Rosalind Franklin produced critical x-ray crystallography data for the modern model of DNA.
The DNA double helix was first conceptualized by British physicist Francis Crick and American biologist James Watson in the early 1950s. In this scientific "marathon," they were the first to reach the finish line, while others like Linus Pauling (who discovered protein secondary structure) were also looking for the right model.
Watson and Crick gathered and analyzed previously obtained data, combining it in novel and illuminating ways, rather than doing brand-new tests in the lab. Rosalind Franklin, a scientist working in physicist Maurice Wilkins' lab, provided them with some of the most important hints about the structure of DNA. Franklin was a master of X-ray crystallography, a potent method for figuring out the structure of molecules. When a molecule, like DNA, is subjected to X-rays in its crystallized form, part of the rays are refracted by the crystal's atoms, creating a diffraction pattern that reveals information about the structure of the molecule.
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it is not possible to target fungal cytoplasmic membranes because fungi are eukaryotes, so medications affecting fungal membranes would also target human cell membranes. True or false
False. While medications that target fungal cell membranes may have some effect on human cells, the effects on human cells are usually much less than the effects on fungal cells.
The Importance of Understanding Fungal Cell Membranes for Effective Medication TreatmentFungal infections can be very difficult to treat due to their ability to rapidly adapt to different environments. Unlike bacterial infections, which can be treated with antibiotics, treating fungal infections requires medications that target the fungal cell membrane. Unfortunately, due to the complexity of fungal cell membranes, developing effective medications is often a challenge. Understanding the structure and composition of fungal cell membranes, as well as their differences from human cell membranes, is essential for the development of effective medications.
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that encases and protects the cell. Fungal cell membranes are composed of sterols, glycoproteins, and fatty acids, which are similar to the components found in human cell membranes.
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Which biogeochemical cycles interact with the air? Which cycle interacts with water? Which interact with soil or biotic factors underground?
The cycles I've learnt about recently are: the biogeochemical cycle, the hydrologic cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus cycle, and the sulfur cycle. Thanks for the help!!
The cycles that interact with air are;
hydrologic cycle carbon cyclephosphorus cyclesulfur cycleThe cycles that interact with water are;
hydrologic cyclephosphorus cyclesulfur cyclecarbon cyclenitrogen cycleThe cycles that interact with soil or biotic factors underground
hydrologic cyclecarbon cyclenitrogen cycleWhat are biogeochemical cycles?The term biogeochemical cycles as to do with the way that materials are moving through the environment. We know that all of the spheres of the environment has to be involved when we are talking about the biogeochemical cycles and these include;
AtmosphereLithosphereHydrosphereGeosphereThere are so many of the biogeochemical that passes through a lot of the portions of the environment as we can see. Now we know that each of the cycles must be able to interact with one or more of the portions of the environment.
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As planets solidify after their initial, formation they give off gases. If they have a strong enough gravitational field, they may hold onto some gases and form an atmosphere. Genreally, the stronger the gravity the thicker the atmosphere. Which of the following planets shold have the thickest atomsphere
The planet Y is the planet that should have the thickest atmosphere. Option C
What determines the thickness of the atmosphere?As a result, the gravity of a particular planet determines whether the atmosphere is thick or thin. For instance, Jupiter's atmosphere is significantly thicker than Earth's because Jupiter's gravity is 318 times stronger than Earth's.
A layer's mean temperature and water vapor path are strongly connected to its atmospheric thickness, which is measured as the vertical distance between 500 and 1000 mb pressure surfaces. As a result, atmospheric thickness directly affects downwelling longwave radiation and snowmelt.
As can be seen in this artist's depiction of a gas giant growing in the disk around the star, larger planets, like gas giants, then draw more gas from their surroundings into dense atmospheres.
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As planets solidify after their initial formation, they give off gases. If they have a strong enough gravitational field, they may hold onto some gases and form an atmosphere. Generally, the stronger the gravity, the thicker the atmosphere. MASSES OF SOME PLANETS Mass (kg) 3.30 x 1023 5.97 х 1024 5.68 x 1026 8.68 x 1025 Planet Y Which of the following planets should have the thickest atmosphere? (SC.8.E.5.4) a. W b. X C. Y d.
which of these statements correctly describes an agglutination reaction? group of answer choices gluten peptides presented by apcs are sticky, so the cells clump together a cell suspension incubated with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies can be run on a flow cytometer antibodies bound to antigen-expressing cells form large macroscopic aggregates it cannot be used to determine a patient's blood type
Agglutination is best described as a mixture of soluble antibody and particle antigen.
