The phylum ______ is highly diverse and includes such members as clams, snails, octopuses, and squid. group of answer choices a. arthropod b. cnidaria c. annelida d. molllusca

The extracellular fluid contains the majority of the body's water (ecf). Potassium and sodium are two minerals that support the preservation of ICF & ECF balances.

In biology, extracellular fluid is component of the blood that is not housed within cells. It can be discovered in biological tissues like muscle and blood as well as in fluids like lymph and serous (water) membrane-lined compartments in the body.

Interlayer blood and blood plasma are the two main sub-compartments of extracellular fluid. Transcellular fluid is a component of extracellular fluid that only makes up around 2.5% of the ECF.

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Short segments which is newly synthesized DNA and have joined a continuous strand by using ligase.

The DNA ligase enzyme joins these tiny fragments of newly manufactured DNA, which are known as Okazaki fragments after their discoverer. This results in the formation of a complete new DNA strand. Okazaki fragments are the brief pieces of freshly synthesized DNA that serve as the foundation for the lagging strand.

The DNA helicase separates the strands while the primase and polymerase must continuously stop and start since they travel in the opposite direction of the fork. Once the pieces have been created, DNA ligase joins them together to form a single, continuous strand. Okazaki fragments are brief pieces of DNA that have undergone replication. The lagging strand, which is made of Okazaki fragments, is a kind of DNA. The DNA ligase enzyme joins these pieces together.

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Correct Question:

Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.

The cervical spine will be rotated to the ipsilateral side and laterally flexed to that side by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. These muscles, which are part of the erector spinae, are attached to the ribs and work to stabilize the thoracic vertebrae during extension.

A paired superficial muscle in the front of the neck is called the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), also known as the musculus sternocleidomastoideus. The sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), which separates the neck into an anterior and a posterior triangle, is a significant landmark in the area. This muscle connects the sternum and clavicle to the skull. It guards against harm to the neck's soft tissues, including the deep cervical lymph nodes, branches of the cervical plexus, and the vertical neurovascular bundle.

It has two heads that emerge from it: a lateral fleshy clavicular head and a medial rounded and tendinous sternal head (SH) (CH).

They come from the medial third of the superior surface of the clavicle and the anterolateral surface of the manubrium sterni, respectively. The CH has a variable thickness. The smaller supraclavicular fossa, a triangle surface depression, divides the two heads. In order to generate a fat, rounded belly, the CH spirals behind the SH as they climb and combines with its deep surface just below the middle of the neck.

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Gamma and X-ray absorption is the main reason for the thermosphere's temperature increase.

Temperature is a unit used to represent hotness or coolness on any of a number of scales, namely Fahrenheit and Celsius. According to temperature, heat energy will naturally move from a hotter (body with a warmer temperature) to a colder (body with a lower temperature) (one at a lower temperature).

The kinetic and potential of a system is measured by its temperature. The kinetic energy of a system starts to rise as the particle's velocity rises, which raises the system's temperature. The energy that is transferred when two bodies with different surface temperatures come in touch is referred to as heat.

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Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released from the neuron as the action potential reaches the end of the axon. The correct statement is the third statement.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers and they relay signals between the neurons. As the action potential reaches the end of the axon, the vesicles consisting of neurotransmitters fuse with the presynaptic membrane and neurotransmitters are released in the synapse.

These neurotransmitters then bind with the receptors at the postsynaptic neuron. The effect of the neurotransmitter depends on the kind of the receptor and the kind of the neurotransmitter involved. The resulting effect can be either the inhibition or excitation of the postsynaptic neuron.

The entry of neurotransmitters through K+ channels into neurons does not lead to the rising phase of the action potential. The rising phase of the action potential is triggered by the opening of voltage gated ion channels that cause an influx of sodium ions.

Neurotransmitters are not released from muscle cells to activate motor neurons in the presence of botulinum toxin; rather, it leads to the inhibition of neurotransmitter release from muscle cells causing muscle paralysis.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released in response to the action potential which is generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the axon membrane. They are released into the synapse when the action potential reaches the end of the axon. This  release is inhibited in presence of botulinum.

In conclusion, neurotransmitters are released from neurons when the action potential reaches the end of its axon.

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Hepatitis is an inflammation and necrosis of the liver that often interferes with the liver's excretion of a brownish yellow pigments such as bilirubin.

