the field of genetics that correlates the structure, number, and behavior of chromosomes with heredity and variation is called

Protein synthesis is the process by which cells build proteins using the information encoded in DNA. The two steps of protein synthesis that produce a protein from a gene are transcription and translation.

Transcription: This is the first step in protein synthesis. In this process, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. This mRNA molecule carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it will be translated into a protein. Translation: This is the second step in protein synthesis. In this process, the mRNA molecule is translated into a protein by the ribosome, a complex molecular machine that reads the mRNA sequence and assembles amino acids into a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. The amino acids are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which recognize specific codons (triplets of nucleotides) on the mRNA and deliver the corresponding amino acid.

Replication and transcription are both processes that involve the copying of genetic information, but they are not part of the protein synthesis pathway. Mitosis and cytokinesis are involved in cell division and do not directly contribute to protein synthesis.

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The blood vessel which doesn't supply blood to lower limb from the given options is Descending aorta.

The descending aorta is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to various parts of the body. It originates from the aortic arch and extends downward through the thoracic and abdominal cavities before dividing into the common iliac arteries. Although the descending aorta does contribute to the blood supply for the lower limbs, it does so indirectly by giving rise to the external iliac arteries.

The external iliac artery is the primary blood vessel that supplies blood to the lower limbs. As it passes beneath the inguinal ligament, it becomes the femoral artery. The femoral artery then branches into various arteries that supply blood to the thigh, knee, and lower leg, including the popliteal artery. The popliteal artery supplies blood to the knee joint and muscles in the region, and further divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries to provide blood to the lower leg and foot.

In summary, while the descending aorta plays a role in providing blood to the lower limbs, it does not directly supply blood to them. The femoral artery, external iliac artery, and popliteal artery all have direct roles in supplying blood to the lower limbs.

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Fern gametophytes have both male and female reproductive structures known as antheridia and archegonia, respectively.

Ferns are unique among plants in having a life cycle that involves two distinct stages: a sporophyte stage and a gametophyte stage. The sporophyte is the familiar leafy fern plant that we see growing in gardens and forests, while the gametophyte is a much smaller, more delicate structure that grows on the underside of the fronds.

The gametophyte stage of ferns is where sexual reproduction takes place. The gametophytes produce both male and female reproductive structures. The male reproductive structure is called an antheridium, which produces sperm cells that swim to the female reproductive structure, called an archegonium. The archegonium contains an egg cell, which, when fertilized by a sperm, develops into a new sporophyte plant.

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According to the Michaelis-Menten model, the steady state is a state in which the rate of formation of the enzyme-substrate complex (ES) equals the rate of its breakdown to form the enzyme-product complex (EP).

At a steady state, the concentration of the ES complex remains constant because its formation rate is balanced by its breakdown rate. This means that the concentration of free enzyme [E] and substrate [S] is also constant over time.

The steady-state assumption simplifies the analysis of enzyme kinetics because it allows us to assume that the rate of change of the ES complex concentration is zero. Therefore, the rate of the catalytic reaction can be expressed as a function of the concentration of free enzyme [E] and substrate [S] only.

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Answer:

Trypan Blue

Explanation:

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into different types of cells in the body. In the case of beta cells, this differentiation process is guided by certain signaling molecules and transcription factors that activate specific genes.

As the pluripotent stem cells differentiate into more specialized progenitor cells, they become committed to a pancreatic lineage. These progenitor cells continue to differentiate into endocrine precursor cells that express key transcription factors necessary for the development of beta cells. Finally, these precursor cells undergo maturation and functional maturation, acquiring the ability to produce and release insulin.

Overall, the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into specialized beta cells is a highly regulated and complex process involving multiple steps of gene expression and signaling pathways.
Pluripotent stem cells become specialized beta cells.
1. Pluripotent stem cells are cells with the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body.
2. Cell signaling pathways, such as the activation of specific transcription factors, initiate the process of differentiation and specialization.
3. The pluripotent stem cells undergo a series of differentiation steps, becoming first endodermal cells, then pancreatic progenitor cells.
4. Finally, these pancreatic progenitor cells differentiate into specialized beta cells, which are responsible for producing and secreting insulin in the pancreas.
By following these steps, pluripotent stem cells become specialized beta cells through a controlled process of differentiation guided by various signaling pathways and transcription factors.

