The exothermic reaction is spontaneous at all temperature. That means at low temperature and also at high temperature the reaction is spontaneous.
In ozone layer when UV light passes, oxygen molecules are split up into their constituent oxygen atoms. These single atoms are then able to react with other oxygen molecules, forming ozone. It needs to absorb energy in order to occur. This also happens in reverse because ozone is so unstable and each ozone molecule soon splits into an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom. This is an exothermic reaction. This means that ozone splitting results in heat which causes an increase in atmospheric temperature. Here solid is also getting converted to gas
So, spontaneity is increasing
ΔSo is positive
ΔHo is negative
ΔGo = ΔHo - T*ΔSo
Since ΔHo is negative and ΔSo is positive, ΔGo is always negative.
So, this reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures.
To learn more about Exothermic Reaction please visit:
https://brainly.com/question/2924714
#SPJ4
put the following intermolecular forces in order from strongest to weakest: london dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, ion-ion forces, and hydrogen bonding.
ion-dipole, hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole, and Vander Waals Forces is the order from strongest to weakest
The strongest electromagnetic forces of attraction that hold together all the opposite charges imparted by the transmission with one or more electrons between two atoms are referred to as ionic bonds (or electron rich bonds). It is the most potent bond because it is formed by the full transfer of electrons. A covalent bond develops while two atoms discuss an electron pair. . It is weaker than an electrostatic interaction since they are formed by electron sharing. The attractive force that unites the hydrogen atom of one chemical compound to an electronegative of the same or different particle is known as a hydrogen bond. It is formed by the a weaker electrostatic attraction than either of the covalent and ionic bonds.
Learn more about hydrogen bonds here:
https://brainly.com/question/21054466
#SPJ4
5. Students perform a chemical reaction in a glass test tube. They notice that the test tube feels cooler than it did before the reactants were added.
a) Did the students most likely perform an
exothermic or endothermic reaction?
b) What data could the students collect to
confirm the type of reaction?
c) Identify the system and the surroundings
in this investigation.
GIVING BRAINIEST, 5 STARS AND A LIKE
Answer: Potential signs that chemical reactions have occurred include a change in color, change in temperature, formation of a gas, and formation of a precipitate.
a 5.00-g sample of aluminum pellets (specific heat capacity 0.89 j/c g) and a 10.00-g sample of iron pellets (specific heat capacity 0.45 j/c g) are heated to 100.0c. the mixture of hot iron and aluminum is then dropped into 97.3 g of water at 22.0c. calculate the final temperature of the metal and wa- ter mixture, assuming no heat loss to the surroundings. socratic.org
The final temperature of the metal and wa- ter mixture, assuming no heat loss to the surrounding is 23.67 degree Celesius.
So, 5 grams of Aluminum and 10 grams of Iron pellets are heated to 100°C and added to 97.3 grams of water.
Final temperature = ?
All the heat given out by the aluminum and iron is absorbed by the water.
=> Let final Temperature be T.
For Heat Gained by Water:
T1 = 22 °C
T = ?
△T = T-22 °C
m = 0.0973 kg
c = 4200 J kg-1 °C-1
Q = 0.0973 kg * 4200 J kg-1 °C-1 * (T-22) °C
Q1 = 408.66 * (T-22) J
For Heat Lost By Aluminum:
T1 = 100 °C
T = ?
△T = 100-T °C
m = 0.005 kg
c = 890 J kg-1 °C-1
Q = 0.005 kg * 890 J kg-1 °C-1 * (100-T) °C
Q2 = 4.45 * (100-T) J
For Heat Lost By Iron:
T1 = 100 °C
T = ?
△T = 100-T °C
m = 0.01 kg
c = 450 J kg-1 °C-1
Q = 0.01 kg * 450 J kg-1 °C-1 * (100-T) °C
Q3 = 4.5 * (100-T) J
Now,
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
408.66 * (T-22) = 4.45 * (100-T) + 4.5 * (100-T)
408.66T - 8990.52 = 445 - 4.45T + 450 - 4.5T
408.66T - 8990.52 = 895 - 8.95T
408.66T + 8.95T = 895 + 8990.52
417.61 T = 9885.52
T = 9885.52/417.61
T = 23.67 °C
The final temperature of the metal and water mixture, assuming no heat loss to the surrounding is 23.67 degree Celsius.