Excretion simply refer to the passing out of metabolic wastes products from the body of living organisms. However, living organisms excretes out wastes products which are produced by the body as a result of different metabolic activities which occurs in the body system.

From the context of the task given above, the liver is also one of organs in the body which helps to excretes our bilirubin when hepatitis interferes with its activities.

In conclusion, we can now confirm from the explanation given above that bilirubin is excreted out of the body by the liver.

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Hepatitis is an inflammation and necrosis of the liver that often interferes with the liver's excretion of bile pigments such as bilirubin.

The colored compounds are bile pigments. These are the byproducts of hemoglobin breakdown. These are eliminated in the bile. Bilirubin and its oxidized form, biliverdin, are the pigments found in bile. Bilirubin is an orange like yellow substance, whereas biliverdin is a green substance.

They are formed by the decomposition of the porphyrin ring and have a four-pyrrole ring chain. Hepatitis is a liver inflammation and necrosis that frequently interferes with the excretion of bile pigments such as bilirubin.

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The cell is undergoing cytokinesis.

A cell that has a relatively narrow midsection separating two bulging ends is in cytokinesis and has finished telophase. We are aware that there are two stages to cell division: karyokinesis and cytokinesis. During karyokinesis, the nucleus is divided, and this is followed by cytokinesis, in which the cell is divided into two cells. Option 1 is inaccurate since G₁ is a growth phase that occurs during interphase (during interphase, cells expand and produce DNA and protein), and most cells have a round or intact form during this phase. Option 2 is wrong since the S phase is the second interphase phase, where DNA replication occurs and the cell maintains its intact structure. The S phase is the DNA synthesis phase. Option 4 is wrong because a cell entering mitosis is in the G₂ phase of the interphase, and a cell is typically in its intact shape at this phase.

The complete question is attached as an image.

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False: Urine specimens ought to be kept refrigerated and ought to be handled in somewhere around 1 hour of assortment to forestall adjustment of sample contents.

The urine specimen assortment is a system used to get a sample of urine from a patient. The sample is utilized for analytic tests.

The reason for getting a urine sample is to test for any irregularities that might be available, like bacteria, ketones, or drugs.

The skin of the genital region ought to be cleansed with a gentle sanitizer to forestall pollution of the urine specimen or bothering of the sensitive films of the area.

A urine specimen is some of the time called a clean-catch, urine culture, or halfway specimen of urine, and is a technique for gathering an amount of urine for testing

The system and the purposes behind it are cleared up for the patient. Capable patients might be permitted to gather the urine sample, observing the rules made sense of by the attendant.

Nurses who gather the urine sample ought to make certain to painstakingly wash and dry their hands. The things expected for the method are as per the following:

a sterile urine cup for youngsters and adults

a sterile urine pack for infants

a chamber pot or urinal for patients incapable to utilize the latrine

sterile swabs

sterile towels

sterile gloves

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What motivates you depends from person to person. Motivation is the inner drive to act. It's the conditions that motivate you. If your conditions can not motivate you then nothing can motivate you. I motivate myself. According to me, no one can motivate you if you can't get motivated by yourself.

Emotions are directly attached to motivation. We must control our emotions. Yes, there is a connection between emotion and motivation.

How do you motivate yourself to get coursework done?

Plan your day. Set short-term goals. Recognize your power then set long-term goals.

There are several strategies to improve motivation to complete their education. Teachers must praise their students, give rewards and a variety of exercises.

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Adaptive immunity has the ability to target cells of the body that are infected with pathogens, while also responding to any pathogens that are free in the blood or interstitial fluid of the body.

Alerting the immune system to microbial invasion is another job that macrophages do. A macrophage that has consumed a microbe displays an antigen—a protein that alerts a related T helper cell to the presence of the antigen—on its cell surface.

Phagocytes are a specific type of cell that can take in and occasionally digest foreign substances like bacteria, carbon, dust, or dye. By creating a vacuole around the foreign particle and expanding its cytoplasm into pseudopods (cytoplasmic appendages that resemble feet), it engulfs foreign objects.

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If you have created a double-stranded RNA to knock down gene Z, it targets gene Z mRNA among the possibilities provided.

Single-stranded RNAs of the type known as messenger RNA, or mRNA, are used to make proteins. mRNA is created during transcription from a DNA template. It was named mRNA by Jacob and Monad.

A null mutation is a variation in the genetic sequence that can result in the total deletion of the protein encoded by the gene by impairing either the transcription of the gene's product into RNA or the translation of the RNA sequence into protein.