A clumping of particles is called agglutination. The Latin term for "agglutination" is "agglutinare" (glueing to).
Agglutination is the reaction that takes place when an antigen and an antibody known as isoagglutinin are together. This phrase is frequently used while classifying blood types.
Two major instances of this in biology are as follows:
The grouping of cells, like bacteria or red blood cells, when an antibody or complement is present. An expansive complex is formed when an antibody or other molecule binds several particles and connects them together.
Due to the ability to phagocytose large clusters of bacteria rather than individual microbial antigens, this improves the efficiency of microbial eradication through phagocytosis.
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label the structures associated with taste (tongue, papillae, and taste bud) by clicking and dragging the labels to the correct location.
The options of the different parts of the tongue and the taste buds are correctly located in the attached image.
What are taste buds?Taste buds are sensory receptors located on the tongue which will receive taste sensations. These taste sensations will be picked up by structures located in its apical part called cilia. These will capture 5 types of flavors, among those are sweet, salty, bitter, acid and umami.
But the sensations will not only be received through the tongue but also smell will collaborate since the substances we consume will release chemical substances that will be received through the olfactory receptors. These will send the information to the brain and there will process all the information received to have the correct description of the food consumed.
There are different types of taste buds: goblet, fungiform, filform, foliate papillae.
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Build-Measure-Learn feedback loops are used to test out parts of the business model.
What should be the next step after finding out something is not working?
O You don't have to do research to complete it
Pivot the idea and make changes to the lean canvas
O Potential funders do not care about details
There is not as much strategy involved
The process of developing empathy for your consumers, and monitoring their responses, hence option B is correct.
What is the business model?Build-measure-learn (BML) is a method of producing a product, measuring consumer metrics, and learning from them to better respond to customers.
Pivot the idea and make changes wants and enhance the product for the eventual sustainability of the firm.
Therefore, learning what changes to make to enhance customer interactions is referred to as the build-measure-learn feedback loop, hence option B is correct.
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(q037) in mammals, individuals with two x chromosomes are female, and individuals with an x and a y chromosome are male. it had long been known that a gene located on the y chromosome was sufficient to induce the gonads to form testes, which is the main male-determining factor in development, and researchers sought the product of this gene, the so-called testes-determining factor (tdf). for several years, the tdf was incorrectly thought to be a zinc finger protein encoded by a gene called boy. which of the following observations would most strongly suggest that boy might not be the tdf?
Some XY individuals that develop into females have mutations in a different gene, SRY, but are normal at BoY is the observation which would most strongly suggest that BoY might not be the TDF.
Mammals are a gaggle of vertebrate animals constituting the category class Mammalia, characterised by the presence of exocrine gland glands that in females manufacture milk for feeding their young, a pallium, fur or hair, and 3 cavum bones.
A chromosome is a long desoxyribonucleic acid molecule with half or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the terribly long skinny desoxyribonucleic acid fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the foremost necessary of those proteins are the histones.
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Please help me I forgot
The definitions I don’t have a big enough screen for the photos the main top one is autosomal and on the right is 1. Different versions of a gene
Answer:
Autosomal: 7
homozygous: 2
heterozygous: 3
Genotype: 5
Allele: 1
Phenotype: 4
Pedigree: 6
Explanation:
Why do you find more diverse species in a Class or a Family
Which of these are functions of the spinal cord? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Reticular activating system b. Reflex actions involving internal organs c. Coordinates voluntary control of the limbs d. Form a connection between peripheral nerves and the brain e. Reflex actions involving skeletal muscle 2. Senses whose receptors are associated with the skin, muscles, joints, and viscera Select one or more: a. Responding senses b. Tissue senses c. Cutaneous senses d. Bodily senses 3. Put the events of a spinal reflex in the proper order from where sensation starts to the reaction • Sensory receptor .Cell body of motor neuron .Cell body of sensory neuron • Dendrite of sensory neuron . Dendrites of motor neuron . Effector • Axon of motor neuron . Interneuron
1) a, b, c, d, and e The spinal cord serves as a conduit between the brain and the body's nerves.
The spinal cord, also known as the tubular nervous system, is a long, thin, and tube-like structure that extends from the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
Control your body's activities and actions. Movements are controlled by brain signals that are sent to various bodily regions.
Inform your brain of your senses. Your brain records and processes sensations like pressure or discomfort with the aid of signals from other areas of your body.
controlling your reflexes.