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Stimulation from the parasympathetic nervous system via the vagus nerve causes the secretion of HCl in the stomach.

The autonomic nervous system, which regulates the body's automatic, unconscious processes including digestion, heart rate, and respiration, includes the parasympathetic nervous system.

The vagus nerve, which is the 10th cranial nerve, is in charge of controlling the digestion process by causing the stomach to secrete more HCl. It accomplishes this by releasing the hormone acetylcholine, which triggers the stomach's lining cells to secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl).

This aids in the breakdown of food and the activation of digestive enzymes. Additionally, HCl aids in the destruction of bacteria and other organisms in the stomach that are trying to enter the small intestine.

Therefore, it is evident that vagus nerve activation of the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the secretion of HCl in the stomach.

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The type of sugar that undergoes mutarotation is a type of monosaccharide, such as glucose or fructose. Mutarotation refers to the spontaneous change in the optical rotation of a solution of a sugar over time. The significance of mutarotation lies in its relevance to the chemistry of carbohydrates and their analysis.

This occurs because the sugar molecules exist in equilibrium between two different forms called anomers, which are isomers that differ in the configuration at the hemiacetal carbon atom. The two anomers of a sugar differ in the orientation of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom, which can either be α or β.

When a sugar is dissolved in water, the equilibrium between the two anomers is affected by the solvent and other factors, causing the optical rotation of the solution to change over time. This is known as mutarotation.

The significance of mutarotation lies in its relevance to the chemistry of carbohydrates and their analysis. Because the equilibrium between the anomers is affected by pH, temperature, and other factors, mutarotation can provide insight into the structure and properties of carbohydrates.

For example, the rate and extent of mutarotation can be used to determine the identity and purity of a sugar sample, as well as to study the mechanisms of carbohydrate reactions and enzymatic processes.

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AnsweAn endocrine gland with right and left lateral lobes on either side of the trachea connected by an isthmus.

-located anterior to the trachea just inferior to the cricoid cart-An endocrine gland with right and left lateral lobes on either side of the trachea connected by an isthmus.

-located anterior to the trachea just inferior to the cricoid cartilage.r:

Explanation:

Masonry reservoirs of rural water supplies are commonly referred to as cisterns. The Correct option is B

Cisterns are water storage tanks made of masonry, concrete, or other materials that are designed to collect and store rainwater for later use. They are often used in rural areas where a reliable supply of fresh water may be scarce or where the cost of connecting to a municipal water supply may be prohibitive. Cisterns are typically located above ground and are designed to be watertight to prevent leakage.

They can range in size from small, household-scale systems to large, community-scale systems that can hold thousands of gallons of water. Cisterns can provide a sustainable and cost-effective way to meet water needs in rural areas.

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Morgan used fruit flies to investigate the news of physical traits, such as eye color, from parents to heirs. He was able to convincingly show that genes are stored on chromosomes and are the foundation of heredity.

For more than a century, the fruit fly served as a model organism. Today, it is the most effective multicellular, genetic model system for basic and medical research. Fruit flies grow and reproduce much more quickly than frogs, mice, or even humans.

Innovator. Thomas Chase Morgan started his profession when hereditary qualities were not a characterized field of review, and science was essentially founded on perception and order.

In a NanoRacks Centrifuge, the Fruit Fly Lab system will provide fruit flies with long-term housing aboard the space station in conditions of microgravity and simulated Earth gravity (1 g).

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The evidence provided by biogeographical data is II only, which states that before human interference, Australia had many diverse marsupial species but none of the advanced placental mammals found on other continents. Option A is the answer.

The theory of evolution is a scientific explanation for how life on Earth has changed over time and how different species have arisen from a common ancestor. It is based on the idea that all living things share a common ancestry and that the diversity of life is the result of gradual changes that occur over long periods of time.

The theory of evolution is supported by a large body of evidence from various fields of science, including genetics, comparative anatomy, paleontology, and biogeography. It explains how natural selection, genetic drift, and other mechanisms can cause changes in populations over time, leading to the evolution of new species and the extinction of others.