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The expression of miRNAs is driven by multiple factors and molecular mechanisms, ranging from those affecting DNA copy number, CpG methylation, transcription factors and miRNA biogenesis to those affecting the availability of miRNA binding sites on mRNAs.

MicroRNAs regulate gene expression primarily by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cytoplasm of cells. Instead of being rapidly translated into protein, the tagged mRNA is either destroyed and its components recycled or stored and transferred.

The degree of complementarity between guides and mRNA targets determines which silencing mechanism is used. After cleavage of the target messenger RNA (mRNA) and subsequent degradation or inhibition of translation Figure.

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Laugh out loud when someone makes a funny joke, yet I can't make myself grin for a picture.

When you hear someone laughing behind you, you usually imagine them talking on the phone or laughing with a friend while grinning and feeling cozy inside.

Most likely, just hearing the laughter will make you grin or perhaps laugh along with them. However, picture the individual who is laughing simply strolling by themselves down the street or sitting behind you at a funeral. It suddenly seems less appealing.

In actuality, laughter isn't always a good thing or healthy. Science has identified several different varieties of it, including diseased, simulated (false), stimulated (for instance, by tickling), produced (by medications), and genuine and spontaneous.

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According to the administration on aging (aoa), 70% of older adults with   High cholesterol   are unaware they have a serious health condition.

When the amount of cholesterol in your blood is high enough to put you at risk for heart disease and stroke, you have high cholesterol. High cholesterol, also referred to as hyperlipidemia, is painless and has no symptoms until a person develops significant heart disease.

Stroke is the fifth most common cause of death in the US, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Heart disease is number one.

Every cell in your body contains cholesterol, a thick, fatty substance that is made by your liver and is crucial for numerous processes that keep you alive. Additionally, it is a component of bile, a substance your body produces to aid in food digestion, and it aids in the production of hormones and vitamin D in your body.

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In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). A brown-eyed woman who has a blue-eyed child would have the genotype is C. BbBb.

Step 1: To determine the genotype of the brown-eyed woman, we must first look at the possible genotypes of the child. Since the child has blue eyes, we know the child must have at least one recessive allele (b) in their genotype.

Step 2: Since the woman has brown eyes and the child has blue eyes, we can infer that the woman must have at least one dominant allele (B) and one recessive allele (b).

Step 3: Given these pieces of information, the woman must have either the BB or Bb genotype.

Step 4: Therefore, the genotype of the brown-eyed woman is either BB or Bb.

Genotype is an individual's genetic makeup, which is made up of a combination of alleles at particular loci on chromosomes. It is the set of genetic instructions that determine the physical characteristics of an organism, such as physical appearance, growth rate, and even behavior. Genotype is often contrasted with phenotype, which is the physical manifestation of the genotype.

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Three protective feedback mechanisms—the stretch reflex, the withdrawal reflex, and the crossed extensor reflex—are used to control the tension of an active muscle tension reaches a level high enough to harm it.

Let's first look at the brain circuitry of the stretch reflex, one of the spinal reflexes. The single synaptic link between primary afferent fibers from muscle spindles and motor neurons innervating the same muscle is all that is necessary for this reflex, which is the simplest reflex known. Swallowing reflex (sucks when the area around the mouth is touched) startle response (pulling arms and legs in after hearing loud noise) Step reaction (stepping motions when the sole of the foot touches a hard surface)

As long as the stretch is within physiological bounds, the stretch reflex, also known as the myotatic reflex, refers to the contraction of a muscle in response to its passive stretching by increasing its contractility.

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Sharks are a part of the elasmobranch family, which incorporates sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish, at the same time dolphins, are a part of the cetacean family, which incorporates toothed and baleen whales, in addition to porpoises.

Both sharks and dolphins commonly have what's known as counter shading in which their bellies are lighter than their backs, which is a beneficial manner to combo into the marine environment. Dolphins and sharks each have dorsal fins on their backs,  pectoral fins on their sides, and a tail. Therefore it is clear that it sharks a common ancestor.

Streamlined our bodies and fins offer a huge gain for them, permitting them to swim faster. We recognize that dolphins and sharks aren't carefully related and that they did not inherit their comparable frame shapes from a not unusual place ancestor. Their streamlined bodies, dorsal fins, and flippers are the end result of convergent evolution.

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Lean manufacturing is a production management technique that emphasises the use and empowerment of resources to efficiently produce value for consumers.