To learn more about final temperature Please click on the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/22338034
#SPJ4
consider the fictional case of the incredible shrinking man. if he shrinks proportionately to 1/10 his original height, his weight will be multiplied by question 11 options: 0.1 0.001 0.0001 0.01
The final weight of the shrinking man will be reduced by 1/10 of its original weight.
Given that is a fictional shrinking man shrinks proportionately to 1/10 his original height.
Let's assume that the weight to be W.
W = mg
m = ρV {ρ is density}
⇒ W = ρVg
Consider the body to be cylinder of radius r and height h,
W = πr²ρgh
Then, the initial weight will be,
W = πr²ρgh
After shrinking weight is,
W' = πr²ρgh/10
Then,
W'/W = {πr²ρgh/10}/{πr²ρgh}
W'/W = πr²ρgh/10 x 1/πr²ρgh
W'/W = 1/10
W' = W/10
Hence, the final weight will be reduced by 1/10 of its original weight.
Learn more about equations from the link given below.
https://brainly.com/question/28554365
#SPJ4
a chemist is studying the reaction between the gaseous chemical species x and y2, represented by the equation above. initial rates of reaction are measured at various concentrations of reactants. the results are recorded in the following table
The table showed that when the concentration of X was doubled, the initial reaction rate (r1) quadrupled.
What is reactant?Reactant is an element or compound that participates in a chemical reaction. It is one of the components of a chemical reaction, the other being the product. Reactants are usually the starting materials that are present before the reaction occurs, while products are the materials formed after the reaction. Reactants can be either elements or compounds, and they often undergo chemical changes during the reaction.
This indicates that the reaction is first-order with respect to X. Similarly, when the concentration of Y2 was doubled, the initial reaction rate (r2) quadrupled, indicating that the reaction is first-order with respect to Y2. This suggests that the overall reaction is second-order. From the data, it appears that the rate of reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of X and Y2.
To know more about reactant click-
https://brainly.com/question/26283409
#SPJ4
compared with minerals that include the positively charged ions of aluminum, iron, magnesium, and calcium, quartz is vulnerable to chemical weathering by acidic solutions.
Compared with minerals that include the positively charged ions of aluminum, iron, magnesium, and calcium, quartz is less vulnerable to chemical weathering by acidic solutions.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with specific chemical compositions and crystal structures formed by geological processes. Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals, but rocks may also contain organic matter and minerals.
Some rocks are mainly composed of only one mineral. Precipitation and temperature can affect the weather. High temperatures and increased precipitation accelerate chemical weathering. Due to its high chemical stability quartz weathers very slowly. It usually breaks down only into small sand-sized particles.
Learn more about Minerals here:- https://brainly.com/question/89259
#SPJ4
An unknown metal nitrate with the formula M(NO3), was dissolved in water and treated with excess aqueous sodium sulfate. The total amount of sulfate salt produced in this reaction had a mass of 8.159 g. The initial mass of the metal nitrate sample was 9.835 g. Assuming that the reaction goes to completion, determine the number of moles of the sulfate salt produced. DO NOT include units in your answer. If you round during your calculation, be sure to keep at least three (3) decimal places Do NOT use scientific notation in your answer. Report your answer to three (3) decimal places
In this reaction had a mass of 8.159 g. The initial mass of the metal nitrate sample was 9.835 g. Assuming that the reaction goes to completion, the number of moles of the sulfate salt produced is 1 mole.
The reaction is given as :
M(NO₃)₂ + Na₂SO₄ ------> 2NaNO₃ + MSO₄
so, it is clear that , 1 mole of metal nitrate produces 1 mole of metal sulphate.
mass of metal nitrate = 9.835 g
mass of metal sulfate = 8.158 g
moles of metal nitrate = moles of the metal sulfate.
moles = mass / molar mass
Thus, the moles of MSO₄ = 1 mole.
To learn more about moles here
https://brainly.com/question/26416088
#SPJ4
3. Name the following organic compounds
Answer:
Hydrocarbons. Alkanes. Alkenes. Alkynes.
Cyclic Hydrocarbons.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Alcohols.
5. A beaker of nitrogen is inverted over a porous pot containing carbon monoxide as shown. The water level does not change. beaker nitrogen carbon monoxide porous pot What is the reason for this?
A. Both gases are diatomic
B. Nitrogen is an unreactive gas
C. The gas particles are too large pass through the porous pot
D. The two gases have the same relative molecular mass
To solve such this we must know the concept of double displacement reaction. Therefore the correct option is option B that nitrogen is an unreactive gas.