The spinal cord, which connects the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar portion of the vertebral column, is a long, thin, tubular tube consisting of nerve tissue (backbone). The cerebrospinal fluid-filled core canal of the spinal cord is enclosed by the backbone. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord starts at the base of the skull and travels via the foramen magnum before entering the spinal canal at the first cervical vertebra. Between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, the spinal cord comes to a stop. The somewhat shorter spinal cord is shielded by the bony vertebral column that surrounds it.
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Which of the following junctions binds a cell to another cell and is linked to keratin intermediate filaments? Choose one: O A. desmosome O B. tight junction O C. adherens junction O D. hemidesmosome
Junctions binds a cell to another cell and is linked to keratin intermediate filaments is desmosome.
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that connect the plasma membrane with intermediate filaments. Members of the cadherin superfamily called desmogleins and desmocollins mediate adhesion at desmosomes. Desmosomes hold cells together by acting as glue. They are found in high numbers in tissues that are subject to a lot of mechanical forces. For example, many are found in the epidermis, which is the outer layer of skin, and the myocardium, which is muscle tissue in the heart.The extracellular core region, approximately 34 nm in length, contains desmoglein and desmocollin, which are in the cadherin family of cell adhesion proteins. Both have five extracellular domains, and have calcium-binding motifs. By permitting the cadherin extracellular domain on desmoglein and desmocollin to stiffen, extracellular calcium aids in the formation of cadherin adhesion. In contrast to the homophilic binding behaviour of other cadherins, they attach to each other via heterophilic interactions in the extracellular space around their N-termini. Desmoglein and desmocollin both feature an internal anchor to maintain their location within the cell membrane and a single pass transmembrane region. An intracellular cadherin domain seen in desmogleins and the desmocollin isoform "Dsc-a" interacts to plakoglobin.
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the spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic, and ____ tracts make up the anterolateral system.multiple choice question.
The spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic, and spinothalamic tracts make up the anterolateral system.
The midbrain is where several projection systems from the spinomesecephalic tract terminate. The cells of the spinomesecephalic tract are distributed throughout the spinal cord similarly to how the cells of the spinothalamic tract are.
Ascending channels in the spinal cord's white matter include the spinoreticular tract and the lateral spinothalamic tract. The reticular formation is the first stop along the way from the spinal cord to the thalamus.
A longitudinal network of ascending fibers known as the spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts carries sensory information, such as pain, itch, temperature, tactile sensations, and proprioceptive information, to the brain from the opposite side of the body.
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Chordates all possess at least during embryological development, which of these features? Select all that apply A) a notochord B) a dorsal nerve cord C) a postanal tail D) a bony skeleton E) jaws
At least throughout embryological development, all chordates have a postanal tail, a notochord, and a dorsal nerve cord.
Do all Chordata possess intelligence?Only vertebrates have a fully formed brain. In chordates, the proximal tip of the primary nerve cord is expanded to at least resemble a brain. The larvae of tunicates contain light-sensitive vision organs and gravity-sensitive sense organs.
What role does a chordate play?Respiration. In cephalochordates and tunicates, a primitive vertebrate gill is present, which aids in both eating and breathing. Even though the movement is now created by muscles rather than cilia, the terrestrial gill may still play some part in feeding.
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it occurs in people with blood type o because both copies of the i allele are necessary for dominance.
People with blood type O experience codominance because both copies of a I allele are required for dominance.
What is blood made of?Lipids and solids make up your blood. Water, salts, & protein make up the plasma, which is the liquid component. Your blood contains more than 50% liquid. Red blood cells, white blood cells, & cells make up your blood's solid portion.
What is the importance blood?Humans require blood to survive. With blood, our body's organs would not be able to function properly. We would not be able to maintain body temperature, fight diseases, or dispose of our own waste.
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different terms are used to denote the epidemiology of disease. match each term with the correct scenario.
Endemic: A disease that is constantly present in a certain region or population. For example, malaria is endemic in certain parts of Africa.
Epidemic: A higher-than-normal occurrence of a disease in a region or population for a limited period of time. For example, a flu epidemic occurs when more cases of the flu are reported than usual.
Outbreak: A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a particular region or population. For example, an outbreak of E. coli occurred in a certain region recently.
Pandemic: A worldwide occurrence of a disease. For example, the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic affected people all over the world.
