^2/C^2. The calculation of U involves the charges of two particles, q1 and q2, as well as the distance between them, denoted by r.
We have an instance where a sodium ion (Na+) has a charge of 1.6x10^-19 C, and a chloride ion (Cl-) has a charge of -1.6x10^-19 C, positioned 4.95 Nm apart from each other.
Once we insert the given numbers, the result obtained is:
The expression for U can be obtained by utilizing the equation U = (kQq)/r, with k being the Coulomb's constant equal to 9 x 10^9 Nm^2/C^2, Q and q representing the electric charges of -1.6x10^-19 C and -1.6x10^-19 C, respectively, and r being the distance between the charges of 4.95 Nm.
The value of U is negative 4.63 times 10 to the power of negative 19 Joules.
It is important to observe that the negative symbol signifies the negativity of the potential energy, implying that effort must be exerted in order to disassociate the two ions.
1AgNO3+1NaBr->1AgBr+1NaNo3
If 15.0g silver nitrite is reacted with excess sodium bromide, how many moles of silver bromide will form?
0.0882 moles of silver bromide (AgBr) will form.
calculating the number of moles of silver nitrate (AgNO₃) used in the reaction:
moles of AgNO₃ = mass / molar mass
The molar mass of AgNO₃ is:
AgNO₃: 107.87 + 14.01 + 3(16.00) = 169.87 g/mol
So, the number of moles of AgNO₃ used is:
moles of AgNO₃ = 15.0 g / 169.87 g/mol = 0.0882 mol
Since the reaction occurs in a 1:1 ratio of AgNO₃ to AgBr, the number of moles of AgBr produced will also be 0.0882 mol.
Therefore, 0.0882 moles of silver bromide (AgBr) will form.
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If both compounds are strong electrolytes, which compound would have the higher conductivity
Show a greater conductivity than the covalent compound. This is because of the existence of strong electrostatic forces between the ions of the ionic compounds.
What are the forces ?A force is an external agent capable of changing a body's state of rest or motion. It has a magnitude and a direction.A force is not something that an object contains or 'has in it'. A force is exerted on one object by another. The idea of a force is not limited to living things or non-living things.
What are ions ?it is formed by the loss or gain of an electron by an atom. Ions are of two types: cations and anions. For example, A sodium ion (Na+ ) is formed when a sodium atom loses one electron.
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Predict which of the following reactions has a positive change in entropy.
l. 2N2(g) + O2(g) → 2N2O(g)
II. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
III. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Several factors can dictate entropy in an equation.
These include:
1. Phase changes
⇒ When a solid turns to a liquid, the entropy increases as the particles have more freedom to move around and thus have a greater ability for 'disorder'. Same goes for a liquid turning to a gas. In a gas, the intermolecular forces are much weaker than that of a solid or liquid, allowing the particles more freedom.
So, going from a solid to liquid to gas increases entropy, and going the other way, from gas to liquid to solid, decreases entropy.
Example:
H₂O(l) -> H₂O(g)
This will have a positive entropy change, as the water molecules are becoming gaseous and thus have more freedom.
2. Dissolution
⇒ Similarly, breaking up particles of a solute when dissolving in a solvent will increase entropy as the particles are no longer bound together.
So, dissolving a solute will increase entropy.
Example:
NaCl(s) -> NaCl(aq)
This will have a positive entropy change, as the NaCl particles are more free after being separated.
3. Number of products and reactants
⇒ Generally, if you have more moles of products than reactants, if they are the same phase then entropy will increase. Note this is not necessarily true if you form a gas from two non-gas reactants, as the gas will still have more entropy.
4. Temperature
⇒ Increasing temperature will increase entropy as the particles have more kinetic energy and are then moving faster.
-------------------------------------------
l. 2N2(g) + O2(g) → 2N2O(g)
3 moles of gas are forming 2 moles of gas. The phase of products and reactants are the same, so since we have less moles of product than reactant, entropy will be negative.
II. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
1 mole of solid is forming 1 mole of solid and 1 mole of gas. There is a phase change from solid to gas, and there are more moles of product than reactant, entropy will be positive.
III. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
While 3 moles of reactant are forming only 2 moles product, we are forming a gas from non-gaseous reactants, so entropy will be positive regardless.
The space probe Pioneer 11 was launched on April 5, 1973, and reached Jupiter in December 1974, traveling a distance of 998 million km. How long did it take an electromagnetic signal to travel to Earth from Pioneer 11 when it was near Jupiter?
It took Approximately 52 minutes and 40 seconds for an electromagnetic signal to travel to Earth from Pioneer 11 when it was near Jupiter.
The speed of light, which is the speed at which an electromagnetic signal travels in a vacuum, is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second.
To find out how long it takes for an electromagnetic signal to travel from Pioneer 11 to Earth when it was near Jupiter, we can use the formula:
time = distance / speedThe distance between Pioneer 11 and Earth when it was near Jupiter is approximately 998 million km, or 998,000,000 km.
Converting this distance to meters, we get:
998,000,000 km = 998,000,000,000 metersDividing the distance by the speed of light, we get:
time = 998,000,000,000 / 299,792,458time = 3,330.7249 secondsConverting this time to minutes and seconds, we get:
time = 55 minutes and 30.7249 secondsRounding to the nearest minute and second, we get:
time ≈ 52 minutes and 40 secondsTherefore, it took approximately 52 minutes and 40 seconds for an electromagnetic signal to travel from Pioneer 11 to Earth when it was near Jupiter.
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For a particular redox reaction, NO−2 is oxidized to NO−3 and Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+. Complete and balance the equation for this reaction in basic solution. Phases are optional.
The balanced equation for the given redox reaction in basic solution is:
NO2^- + Fe3+ + H2O → NO3^- + Fe2+ + OH^-
What is the redox reaction?Here, NO2^- is oxidized to NO3^-, which means it loses electrons and undergoes an oxidation reaction. Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+, which means it gains electrons and undergoes a reduction reaction.
To balance the equation in basic solution, we first balance the atoms that are not hydrogen or oxygen. We start with the Fe3+ ion, which is reduced to Fe2+. To balance the iron atoms, we add one electron to the left side of the equation:
Fe3+ + e^- → Fe2+
Next, we balance the nitrogen and oxygen atoms in NO2^- and NO3^- by adding H2O and OH^- to the appropriate sides of the equation:
NO2^- + H2O → NO3^- + OH^-
Finally, we balance the electrons by multiplying the Fe3+ reduction half-reaction by 2, and adding it to the oxidation half-reaction for NO2^-:
2Fe3+ + 2e^- → 2Fe2+
NO2^- + 2Fe3+ + 2H2O → NO3^- + 2Fe2+ + 2OH^-
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Which element on the transition metal has the highest tendency to gain.
Elements on the transition metal has the highest tendency to gain are chromium and manganese.
Transition metals typically have the ability to lose electrons to form positive ions, rather than to gain electrons to form negative ions. However, some transition metals can gain electrons under certain conditions.
The tendency to gain electrons (electron affinity) generally increases across a period from left to right on the periodic table, and decreases down a group from top to bottom.
Among the transition metals, the element with the highest electron affinity is usually considered to be either chromium [Cr] or manganese [Mn]. Both of these elements have a relatively high electron affinity due to their electronic configurations and the proximity of their valence electrons to the nucleus.
However, it is important to note that electron affinity values can vary depending on the specific experimental conditions used to measure them.
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The elements on the transition metal that have the highest tendency to gain are chromium and manganese.
Usually, transition metals form positive ions by losing electrons rather than gaining electrons to form negative ions. However, under certain conditions, some transition metals can gain electrons. The tendency to gain electrons is known as electron affinity.
This tendency generally increases as we go across a period from left to right in our periodic table and decreases while going down the group from top to bottom.
The element with the highest electron affinity, among the transition metals, is usually considered to be either manganese [Mn] or chromium [Cr]. Both of them have a relatively high electron affinity because of their electronic configurations and the proximity of their valence electrons to the nucleus.