The secret is to get rid of process waste to create a more effective and efficient process with improved output quality. In other words, lean manufacturing is one of the company's methods to make ongoing changes to remove waste and swiftly satisfy customer demands in order to provide results that are consistent with expectations.

The five lean principles are as follows:

- Determine the value of the product as seen by the customer

- Determine each product's value stream mapping

- Remove non-value added waste from all value stream activities.

- Plan ahead so that products, information, and materials move easily; and.

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The mucosal immune system with their corresponding mechanism Microfold (M) cells is Lamina propria that contains CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells.

The immune system, a network of biological mechanisms, protects an organism from disease. It can distinguish between a wide variety of pathogens, such as viruses, parasitic worms, cancer cells, and objects like wood splinters, and respond to them. Numerous species have two primary immune system subsystems. The innate immune system has a preset manner of reacting to different situations and stimuli. The adaptive immune system gains the ability to identify molecules it has already encountered and reacts uniquely to each stimulus. To do their different jobs, both depend on molecules and cells. A form of immune system is present in almost all living things. Enzymes that guard against virus infections make up the basic immune system that bacteria have. Other fundamental immune systems developed in prehistoric plants and animals and are still present in their modern offspring. The complement system, defensin antimicrobial peptides, and phagocytosis are some of these processes.

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Behavioral and physiological factors help organisms adapt to environmental changes. Plants that exhibit phototropism and photoperiodism as examples. Animal kinesis and taxis.

Behavioral and physiological factors help organisms adapt to environmental changes. Animal kinesis and taxis: Some animals use kinesis to change their position (a change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus).

Living things react to environmental changes. For instance, the Mimosa (touch-me-not) plant's leaves droop when you touch them. In this instance, the plant is drooping its leaves in response to the stimulus of contact.

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Ribokinase phosphorylates ribose, while transketolase catalyzes the reaction between ribose 5-phosphates and xyluise 5-phosophates in nucleic acids.

From glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) diverges, yields NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate (R5P), and diverts carbons back to the glycolytic or gluconeogenic route. It has been shown that the PPP plays a significant role in controlling cellular redox (reduction-oxidation) homeostasis and biosynthesis.

High G6PD activity is anticipated to lead to an increase in the biosynthesis of lipids and DNA, both of which are required for cell division and proliferation. G6PD directly regulates the PPP flux, which produces R5P for the biosynthesis of nucleotides and NADPH for reductive biosynthesis and ROS scavenging.

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An ecologist working at the La Selva Biological Research Facility in Costa Rica knows the least about the three-toed sloth's cultural variety.

Pygmy three-toed sloths (Bradypus pygmaeus), which are highly endangered and presumed to have a rapidly falling population and habitat area, are indigenous only to the peninsula of Escudo de Veragua, off the Caribbean coast of Panama. Compared to other sloth species, this one is much smaller.

Of the four varieties of three-toed sloths that are still alive, the dark-colored sloth is the least common. The species may be found from Honduras in the north to Central America's Costa Rica, Nicaragua, & Panama into Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Ecuador, as well as the eastern regions of Peru.

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(The autonomic nervous system or ANS is referred to as the vegetative nervous system, which controls the muscles of internal organs such as the heart, stomach, intestine, and glands.

The sympathetic nervous system is involved in fight and flight response and prepares the body for potential danger.)

There are many events in human life that are not potential physical threats such as feeling nervous before exams or paying loans activate humans' sympathetic nervous systems but these stressful situations do not require a fight or flight response for survival.

Involved in the fight-or-flight reaction and assisting the body in getting ready for possible threats is the sympathetic nervous system.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), also known as the vegetative nervous system, regulates the muscles of the heart, stomach, intestine, and glands. When fight-or-flight mode is activated, the SNS slows down unnecessary bodily processes like metabolism and redirects that energy to improve your muscular output, respiratory rate, reflexes, and other processes that will assist you in dealing with a hazardous or physically taxing circumstance. Human life is filled with numerous challenging scenarios that do not pose a risk to physical safety, such as feeling anxious before examinations or paying bills or stress in the workplace, nonetheless causing the sympathetic nervous system to be activated.

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Answer:

Budding in hydra involves a small bud which is developed from its parent hydra through the repeated mitotic division of its cells. The small bud then receives its nutrition from the parent hydra and grows healthy. Growth starts by developing small tentacles and the mouth.