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French biologist, living in the late 1700s and early 1800s, who was the first to propose a mechanism by which evolution might occur. Although this mechanism was later found to be incorrect, he was the first to emphasis how the environment plays a key role in evolution and that the environment can help explain changes in organismal forms seen in the fossil record.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck is a French biologist, living in the late 1700s and early 1800s, who was the first to propose a mechanism by which evolution might occur. he was the first to emphasis how the environment plays a key role in evolution and that the environment can help explain changes in organismal forms seen in the fossil record.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) was a well-known naturalist in France. He was among the first scientists to suggest that species evolve over time. However, Lamarck was incorrect about how species evolve. His understanding of acquired characteristics is incorrect.
Paleontologists, archaeologists, and geologists use the fossil record to place important events and species in the correct geologic era. It is based on the Law of Superposition, which states that the bottom layers in undisturbed rock sequences are older than the top layers.
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which of the following statements highlights an important difference between dna and rna? group of answer choices rna bases have a 3' hydroxyl group dna has a sugar-phosphate backbone rna contains u instead of a none of these all of these dna contains a deoxyribose unit
Important difference between DNA and RNA are given below:
1. DNA has deoxyribose sugar which deoxygenated at 2' C whereas RNA has ribose sugar with hydroxyl group at 2' C.
2. Nitrogen base found in DNA adenine, Guanine, cytosine and thymine but in case of DNA uracil found instead of thymine.
DNA and RNA both contain sugar phosphate backbone with phosphodiester linkage.
In all dwelling things, DNA is vital for inheritance, coding for proteins, and offering instructions for life and its tactics. Human cells commonly consist of 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a complete of forty six chromosomes in every cell.
Most DNA is positioned within the cell nucleus. Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the power from meals right into a shape that cells can use.
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In 1972, E. Eisen et al. (Genetics 72:129-142) conducted experiments in which they continuously selected for increased 12-day litter weight in a population of mice. They observed that the litter weight steadily increased but leveled off after 17 generations. Eisen et al. then began reverse selection by selecting for decreased 12-day litter weight starting with one of the generation-17 families. This group began immediately to respond to selection as the weight dropped 4.8 g after one generation and 7.3 g after five generations. Based on the results of the reverse selection, what is the most likely explanation for the leveling off of 12-day litter weight in the original population? A. Genetic selection plateau B. Physiological selection plateau C. Transgressive segregation D. Overdominance E. Heterosis
The most likely explanation for the leveling off of 12-day litter weight in the original population is option C. Transgressive segregation.
Eugene Eisen chose for an expanded 12-day litter weight in a populace of mice. The 12-day litter weight expanded consistently, however at that point evened out off after 17 ages of mice. Then, at that point, he took one group of mice from the 17 ages and chose for a diminished 12-day litter weight. The gathering promptly answered the choice.
The justification behind the evening out off of multi day litter weight in the first populace may be as per the following. The decay of hereditary variety after 17 ages. There is plausible that the outrageous litter weight was achieved and in this way there is no opportunities for the further expansion in the chose quality.
There may be differentiating choice, which was going against any further expansion in weight of the litter. The consequence of converse determination shows prompt outcomes. This is because of hereditary variety. Contradicting determination would be the most plausible support for this situation. Along these lines the outcome for evening out off of multi day litter weight in the first populace is contradicting determination.
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acIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP+ lacOC lacZ+ lacY -
Select the best description of beta-galactosidase activity in the following environmental conditions.
Lactose Absent; Glucose Absent
Lactose Present, Glucose Present
1.
High
2.
Basal
3.
Lower than basal
4.
None
For genotype: lacIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP - lacOC lacZ+ lacY -
Select the best description of permease activity in the following environmental conditions.
Question 2 options:
Glucose Present; Lactose Present
Glucose Absent; Lactose Present
1.
High
2.
Basal
3.
Lower than basal
4.
None
The best description of beta-Galactosidase enzyme activity for this genotype will be high for both the cases of lactose absent, glucose absent and lactose present, glucose present.
For genotype: lacIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP - lacOC lacZ+ lacYthe best description of permease activity in the following environmental conditions will be none for both cases.
What is beta-galactosidase?
A glycoside hydrolase enzyme called beta-galactosidase catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing D-galactose residues in D-galactosides. Carbohydrates containing galactose that have a glycosidic linkage above the galactose molecule are referred to as galactosides. Enzymes called glycoside hydrolases called galactosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of galactosides into monosaccharides.
What role does beta galactosidase play?