This biogeographical distribution supports the theory of evolution through natural selection, which suggests that organisms evolve in response to their environment over time. The other pieces of evidence listed are supported by embryological, molecular, and anatomical data, respectively.

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Glycerol has carbon atoms via the gluconeogenesis. The correct answer is (a).

A three-carbon molecule called glycerol can be changed into the chemical compound dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which is a step in the processes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP), which can proceed through the gluconeogenic route to produce glucose, can be created from DHAP during gluconeogenesis.

A naturally occurring alcohol is glycerol. It is an odorless liquid that is employed as a medication, solvent, and sweetener. When glycerol is present, it draws water into the intestines, softening stools and reducing constipation.

Glycerol is ingested to aid in weight loss, boost athletic performance, replenish body fluids lost during diarrhea and vomiting, and lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. Glycerol is another tool used by athletes to prevent dehydration.

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Complete Question:

Which of the following metabolites has carbon atoms that can end up in glucose via the gluconeogenesis?

A. CO2

B. ATP

C. glycerol

D. NADH

The correct answer is a. zero discharge. The goal for hazardous waste management should be to minimize the amount of hazardous waste generated, and to ensure that any waste that is generated is properly treated, stored, and disposed of in a way that minimizes risks to human health and the environment.

Zero discharge is a concept that refers to the goal of eliminating the discharge of hazardous waste to the environment, whether it be to air, water, or land.

Increasing the generation of hazardous waste or adding more regulations would not be consistent with the goal of hazardous waste management, as it would increase the risks to human health and the environment. Therefore, option b and c are incorrect.

Hazardous waste is any waste that poses a substantial threat to human health or the environment. This can include waste that is toxic, flammable, corrosive, reactive, infectious, or radioactive. Hazardous waste can be generated from a wide variety of sources, including industrial processes, agricultural activities, medical facilities, and households.

Hazardous waste management involves a number of steps, including waste minimization, treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal. Waste minimization is the process of reducing the amount of hazardous waste that is generated, by modifying industrial processes, reducing chemical use, or finding alternative materials.

Treatment of hazardous waste may involve physical, chemical, or biological methods to reduce its toxicity or volume. Storage of hazardous waste must be done in a way that minimizes the risk of spills or leaks, and transportation of hazardous waste must be done in accordance with strict regulations to ensure that it is transported safely and securely.

Disposal of hazardous waste must be done in a way that minimizes risks to human health and the environment. This may involve land disposal, incineration, or other methods that are designed to destroy or immobilize hazardous waste. The goal of hazardous waste management is to minimize the risks posed by hazardous waste, and to ensure that it is managed in a way that is safe, effective, and environmentally sustainable.

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These marine mammal scientists have made significant contributions to our understanding of the evolution, anatomy, genetics, ecology, and behavior of marine mammals.

Here are some major contributions of the marine mammal scientists listed:

Their research has helped to shed light on the biology of these fascinating and important animals, as well as the ways in which they interact with their environments.

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Chlorine form of hypochlorite is the most dangerous to handle.

Hypochlorite is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a disinfectant and bleaching agent. The most common forms of hypochlorite used for these purposes are sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite.

Both sodium and calcium hypochlorite can be dangerous to handle if not used properly, as they can release chlorine gas when mixed with certain acids or other chemicals. However, in general, chlorine gas is considered to be the most dangerous form of hypochlorite, as it is highly toxic and can cause severe respiratory problems or even death if inhaled in high concentrations.

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A nutating disk is commonly found in certain (a) positive displacement pumps and (d) water meters.

These devices use the nutating disk to measure and control the flow of fluid accurately. In positive displacement pumps, the nutating disk moves in a wobbling motion, which allows the pump to draw in and expel fluid consistently without interruption. This characteristic makes these pumps ideal for applications requiring precise fluid handling, such as in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

In water meters, the nutating disk is a crucial component that measures water consumption accurately. As water flows through the meter, the disk wobbles in a nutating motion, causing a gear mechanism to move. This motion is then converted into a numerical reading, which indicates the volume of water that has passed through the meter. Nutating disk water meters are widely used in residential and commercial settings due to their accuracy and reliability.

In summary, a nutating disk is an essential component in certain positive displacement pumps and water meters, enabling accurate fluid measurement and control. Its unique wobbling motion contributes to the precision and efficiency of these devices, making them suitable for various applications where fluid management is crucial.