What is chemical reaction?Chemical reaction is a process in which two or more than two molecules collide in right orientation and energy to form a new chemical compound. The mass of the overall reaction should be conserved. There are so many types of chemical reaction reaction like combination reaction, double displacement reaction.
Because nitrogen and monoxide are both unreactive gases, the water level in the beaker does not change when it's inverted more than a porous pot holding carbon monoxide.
Therefore the correct option is option B among all the given options that nitrogen is an unreactive gas.
Learn more about the chemical reactions, here:
https://brainly.com/question/3461108
#SPJ2
if the manipulation of the iv is weakened and all else is held constant, which of the following would be expected to occur?
Option ( a) is correct because In F ratio, numerator is the mean sum of square due to regression or controlled variable. And of we manipulate or weakened the independent variable, then numeretor is also weekened or week. if the manipulation of the iv is weakened and all else is held constant
Regression analysis is a statistical method for connecting a dependent variable to one or more independent (explanatory) variables. A regression model can demonstrate whether variations in the dependent variable are related to variations in one or more explanatory variables. Regress is derived from the Latin word "regressus," which means to return (to something). Regression is the method that, in this way, enables "going back" from muddled, difficult-to-interpret data to a clearer and more significant model.
Learn more about regression here:
https://brainly.com/question/15404525
#SPJ4
flodrivec, a chemical manufacturing company, is moving its administrative office to larger premises; therefore, it currently has various job openings. due to paucity of time, the recruitment manager of flodrivec wants to conduct a common interview test for all the candidates. the work at flodrivec demands its staff to be good at critical thinking, math, verbal reasoning, and quantitative concepts. in this scenario, which of the following selection tests should flodrivec conduct to hire the right candidates?
The following selection tests should flodrivec conduct to hire the right candidates is cognitive ability test.
The chemical manufacturing company, is moving its administrative office to larger premises; therefore, it currently has various job openings. due to paucity of time, the recruitment manager of flodrivec wants to conduct a common interview test for all the candidates. the work at flodrivec demands its staff to be good at critical thinking, math, verbal reasoning, and quantitative concepts. cognitive ability test used to assess the abilities that involved in the thinking.
Thus, the test used for the selection is the cognitive ability test to hire the right candidates.
To learn more about cognitive ability test here
https://brainly.com/question/29667845
#SPJ4
make a rule that helps you predict the forumlas of ionic compounds formed between metal and nonmetal elements
The rule that helps you predict the formulas of ionic compounds formed between metal and nonmetal elements is by determining the charges of the ions by using the periodic table. Metal elements tend to lose electrons and form positive ions, while nonmetal elements tend to gain electrons and form negative ions.
Determine the ratio of cations to anions required to produce a neutral compound. This can be accomplished by finding the lowest common multiple of the charges of the ions and utilizing that as the ratio. Write the formula taking up symbols of the elements and the suitable ratio of ions. For example, if the cation is magnesium and the anion is chloride, the formula for the compound would be MgCl₂, implying that there are two chloride ions for every magnesium ion.
But this is simply a general rule and there may be exceptions.
Learn more about ionic compounds here:
https://brainly.com/question/1450764
#SPJ4
g during alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is converted into acetyl coa and carbon dioxide. pyruvate is ultimately converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. pyruvate is oxidized to acetaldehyde. pyruvate is ultimately converted into acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
The fermentation of ethanol is a two-step procedure.The initial transformations of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) are to carbon dioxide & acetaldehyde.
What causes pyruvate to turn into ethanol?The answer is "yes," or "no."Pyruvate molecules are used in the fermentation process (more particularly, the alcoholic fermentation) to create ethanol.Alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase are the extra enzymes at play.
How does fermentation make ethanol?Yeast is a single-celled microbe that is fed to the slurry during fermentation.As yeast break down glucose, a biological process known as fermentation takes place.Yeast receives energy from glucose.Consequently, ethanol is created.
To know more about fermentation visit:
https://brainly.com/question/13050729
#SPJ4
Each of the following polymers can be synthesized from different monomers
A. –[–O(CH2)5CO–]n–
B. –(–OCH2CH2CH2–)n–
Show by equations the overall chemical reactions involved in the synthesis of these
polymers from different monomers.