The disaccharide lactose is broken down by the enzyme -galactosidase to create galactose and glucose, which are then used in the process of glycolysis.
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The best description of beta-Galactosidase enzyme activity for this genotype will be high for both the cases of lactose absent, glucose absent and lactose present, glucose present.
For genotype: lacIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP - lacOC lacZ+ lacYthe best description of permease activity in the following environmental conditions will be none for both cases.
What is beta-galactosidase?A glycoside hydrolase enzyme called beta-galactosidase catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing D-galactose residues in D-galactosides. Carbohydrates containing galactose that have a glycosidic linkage above the galactose molecule are referred to as galactosides. Enzymes called glycoside hydrolases called galactosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of galactosides into monosaccharides.
What role does beta galactosidase play?The disaccharide lactose is broken down by the enzyme -galactosidase to create galactose and glucose, which are then used in the process of glycolysis.
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put the events associated with the formation of tubercules in sequence in order to test your understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
The correct sequence formation of tubercules in order to test your understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis are as follow:
Mycobacteria are engulfed by alveolar macrophage.Mycobacteria proliferate within the infected macrophage. Additional immune cells arrive and macrophages become foamy.A fibrous capsule surrounds the macrophage.Infected macrophage lyse releasing mycobacteria and creating caseous necrosis.The tubercule ruptures releasing mycobacteria.To learn more about mycobacteria please visit here:
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the biological species concept works well with all of the following except group of answer choices mammals insects bacteria flowering plants
Answer: Bacteria
Explanation: The biological species concept means that two individual organisms are the same species if they can produce a fertile offspring. Since bacteria reproduce asexually, this concept can't be applied.
please please please helpppppppppppppppppppp
Answer:
d
Explanation:
longitudinal
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Name one feature that is present in ALL plant cells but is never found in animal cells.
Answer: Cell Walls
Explanation: Cell Walls are found in all plant cells but never found in animal cells.
Explanation:
Vesicles
FILL IN THE BLANK. In Mendel's monohybrid cross of purple-flowered and white-flowered peas, all members of the F1 generation had the __________ phenotype because their genotype was __________ at the flower-color locus.
In Mendel's monohybrid cross of purple-flowered and white-flowered peas, all members of the F1 generation had the Purple flowered phenotype because their genotype was heterozygous at the flower-color locus.
Two organisms that have different variations at the same genetic locus are combined to form a monohybrid cross. In a monohybrid cross, two or more mutations at a single gene locus control the character(s) under examination. To carry out such a cross, each parent is chosen to be homozygous or true breeding for a specific trait (locus). The monohybrid ratio, also known as the distribution of second-generation (F2) offspring, is often used to determine if a cross qualifies as a monohybrid cross.
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A Sickle Cell Anemia Detection Simulation: PCR, Restriction Enzyme Digest, and Electrophoresis In this activity, the genotyping of a newborn baby will be simulated with respect to the sickle cell mutation. Does the baby have a wild-type beta-globin gene, a mutation on one allele (carrier), or a mutation on both alleles (homozygous)? Known samples of wild-type and homozygous mutant beta globin will be used for comparison. 1. Write down the known partial DNA sequence for the wild-type beta-globin gene as seen below. This sequence represents the portion of the beta-globin gene that has been amplified using PCR. Typically, amplified sequences will be longer than this example. and some restriction enzymes need longer sequences to function. However, for ease in this activity, the sequences are short. Wild-type: 5' CTG ACT CCT GAG 3: 3' GAC TGA GGA CTC 5' 2. Beside the wild-type sequence, write the DNA sequence for the known mutation associated with sickle cell anemia. Tanio 2 Homorygous mutant: 5' CTG ACT CCT GTG
3 ′3' GAC TGA GGA CAC 5' 3. Determine the recognition site and cleavage pattern of Dde 1 by referring to the restriction enzyme table provided in the background section (see Table 1). Remember that the
The individual will suffer from sickle cell anemia, when both beta-globin gene has mutation. DNA sequence for the wild-type beta-globin gene is 3' GAC TGA GGA CTC 5' . In mutation codon CTC changes into CAC in mutant gene.
The normal individual gene coding for the beta-globin gene 5' CTG ACT CCT GAG 3 and 3' GAC TGA GGA CTC 5'. The mutation changes DNA sequence into ′3' GAC TGA GGA CAC 5'. The recognition sites of the Dde1 enzyme is CTGAG on both strand. The cleaving site for this enzyme will be TGAG on 5' CTG ACT CCT GAG 3 and GACT on 3' GAC TGA GGA CTC 5' strand.