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The reappearance of a recessive phenotype in the F2 generation of a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive pea plants is due to the segregation of alleles during meiosis.

In the F1 generation, all the offspring are heterozygous for the trait and express the dominant phenotype. However, during gamete formation, the two alleles for the trait segregate and each gamete receives only one allele. Therefore, in the F2 generation, there is a 1:2:1 ratio of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive individuals. This is known as Mendelian segregation and explains why recessive phenotypes can reappear in later generations.

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The removal of calcium ions from the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle causes muscle relaxation.

In detail, skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation are regulated by the concentration of calcium ions in the cytoplasm. When a muscle receives a signal to contract, calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm.

This increase in calcium concentration triggers the interaction between actin and myosin filaments, leading to muscle contraction. To relax the muscle, calcium ions are actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, reducing their concentration in the cytoplasm.

This reduction in calcium levels causes the actin and myosin filaments to disengage, allowing the muscle to return to its relaxed state.

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The removal of calcium ions from the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle causes muscle relaxation. This process is crucial for the proper functioning of muscle contraction and relaxation cycles.

The removal of calcium ions from the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle causes the muscle fibers to relax. This is because the presence of calcium ions in the cytoplasm triggers a series of events that leads to muscle contraction. When the calcium ions are removed, the myosin and actin filaments can no longer interact, and the muscle fibers are able to relax. This process is important for proper muscle function, as it allows muscles to contract and relax in a coordinated manner.

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In protein electrophoresis, gels run in a specific direction due to the application of an electric field.

Proteins, which are negatively charged at a basic pH, will move towards the positive electrode (anode) during the electrophoresis process. The gels are commonly made of polyacrylamide and help separate proteins based on their size and charge. Proteins are amphoteric molecules, meaning that they can carry both positive and negative charges, depending on the pH of their environment. At a basic pH, proteins will tend to carry a net negative charge, and as a result, they will migrate towards the positive electrode (anode) during electrophoresis.

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The six kingdoms for cell type are : Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

The six kingdoms and their defining characteristics are:

Archaea: Single-celled organisms that are adapted to extreme environments such as hot springs, salt lakes, and deep-sea vents. They have a unique cell membrane composition and lack a true nucleus.

Bacteria: Single-celled organisms that are ubiquitous in the environment and come in variety of shapes and sizes. They also lack true nucleus but have simpler cell structure than archaea.

Protista: Diverse group of single-celled organisms, including amoebas, algae, and protozoa. They are typically eukaryotic, meaning they have a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Fungi: Group of organisms that includes mushrooms, yeasts, and molds. They are eukaryotic and obtain nutrients by breaking down organic matter in their environment.

Plantae: Multicellular organisms that are photosynthetic and have cell walls made of cellulose.

Animalia: Multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms. They also lack cell walls and have specialized tissues and organs.

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The most logical reason for the rejection of using antibody B, synthesized in mice, to treat humans is potential for immunogenicity and safety concerns related to the HAMA response. Instead, scientists should consider developing chimeric, humanized, or fully human antibodies for clinical use in humans to minimize these risks.

When antibodies are produced in one species (in this case, mice) and then administered to another species (humans), the recipient's immune system may recognize the foreign antibodies as non-self and mount an immune response against them. This is known as the "human anti-mouse antibody" (HAMA) response. The HAMA response can lead to allergic reactions, reduced therapeutic efficacy, and potentially life-threatening complications.


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One of the most logical reasons could be that the antibody may cause an immune response in humans due to the differences between the mouse and human immune systems.

Mice and humans have different immune systems, and the human immune system may recognize the mouse antibody as a foreign substance, leading to an immune response that could be harmful to the patient.

Additionally, there could be concerns about the safety and efficacy of the mouse-derived antibody in humans. Clinical trials are typically required to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new treatments before they can be approved for use in humans. If there is not enough evidence to support the safety and efficacy of the mouse-derived antibody, then the proposal may be rejected.

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During inspiration, after leaving the larynx, air enters the trachea.