Explanation:

Answer:  a small bud which is developed from its parent hydra through the repeated mitotic division of its cells

Explanation: Budding in hydra involves a small bud which is developed from its parent hydra through the repeated mitotic division of its cells. The small bud then receives its nutrition from the parent hydra and grows healthy. Growth starts by developing small tentacles and the mouth.

Among the following, (a) the spleen is not one of the accessory organs for digestion.

The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract as well as the organs that are accessory to it. The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are all parts of the digestive system, sometimes known as the gastrointestinal tract. Teeth and the tongue are examples of accessory organs, as are glandular organs including the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Other accessory organs include the pancreas.

While the spleen's primary job is to defend the body against any pathogens that may have entered the bloodstream. It maintains a constant quantity of blood cells throughout the body. The spleen is responsible for regulating the number of platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells in the blood. So the correct option is A.

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Acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction when Ca+ ions are released. It permits the channel to open, allowing Ca+ ions into the muscle fiber and K+ ions out. The electrical conditions in the membrane alter as a result, and depolarization occurs.

It generates an action potential, which passes through the cells before contracting.

Neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal involves a number of complex steps:  depolarization of the terminal membrane,  activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ entrance,  change in docking protein structure, and  fusing of the vesicle to the plasma membrane, with following

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Some antibiotics fail to kill/inhibit a pathogen simply because the microbe is naturally (intrinsically) resistant to it is true.

Bacteria use pumps embedded in their cell walls to remove antibiotics that enter the cell. Fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim are among the key antibiotics that some Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria may expel from their bodies.

The targets that antibiotics connect to are absent from viruses because they lack metabolic activity. Instead, antiviral drugs that target particular phases of the viral replication cycle must be used to treat viruses.

The overuse, misuse, and ineffective infection control of antibiotics all increase the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

Your body does not develop antibiotic resistance. False. When bacteria change, an antibiotic that was formerly used to cure them becomes useless. This is called antibiotic resistance.

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The gross internal anatomy of the pig or sheep kidney includes the fibrous capsule, cortex, renal column, medulla, renal pelvis, and calyx. Each of these components serves an important role in the functioning of the kidney and in the process of urine production and transport.

The gross internal anatomy of the pig or sheep kidney consists of a variety of important structural components. The most superficial layer is the fibrous capsule, a smooth membrane clinging tightly to the kidney surface. Underneath the fibrous capsule is the cortex, a portion of the kidney containing mostly collecting ducts. The cortex is separated from the medulla by a thin line of cortexlike tissue known as the renal column that runs between the renal pyramids. The medulla is the portion of the kidney containing the bulk of the nephron structures, such as the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule.

The renal pelvis is an extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramid and is continuous with the ureter. The renal pelvis is the basinlike area of the kidney that collects the urine from the nephrons and transports it to the ureter.The calyx is the area of cortexlike tissue located at the base of the renal pyramid. The calyx is responsible for collecting urine from the nephrons and transporting it to the renal pelvis.

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The rennin enzyme removes the glycomacropeptide for the casein molecule and the resulting para-casein micelles cluster together to firm curds.

Rennin, also known as chymosin, is a protein-digesting enzyme that causes cud-chewing animals like cows to curdle milk by converting caseinogen into insoluble casein. Its activity prolongs the time that milk is held in the young animal's stomach. Pepsin coagulates milk in animals without rennin, much like it does in people. Rennet, a commercial version of rennin, is used to make cheese and make junket.

Bioactive peptides generated from food are said to be safe and advantageous for human health. In addition to having nutritional value, the peptide generated from milk proteins known as glycomacropeptide (GMP) also has therapeutic effects on a number of inflammatory illnesses. GMP has been demonstrated to exert a multitude of activities that control the physiology of critical bodily systems, including the gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immunological systems, both in vitro and in vivo.

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At the onset of a bout of exercise, tissue carbon dioxide levels briefly increase due to elevated aerobic respiration.

Your body needs more oxygen and creates more carbon dioxide while you exercise because your muscles are working harder. Your breathing must rise from about 15 times per minute (12 litres of air) at rest to between 40 and 60 times per minute (100 litres of air) during exercise in order to meet this additional demand.

Increased gas exchange at the lungs occurs as a result of aerobic energy production in muscles because more oxygen and carbon dioxide are taken in. These metabolic gases are transported to and from your tissues by your blood.

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