A. The synthesis of polymer A from monomers can be represented by the following equation:
Monomer + Monomer --> Polymer A
Where the monomers are represented by the structure –O(CH2)5CO– and the polymer is represented by –[–O(CH2)5CO–]n–.
B. The synthesis of polymer B from monomers can be represented by the following equation:
Monomer + Monomer --> Polymer B
Where the monomers are represented by the structure –OCH2CH2CH2– and the polymer is represented by –(–OCH2CH2CH2–)n–.
It is important to note that these equations are simplified representations of the overall chemical reactions involved in the synthesis of these polymers from monomers, and they do not take into account the specific chemical reactions and conditions that may be required in order to synthesize the polymers.
which of the following foams has the capability of re-covering any gaps created by fire fighters walking through and disturbing the foam layer
Foams have the capability of recovering any gaps created by firefighters walking through and disturbing the foam layer is Aqueous film-forming foam
Fire suppressants like aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) are used to put out flammable liquid fires like fuel fires.
AFFF is frequently employed in fire fighting apparatus, shipboard and land-based facility fire suppression systems, and fire training facilities. According to the amount of water it is mixed with, AFFF is often sold as a concentrate and is referred to as "3%" or "6%" (Type 3 or Type 6, respectively).
To avoid long-term harmful effects on human health or the environment, containment and cleanup may be necessary when AFFF is used, discharged, or released into the environment.
Learn more about firefighting foam:
https://brainly.com/question/29524190
#SPJ4
Write the balanced chemical equation for the following metallurgical reaction:
When millerite, an ore containing solid NiS, is roasted in the presence of oxygen, sulfur dioxide gas and a solid oxide of nickel are produced. In the reaction, nickel does not change oxidation state.
The balanced equation is mentioned below and the oxidation state of nickel is not change.
What is reaction ?
In a chemical reaction, bonds within reactant molecules are broken and new bonds are established within product molecules to create a new material.
What is oxygen ?
Since oxygen has an atomic number of 8, it is represented by the letter O in its formal chemical formula and has eight protons in its nucleus. All additional flavours, scents, and colours are absent from oxygen while it is at normal temperature. Nature may include molecular oxygen.
NiS is roasted in presence if oxygen (O2) to produce Sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas and solid nickel oxide (NiO)
the oxidation state of the Ni in the NiS is +2 and it does not changes means in the oxide of nickel the oxidation state of the Ni is +2 therefore the oxide is NiO(s)
so the balanced molecular reaction equation is as follows
2NiS(s) + 3O2(g) ----- > 2NiO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Therefore, the balanced equation is mentioned above and the oxidation state of nickel is not change.
Learn more about reaction from the given link.
https://brainly.com/question/11231920
#SPJ4
Draw the structure of the product (compound B) with molecular formula C10H10O that is obtained when the compound below is heated with aqueous acid:
molecular formula C10H10O that is obtained when the compound below is heated with aqueous acid is The oxidation of compound [B] results in the formation of compound [C], which is a ketone.
So, compound [B] is a secondary alcohol, and compound [A], from which compound [B] has been generated, is a secondary alkyl bromide. It does not decolorize KK2Cr2O ⟶Ether this is confirmed with BBr /H2, which indicates there is no double bond present. Only one I-group is substituted so the compound is asymmetric. molecular formula is a molecule representation that uses chemical symbols to indicate the types of atoms in the molecule, followed by subscripts to show the number of each type of atom in the molecule. (A subscript is used only when there are multiple atoms of the same type present.)
Learn more about molecular formula here:
https://brainly.com/question/28647690
#SPJ4
calculate the energy of activation in kj/mol from the following plot 140 140,000 224.37 none of these
The activation energy is the bare minimum of energy required for compounds to undergo a chemical reaction in physics and chemistry.
The rate constant of a reaction at various temperatures can be used to calculate the activation energy. from Arrhenius Law With two known temperatures and a rate constant for each temperature, the activation energy can also be determined directly. If the rate constant is known, we can use the Arrhenius equation to get the activation energies, and vice versa. A chemical reaction's activation energy can be calculated by comparing rate constants between two temperatures. The Arrhenius equation can be used to determine it. The bare minimum additional energy needed by a reactive molecule to transform into a product is known as activation energy.
to know more about activation energy please visit.
https://brainly.com/question/12558986
#SPJ4
How many moles are in 54.0 g Ge?