The process of inspiration refers to the phase of breathing in which air enters the lungs. This process is initiated by the contraction of the inspiratory muscles, which include the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. The diaphragm flattens, extending the superior/inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity, while the external intercostal muscles elevate the ribs and sternum, extending the anterior/posterior dimension of the thoracic cavity.

Air moves in and out of the lungs in response to differences in pressure. When the air pressure within the alveolar spaces falls below atmospheric pressure, air enters the lungs (inspiration), provided the larynx is open. During inspiration, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, which results in a decrease in pressure within the lungs. As a result, air flows from an area of higher pressure (the atmosphere) to an area of lower pressure (the lungs).

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You can differentiate the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) due to the presence of bound ribosomes on the RER. These bound ribosomes give the RER its rough appearance and are responsible for protein synthesis.

Bound ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins that are destined for secretion or for insertion into the membranes of other organelles, such as the plasma membrane or lysosomes. As the ribosomes synthesize proteins, they translocate the newly formed polypeptide chains into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), where they undergo further processing and folding. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, on the other hand, lacks bound ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and other toxic substances, and the storage and release of calcium ions.

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Gap junctions and plasmodesmata both allow direct transport of materials between cells. So, the correct answer is option B.

Two connexon proteins combine to create gap junctions, which are two channels connecting two cells. Small molecules including ions, carbohydrates, and amino acids can move directly between cells through this channel.

Plant cells' cell walls, which are constructed of proteins and carbohydrates, include tiny channels called plasmodesmata. Small molecules including hormones, lipids, ions, and carbohydrates can move directly between cells thanks to these channels.

Furthermore, plasmodesmata give some viruses a mechanism to quickly disseminate throughout the plant.

Both plasmodesmata and gap junctions enable direct material transfer between cells, and both are composed of plasma membrane-based protein components.

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Character displacement is distinct from resource partitioning because it is a difference.is a difference in the niche within a habitat that a species prefers to use.

The term "character displacement" refers to the evolutionary accentuation of phenotypic distinctions between species resulting from selection to reduce resource rivalry or reproductive interactions between them (later, we widen this concept to include selection acting within species).

Character displacement is the phenomena wherein distinctions between similar species whose geographic distributions overlap are amplified in locations where the species co-occur, but are minimised or lost when the distributions of the species do not overlap. Character displacement happens when closely related species that coexist in the same habitat and occupy related niches diverge to reduce niche overlap and prevent competitive exclusion.

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Carbon dioxide fertilization is the term used to describe the relationship between the photosynthetic rate of green plants and the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, option (a) is correct.

As the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, it can enhance the rate of photosynthesis in plants, leading to increased growth and productivity. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as "carbon dioxide fertilization" or "CO2 fertilization."

However, it is important to note that the benefits of increased carbon dioxide levels are not universal across all plant species, as some plants are more efficient at utilizing carbon dioxide than others. Additionally, the effects of increased carbon dioxide on the environment and climate are complex and can have both positive and negative consequences, option (a) is correct.

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The complete question is:

The relationship between the photosynthetic rate of green plants and the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere may be termed:

a. carbon dioxide fertilization

b. plant/atmosphere ratio

c. oxygen deprivation ratio

d. photosynthetic ratio

Agents that carry diseases but do not express disease symptoms are known as carriers. Carriers can be individuals or organisms that harbor a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, but do not display any outward signs of illness.

This can make carriers particularly dangerous, as they can unknowingly spread the disease to others. Carriers can be human or animal, and can transmit disease through direct contact, such as touching or kissing, or through indirect contact, such as contaminated surfaces or food. Identification of carriers is important in disease control and prevention, as carriers can be targeted for treatment or isolation to prevent further spread of the disease.

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Insulin is the peptide hormone that is most likely to prevent brain injury in newborn infants exposed to high glucose levels during their fetal development(A).

High glucose levels during fetal development can lead to an overproduction of insulin, which can result in hypoglycemia after birth. Hypoglycemia can cause brain injury in newborn infants.

Infusion of insulin in pregnant women with high glucose levels can help regulate blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of fetal hypoglycemia and subsequent brain injury in the newborn.

Additionally, insulin has neuroprotective effects and can promote brain development in the fetus. Therefore, infusion of insulin is a promising approach for preventing brain injury in newborn infants exposed to high glucose levels during fetal development. So A is correct option.

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