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Consider this unbalanced equation: Pb + HCI -> PbCl2 + H₂
a. If we allow 30g of Hydrogen gas to form (H2), how many moles of HCI were
needed?
b. What if we allowed 9.2 moles of PbCl₂ to form. How many grams of HCI were
needed?
a) Moles of HCI that were needed is 14.88 mol ; b) Grams of HCI that were needed is 670.14 g.
What is meant by balanced equation?Equation where number of atoms of each element in the reactant is equal to the number of atoms of the same element in the products is called as the balanced equation.
a.) 30 g / 2.016 g/mol = 14.88 mol of H₂
From the balanced equation, we can see that one mole of H₂ is produced for every mole of HCl consumed. Therefore, the number of moles of HCl needed is also 14.88 mol.
b.) 2 moles of HCl are consumed for every mole of PbCl₂ produced
So, the number of moles of HCl needed to produce 9.2 moles of PbCl₂ is:
9.2 mol PbCl₂ × 2 mol HCl/mol PbCl₂ = 18.4 mol HCl
18.4 mol × 36.46 g/mol = 670.14 g of HCl
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Use the kinetic-molecular theory to explain each observation given.
a. Wax melts near the flame of a burning candle.
b. Liquid water may be converted into ice cubes in a freezer.
c. Ginger ale flows to match the shape of a glass.
d. Water gradually evaporates from a swimming pool.
e. Water vapor condenses inside house windows on cold days.
f. Snow gradually disappears, even when the tem- perature remains below freezing. g. Solids and liquids cannot be compressed as much as gases.
a. Wax melts near the flame of a burning candle because the kinetic-molecular theory states that the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move. Since the flame of a burning candle is hot, the wax molecules move faster, allowing them to take up more space and eventually melt.
What is kinetic-molecular theory?The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the following five fundamental principles:
A gas's average molecular lengths between its constituent molecules are significantly greater than their individual sizes. The volume occupied by the gas' molecules is negligible in comparison to the volume of the gas itself.Both the molecules and the container walls are not attracted to one another in a perfect gas.As physical objects, the molecules move erratically and continually and are governed by Newton's laws of motion. The molecules travel in a straight line until they come into contact with one another or the container walls. Collisions are totally elastic; even if the kinetic energies and orientations of two molecules may change during a collision, the total kinetic energy is preserved. Collision is not "sticky".The average gas molecule's kinetic energy and absolute temperature are directly correlated. Because individual molecules' velocities and kinetic energies will vary greatly, with some even experiencing zero velocities at some moments, the word "average" is significant in this context. This implies that all molecular motion would cease if the temperature dropped to absolute zero.
Continued:b. Due to the fact that the kinetic-molecular theory predicts that molecules move more slowly at lower temperatures, liquid water can be frozen into ice cubes in a freezer. The water molecules travel very slowly and arrange because a freezer is significantly colder than room temperature, which enables them to form ice cubes.
c. All matter is made up of a large number of tiny particles that are always in motion, according to the kinetic-molecular theory. When the ginger ale is poured into the glass, the velocity of the liquid's molecules causes them to spread out and fill the form of the vessel.
d. The kinetic-molecular theory states that the molecules in a liquid are in constant motion, and that when they move, they bump into each other, passing energy from one to the other. This energy causes the particles to move faster. As they move faster, they create turbulence that causes them to break away from the liquid surface. These particles then form a vapor, which is an invisible form of water called water vapor. As these particles accumulate together, they gradually evaporate from the swimming pool, eventually diminishing its water level.
e. Water vapor condenses inside house windows on cold days because the molecules of water vapor slow down and as they lose energy they no longer have enough kinetic energy to remain in the gaseous state. The molecules then condense and form liquid water droplets on cool surfaces such as windows.
f. Snow gradually disappears even when the temperature remains below freezing because the heat stored in the snow starts to melt the snow. This occurs even when the outside temperature remains at freezing or below because the heat is released from the snow and warms the surrounding air.
g. Solids and liquids cannot be compressed as much as gases because the particles of gases have more energy and thus more freedom of movement than particles of solids and liquids. The particles of gases can move around and can occupy larger spaces than particles of solids and liquids, allowing them to be compressed more effectively.