There are 0.7433 moles in 54.0 grams of Ge(germanium).
What applications does germanium have?The most widespread application of germanium is in the semiconductor sector. Germanium is mixed with trace amounts ( arsenic, gallium, indium, or phosphorus to produce semiconductors for use in digital equipment. Additionally, germanium is utilized to create alloys and is only used as a glow in fluorescent lights.
What characteristics does germanium have?A firm, glossy, gray-white, brittle metalloid, pure germanium is pure germanium. Its crystalline structure resembles that of a diamond, and it shares silicon's chemical and physical characteristics. With the exception of nitric acid, germanium is unaffected by alkaline solutions and acids and remains stable in both air and water.
Briefing:1 gram Ge = 0.0137665 moles
54 grams Ge= 0.0137665*54
=0.74339 moles
To know more about crystalline structure visit:
https://brainly.com/question/7911118
#SPJ1
he presence of n atoms in a compound can sometimes be inferred from the molecular mass. match the number of n atoms to the effect on the molecular mass
The presence of n atoms in a compound can sometimes be inferred from the molecular mass, even number of N atoms but 0 N atoms.
A nucleus and one or more electrons connected to it make up each atoms. The nucleus is composed of one or more protons and a sizable number of neutrons. Only the most common kind of hydrogen has no neutrons. Each neutral or ionized atom makes up a solid, liquid, gas, or type of plasma. Atoms are very small, with an average diameter of 100 picometers. They are so small because of quantum phenomena that classical physics cannot accurately predict their behavior, as it would be the case, for instance, if they were tennis balls. More than 99.94% of the mass of an atom is found in its nucleus. Protons have a positive electric charge, while electrons have a negative charge and neutrons have no electric charge. If the protons and electrons in the atom are equal, the atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more electrons than protons, it has an overall charge of either positive or negative; these atoms are referred to as ions.
To know more about atoms please refer: https://brainly.com/question/2851272
#SPJ4
during his honeymoon in switzerland, james joule is said to have used a thermometer to measure the tempera- ture difference between the water at the top and at the bottom of a waterfall. take the height of the waterfall to 9.81 m s . suppose that when the ball hits the ground, assuming that all the potential energy change mg dh of a mass m of water is used to heat that water by the time it reaches the bottom, calculate the temperature differ- ence between the top and the bottom of a waterfall 100 meters high. take the specific heat capacity of water 21 21 tobe4.18jk g .
The temperature difference between the top and the bottom of a waterfall 100 meters high. take the specific heat capacity of water to be 4.18 J/K g . is the 0.234 K.
Given that :
Acceleration to gravity = 9.81 m/s²
specific heat capacity = 4.18 J / K g = 4180 J/ K g
difference in height = 100 m
the temperature difference is given as :
ΔT = ( g × Δh ) / c
where ,
ΔT = temperature difference
g = acceleration to gravity
Δh = difference in height
c = specific heat capacity
ΔT = ( 9.81× 100 ) / 4180
ΔT = 0.234 K.
the temperature difference is 0.234 K.
To learn more about specific heat here
https://brainly.com/question/11297584
#SPJ4
Single-strand-binding proteins are necessary for: O ALL OF THESE O initiating DNA replication O priming DNA inhibiting double-helix formation O identifying nucleotides O polymerizing DNA
Single-strand-binding proteins are necessary for: inhibiting double-helix formation
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer composed of polynucleotide chains that coil spherical each one-of-a-kind to form a double helix. The polymer includes genetic instructions for the development, functioning, boom and replica of all seemed organisms and lots of viruses.
In all dwelling things, DNA is vital for inheritance, coding for proteins, and offering instructions for life and its tactics. Human cells commonly consist of 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a complete of forty six chromosomes in every cell.
Most DNA is positioned within the cell nucleus. Mitochondria are the structures within cells that convert the power from meals right into the shape that cells can use.
Learn more about DNA here:- https://brainly.com/question/23030726
#SPJ4
the overall reaction, 6 co2 18 atp 12 nadph water -> 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosophate 6 phosphate 18 adp 12 nadp :
Calvin cycle chemical formula: 3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 5 H2O + 9 ATP glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 2 H+ + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi (Pi = inorganic phosphate).
Six CO2 will yield how much NADPH?The reduction of 3-phosphoglyceric acid to glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate is carried out using 3 ATP and 2 NADPH molecules.