A mutant form of hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S, is the root cause of the hereditary condition known as sickle-cell anemia (HbS). The main cause of sickle cell disease (SCD), which results in severe morbidity and mortality, is the substitution of valine for glutamic acid in hemoglobin molecules.
Hence, sickle cell anemia is caused due to single amino acid changes in beta globin chain.
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When sexuality is "one dimension of human experience, as a quality that emerges from the self-possession, autonomy, and strength" of being an athlete, is called what?
When sexuality is "one dimension of human experience, as a quality that emerges from the self-possession, autonomy, and strength" of being an athlete, it is called athletic eroticism.
The findings show that nearly 40% of adults say they have been subjected to sports-related mistreatment, and about a third of adults believe that LGBT athletes are not welcome in sports. Adults who identify as members of a sexual minority are more likely than other adults to believe that sports are not welcoming to LGBT athletes.
Sports-related abuse and past involvement in sports as children do not account for these trends; they are also less likely than self-identified heterosexuals to play, watch, and discuss sports. The findings as a whole indicate that further work is required to counteract the existence and effect of sexual stigma and discrimination and to create more inviting sporting settings for everybody.
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Compare skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles as to their microscopic anatomy, location and arrangement in body organs, and function in the body.
Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that performs the important role of body movement. Muscles can be divided into three main types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Each type of muscle has its own unique microscopic anatomy, location and arrangement in body organs, and function in the body.
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle and is composed of long, cylindrical cells or fibers known as myocytes. Each myocyte is made up of myofibrils, which are composed of actin and myosin filaments. These filaments are arranged in a repeating pattern that allows for muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle is found mainly in the limbs, trunk and head and is responsible for movement.
Smooth muscle is found mainly in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is composed of short spindle-shaped cells that lack myofibrils. Instead, smooth muscle cells contain actin and myosin filaments arranged in a spiral around the nucleus. Smooth muscle cells are responsible for involuntary actions such as digestion and contraction of blood vessels.
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle is composed of short, branched cells that contain myofibrils. Unlike skeletal and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle cells are connected to each other by special proteins called intercalated discs that allow for the rapid transmission of electrical signals. This allows for the coordinated contraction of the heart muscle.
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in biology, the relationship between form and function is critical. briefly explain how this is apparent at the level of the cell. your answer should include a specific example of how form follows function in a cell.
In biology, The structures (form) of cellular organelles enable them to carry out their respective functions effectively.
In order to keep the system functioning as a whole, the cells provide shape, and structure, and perform various functions. The various functional structures that make up the cell are known as organelles, and they play a role in a variety of cellular functions.
A living organism's fundamental structural and functional unit is the cell. Postulates of cell theory assert that a cell is the fundamental building block of life. It is the unit that gives life to everything and is self-sufficient enough to carry out all essential functions of an organism.
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which of the following situations delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest? which of the following situations delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest? consistent interruptions of muscle stimulation prolonged muscle contraction high intensity exercise alternating sprints with up-hill jogging repetitive stimulation of a muscle
Consistent interruptions of muscle stimulation delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest.
Muscle fatigue is a performance loss brought on by prolonged, vigorous muscle usage. The action potential, extracellular and intracellular ions, and several intracellular metabolites are only a few of the muscular properties that change as muscle exhaustion sets in. There are numerous mechanisms that have been found to be involved in performance deterioration. The conventional theory, which states that the buildup of intracellular lactate and hydrogen ions impairs the function of the contractile proteins, is probably not very significant in mammals. Alternative theories will be taken into account, including the impact of reactive oxygen species, failure of SR Ca2+ release by various mechanisms, and the consequences of ionic alterations on the action potential.
The identification of the numerous mechanisms that contribute in diverse situations during a variety of activities is a significant task. Utilizing the knowledge gained from these research to pinpoint the mechanisms of exhaustion in intact animals and, in particular, in human disorders, is another significant problem. The majority of mechanistic investigations of fatigue are conducted on isolated animal tissues.
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Q.In the recognition of the microbes by
innate immunity, pathogen recognition receptor
recognize which one of the following?
a.C3b receptor
b.Fc receptor
C.KAR
d.KIR
e.Pathogen associated molecular pattern (pamp).
Answer:
E. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)
Explanation:
By binding to PAMP, PRRs can produce immunoprotective effects.
It was proposed by Janeway in 1990s.