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Write word equations for the following skeleton equations. 1. AI (s) + O2(g) AI2O3 (s)
2 KCIO; (s) —> 2 KCI(s) + 3 0,(g)
How many moles of O, form if 3.0 mol of KCIO, are totally consumed?
Therefore, if 3.0 moles of Potassium chlorate are completely destroyed, 4.5 moles of oxygen will form.
How many water molecules make up 3.0 moles of water?Therefore, there will be 36=18 moles of water molecules in 3 moles of the material. Keep in mind that there are 6.02 x 1023 molecules in a mole of molecules. Thus, there will be 6.021023181.081025 water molecules in total here.
If 2 moles of Potassium chlorate decompose to form 3 moles of oxygen, then 1 mole of Potassium chlorate will decompose to form 3/2 moles of oxygen.
Therefore, to find out how many moles of oxygen will form from 3.0 moles of Potassium chlorate, we can use the following calculation:
moles of oxygen = moles of Potassium chlorate x (3/2)
[tex]moles of oxygen = 3.0 mol x (3/2)[/tex]
moles of oxygen = 4.5 mol.
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5. Given the following standard enthalpies of formation for the following substances,
H,O (1) = -285.8 kJ/mol
H2O (g) = -241.8 kJ/mol
KOH (aq)=-482.4 kJ/mol
KOH(s) =-425.8 kJ/mol
Determine the enthalpy of the reaction,
2 K(s) + 2 H20(1) - > 2 KOH (aq) + H2(g)
a.
b
-197 kJ/mol
d.
-280 kJ/mol
e.
-1538 kJ/mol
-368 kJ/mol
C
-393 kJ/mol
Given the following standard enthalpies of formation for the following substances, H2O (g) = -241.8 kJ/mol KOH (aq)=-482.4 kJ/mol KOH(s) =-425.8 kJ/mol The enthalpy of the reaction is -390.2 kJ/mol.
What is enthalpies of formation ?The standard enthalpy of formation, also known as the standard heat of formation, is the change in enthalpy that occurs during the synthesis of one mole of a substance from its component parts in their reference states, with all substances in their standard states. The IUPAC recommends using the standard pressure value of p = 105 Pa (= 100 kPa = 1 bar), while previous to 1982, the value of 1.00 atm (101.325 kPa) was used.A standard temperature doesn't exist. Its designation is fH. This symbol's superscript Plimsoll denotes that the process has been carried out under typical circumstances at the given temperature (typically 25 °C or 298.15 K).
The enthalpy of the reaction can be calculated using Hess's Law and the standard enthalpies of formation for the reactants and products. First, we need to determine the enthalpy of the reaction, ∆Hrxn. This is the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation for the products minus the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation for the reactants.
∆Hrxn = [2(-482.4) kJ/mol + (-241.8) kJ/mol] - [2(-425.8) kJ/mol + (-285.8) kJ/mol]
∆Hrxn = -390.2 kJ/mol
Therefore, the enthalpy of the reaction is -390.2 kJ/mol.
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Determine the mass in grams of 7.55 × 1021 molecules of water H2O.
a.
7.14 × 10-4 g
d.
22.6 g
b.
2.59 x 102 g
e.
2.59 g
C.
0.226 g
Answer: the mass of 7.55 x 10^21 molecules of water is 0.226 g, which corresponds to option (c).
Explanation: The atomic weight of water (H2O) is:
2(1.008 g/mol) + 15.999 g/mol = 18.015 g/mol
Avogadro's number (NA) is:
6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mol
To calculate the mass of 7.55 x 10^21 particles of water, able to utilize the taking after equation:
mass = (number of atoms / Avogadro's number) x atomic weight
mass = (7.55 x 10^21 / 6.022 x 10^23) x 18.015 g/mol
mass = 0.226 g