How many NADPH will the six CO2 that will enter the Calvin cycle produce?It takes two G3P molecules to create a six-carbon glucose molecule since each G3P molecule has three fixed carbon atoms. To make one molecule of glucose, the cycle would need to complete six times, which is equivalent to 6 CO2 start text, C, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, 18 ATP, and 12 NADPH.
To know more about Calvin cycle chemical formula visit :-
https://brainly.com/question/29634535
#SPJ4
Electron affinity is defined as the quantitative measurement of the energy change that results from adding a new electron to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state. The more negative the electron affinity value, the higher an atom’s affinity for electrons.The energy of an atom is stated when an atom loses or gains energy through chemical reactions that cause the loss or gain of electrons.
Hii
Answer:
the creature was actually a dragon.
Electron affinity is defined as the quantitative measurement of the energy change that results from adding a new electron to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state. The more negative the electron affinity value, the higher an atom’s affinity for electrons.The energy of an atom is stated when an atom loses or gains energy through chemical reactions that cause the loss or gain of electrons.
a proton is created in the electron transport chain where protons move from the to the through an enzyme called where is made.
In the electron transport chain, a proton is produced as protons flow from one to the other through an enzyme called ATP synthase.
ATP synthase works in the F1 sector to create ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Energy from a gradient of protons that pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane from the intermembrane gap into the matrix through the Fo section of the enzyme makes this possible.
During the process of cellular respiration, an enzyme called ATP synthase produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) directly. The primary energy molecule used by cells is ATP.
The process of making ATP entails the movement of electrons from the intermembrane region back to the matrix via the inner membrane. The pH difference between the membrane's two sides is caused by the transport of electrons from the matrix to the intermembrane gap (about 1.4 pH units).
To learn more about ATP synthase. Please visit the below link.
https://brainly.com/question/12454295
#SPJ4
moseley's work led to the realization that elements with similar properties occurred at regular intervals when the elements were arranged in order of increasing
Moseley's work led to the realization that elements with similar properties occurred at regular intervals when the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
The periodic table was arranged by atomic mass, and this nearly always gives the same order as the atomic number. However, there were some exceptions (like iodine and tellurium, see above), which didn’t work. Mendeleev had seen that they needed to be swapped around, but it was Moseley that finally determined it.
He fired the newly-developed X-ray gun at samples of the elements, and measured the wavelength of X-rays given. He used this to calculate the frequency and found that when the square root of this frequency was plotted against atomic number, the graph showed a perfect straight line. He’d found a way to actually measure atomic number.
To look more about atomic number click here
brainly.com/question/8834373
#SPJ4
medications that were widely available before the 1990s and that are effective in reducing only the symptoms of schizophrenia are called .
The first antipsychotic was chlorpromazine, which was then followed by numerous additional antipsychotics, many of which had different chemical structures, this is the initial method of treating schizophrenia.
The first antipsychotic was chlorpromazine, which was followed by numerous other antipsychotics, many of which had different chemical structures. About a quarter of people who have psychosis only experience one episode. Psychosis is a mental health condition that affects how people perceive or respond to their environment. Other therapies included brain tissue removal (lobotomies). From the 1930s to the 1940s, lobotomies were frequently used to treat schizophrenia, severe anxiety, and depression.
to know more about schizophrenia please visit.
https://brainly.com/question/28345800
#SPJ4
. BONUS QUESTION (1 point): Diazonium salt can be used to synthesize Aryl-Aryl coupling product below: NaOH H3C -NEN H- H3C- + H3C CI нас Which building block below would you use to synthesize the following cross- coupling products using Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling named reactions. Hint 1: Look up what Suzuki, Heck, Negishi, and Stille reactions are. Hint 2: Red bold bond is the disconnecting point. (a) Suzuki Cross-Coupling: (0.25 points) CF3 [Pd] + H3CO (b) Heck Cross-Coupling: (0.25 points) CN [Pd] who HzCÓ CN (c) Stille Cross-Coupling: (0.25 points) Hzco [Pd] 300 F C CH3 (d) Negishi Cross-Coupling: (0.25 points) нсо CH3 [Pd] wo CH3
To synthesize the following cross- coupling products using Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling named reactions.
Step 1: Suzuki Cross-Coupling reaction
It is a reaction between Organo halides and organoborane. The given reaction is as follows,
A catalytic cycle including three primary stages governs the Suzuki coupling mechanism. Oxidative addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination are the three methods.
The oxidative addition of aryl halides to the complex is the first step, which results in intermediate 1, Pd(2) species. In transmetalation, an organoborane molecule combines with intermediate 1 under the influence of a base to produce intermediate 2. Reductive elimination is then used to produce the required product and regenerate the original species.
Step 2: Heck Cross-Coupling reaction
It is a reaction between Organohalide and Olefins. It is also a substitution reaction of alkene. The reaction is as follows,
CN pd Rocha = H₂CO.CN Х 4 / осн, Ne Ne (х= cl, % ) Bor.
The Heck reaction uses palladium as a catalyst and a base to cross-couple an organohalide with an alkene to produce a substituted alkene. The reaction starts with the aryl halide being oxidatively added to the palladium, followed by coordination and migratory insertion of the olefin into the palladium.
Bond rotation relieves steric strain by placing the two groups trans to each other, and subsequent -hydride elimination results in a trans final product. The catalyst is regenerated through base-mediated reductive elimination.
Step 3: Stille Cross-Coupling reaction
It is a coupling reaction between organohalide and oregano stannane. The reaction is as follows,
H2C0 [Pd],[]。 f,с H₂Cg sn R / си» R (x = (1, Bo, 2, 074) o x clI, R= alkyl group) eg -CH₂ , Et -Bu ehe
The organic reaction of an organohalide with an organostannane compound to yield the coupled product using a palladium catalyst is known as the Stille cross-coupling reaction. The oxidative addition of the organohalide to the complex to generate the Pd(2) complex is the first step in the mechanism.
The R group of the organostannane reagent replaces the halide anion on the palladium complex in transmetalation with the organostannane. The final coupled product is then produced by reductive elimination, which regenerates the palladium catalyst and allows the catalytic cycle to restart.
Step 4: Negishi Cross-Coupling reaction
It is a coupling reaction between organohalide and organozinc.
The reaction is as follows, 40 CH 3 не -Х x 4 4 с нс 5 е = х = с15 т, ), ( ал, мм) OTJ, GA pd1 Осн; Pe CH₃ -on) Hica сN,
The Negishi cross-coupling process, which uses a palladium or nickel catalyst, is an organic reaction in which an organohalide reacts with an organozinc molecule to produce the coupled product.
The oxidative addition of the organohalide to the Pd(0) to produce a Pd(II) complex is the first step in the palladium-catalyzed process. The R group of the organozinc reagent subsequently substitutes the halide anion on the palladium complex, resulting in a zinc(II) halide salt. The final coupled product is then produced by reductive elimination, which regenerates the catalyst and restarts the catalytic cycle.
Learn more about A reaction here:- https://brainly.com/question/11231920
#SPJ4
a compound with a molecular formula c8h15clo3 has the following 1h nmr spectrum. the ir spectrum shows a strong absorption at 1800 cm-1. which of the following structures is consistent with this spectrum?
Simply counting the amount of unique hydrogens on one side of the symmetry plane will give you the number of signals these molecules emit in a 1H NMR spectrum.
How are 13c NMR peaks recognized?
No two carbons exist in the same environment exactly. The peak at slightly over 50 must be a carbon with a single bond connecting it to an oxygen. The two carbons at either end of a carbon-carbon double bond must be responsible for the two peaks at 130. The carbon in a double bond between carbon and oxygen peaks at just around 170.
Which chemical shift range does the 13c NMR have?
Compared to protons, organic molecules' 13C nuclei's chemical shifts can range up to 200 ppm, while protons' shifts only reach 12 ppm (see Table 3 for a list of typical 13C-NMR chemical shifts).
To know more about 13c NMR visit;
https://brainly.com/question/17516931
#SPJ4
part c.1. the water level in the co2(g)-collection cylinder is higher than the water level outside the cylinder. see margin drawing. (page 188).
Because a higher water level translates into a lower atmospheric pressure, the wet CO2 gas pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure.
Wet CO2 gas pressure is therefore lower than air pressure outside the collection cylinder if the water level inside is higher than the water level outside.
Why does gas accumulate over water?By displacing water, a gas created during a chemical reaction can be collected. As a result of being gathered over water, the gas is not pure and is instead combined with water vapor. By deducting the contribution of the water vapor, the amount of the desired gas can be calculated using Dalton's law.
To know more about pressure visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/29341536
#SPJ4