Here is a detailed flow sheet for the isolation and purification of 1-bromobutane:
Start with a sample of 1-bromobutane, which can be synthesized from butane through a bromination reaction.
Dissolve the 1-bromobutane in a solvent such as diethyl ether or hexane.
Extract the 1-bromobutane from the solvent using a separatory funnel. This can be done by adding a small amount of water to the solvent mixture and shaking it vigorously to allow the 1-bromobutane to dissolve in the water. The 1-bromobutane will then separate from the solvent as an upper layer.
Drain the upper layer of 1-bromobutane into a clean container, being careful to leave any impurities behind in the separatory funnel.
Dry the 1-bromobutane by adding anhydrous magnesium sulfate or another drying agent to the container and stirring the mixture until the drying agent has absorbed any moisture.
Filter the 1-bromobutane through filter paper to remove any solid impurities.
Distill the 1-bromobutane to purify it further. This can be done by heating the 1-bromobutane in a distillation setup and collecting the distillate as it comes off the still. The 1-bromobutane will boil at a higher temperature than most impurities, so it will be collected in a separate fractions.
Once the 1-bromobutane has been distilled, it can be collected and stored for future use. It is important to handle 1-bromobutane with care, as it is flammable and can be harmful if inhaled or ingested.
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Here is a detailed flow sheet for the isolation and purification of 1-bromobutane:
Start with a sample of 1-bromobutane, which can be synthesized from butane through a bromination reaction.
Dissolve the 1-bromobutane in a solvent such as diethyl ether or hexane.
Extract the 1-bromobutane from the solvent using a separatory funnel. This can be done by adding a small amount of water to the solvent mixture and shaking it vigorously to allow the 1-bromobutane to dissolve in the water. The 1-bromobutane will then separate from the solvent as an upper layer.
Drain the upper layer of 1-bromobutane into a clean container, being careful to leave any impurities behind in the separatory funnel.
Dry the 1-bromobutane by adding anhydrous magnesium sulfate or another drying agent to the container and stirring the mixture until the drying agent has absorbed any moisture.
Filter the 1-bromobutane through filter paper to remove any solid impurities.
Distill the 1-bromobutane to purify it further. This can be done by heating the 1-bromobutane in a distillation setup and collecting the distillate as it comes off the still. The 1-bromobutane will boil at a higher temperature than most impurities, so it will be collected in a separate fractions.
Once the 1-bromobutane has been distilled, it can be collected and stored for future use. It is important to handle 1-bromobutane with care, as it is flammable and can be harmful if inhaled or ingested.
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Which is more reactive phosphorus or chlorine and why?
Answer:
Phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine have 5, 6 and 7 valence electrons respectively. They accept 3, 2 and 1 electrons respectively. It is easier to accept 1 electron than 2 or 2 electrons than 3. Hence, phosphorus is least reactive followed by sulphur and chlorine which is most reactive.
Explanation:
i need to know the answer for these ASAP
The products of the given chemical equation is given serially 1) zinc nitrate and lead bromide,2) hydrogen chloride and copper bromide 3) sodium phosphate and potassium acetate .
What is chemical equation?Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.
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When does a metallic bond present
Answer:
Metallic bonds occur among metal atoms.
a concentration cell is set up using two zinc wires and two solution, one containing 0.350 m zncl2 solution and the other containing 1.40 m zn(no3)2 solution. compute the potential of this cell.
Two zinc wires are used to create a concentration cell, and two solutions—one containing 0.350 m ZnCl2 solution and the other 1.40 m Zn(NO3)2 solution—are used to create the cell with potential 0f 0.0178V
Given that Zn(NO3)2 solution = 1.40m and ZnCl2 solution = 0.350m
According to the reading given above, the response was:
Zn ==> Zn2+(0.350 M) oxidation on the left side of Zn | Zn2+(0.350 M) || Zn2+(1.40 M)
Zn2+(1.40M) + 2e- translates into a reduction of Zn(s) on the right side.
Zn2+(1.40M) ==> Zn2+ then (0.350M)
The formula is as follows:
Ecell = Eocell - RT ln Q, where Q = 0.350 / 1.40 = 0.25 and the temperature is assumed to be 25oC (298K),
gives us Ecell = Eocell - 0.0592 / 2 log Q and
Ecell = 0 - 0.0296 log 0.25
Ecell = -0.0296 * -0.602 = 0.0178V
This is the instantaneous cell potential, Ecell = +0.0178 V (notice the potential is positive, indicating the reaction is spontaneous). The cell potential will eventually reach zero.
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What is the difference between theoretical yield and actual yield? How do you calculate the percent yield of a chemical reaction?
The difference between theoretical yield and actual yield is that theoretical yield is what is calculated while the actual yield is what you actually get in a chemical reaction.
What is actual and theoretical yield?Actual yield is the quantity of a product that is obtained from a chemical reaction while the calculated or theoretical yield is the amount of product that could be obtained from a reaction if all of the reactant converts to product.
This depicts that theoretical yield is based on the limiting reactant. The relationship between actual yield and theoretical yield is used to calculate percent yield:
Percent yield = (actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) x 100%
The difference between actual yield and theoretical yield is illustrated above.
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in order for a bond between atoms to be stable, how should the attractive forces compare to the repulsive forces
A connection needs more attractive forces than repellent ones in order to be stable.
The electrostatic pull that holds the atoms together to create compounds is the basis of chemical bonds. Stronger bonds and more stable compounds result from stronger electrostatic attraction. The bond will require more energy to be broken because of the electrostatic attraction, making it more stable. The bond will be less stable if the repulsive forces are too strong since they will make the link weaker and need less energy to break. A durable link between atoms requires that the attractive forces outweigh the repulsive forces.
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Heliox is a mixture of helium and oxygen gas used to help patients with breathing difficulties. it is also used for scuba diving. the total pressure in a tank of heliox is 208 atm. if the mole fraction of O2 is 0.220, what is the partial pressure of he in the tank?
The partial pressure of helium gas is 162.24 ATM, and it is utilized in the gas mixture Heliox to assist patients with breathing.
A helium and oxygen gas mixture called Heliox is given to people who have trouble breathing. Using it for scuba diving is another usage. The overall pressure requirement is 4.2 atm. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that since heliox is a mixture of only two gases—helium and oxygen—the total pressure in the tank must be equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the two gases. 20% oxygen and 80% helium make up heliox. A breathing gas called heliox is made up of helium (He) and oxygen (O2). It is used as a medicinal treatment for those who have respiratory problems.
Total pressure in Heloix =[tex]po= 208 atom[/tex]
Mole fraction of oxygen =[tex]x0=0.22[/tex]
Mole fraction of helium =[tex]xhc=1- xo=1-0.22=0.78[/tex]
According Dalton's law of partial pressure.
partial pressure of oxygen gas in Heloix:[tex]p0 * x0=208 atom *0.22=45.76 atom[/tex]
Partial pressure of helium gas in Heloix:
[tex]phc=po &xhc=208 atom *0.78=162.24 atm[/tex]
Partial pressure of helium gas is 162.24 atm.
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What is the difference between a mole and a molar mass? How do you use the periodic table to find the molar mass of an element or a compound?
Answer:
mole is a 6.022×10^-23 molecules while molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a substance
Explanation:
one just needs to know the atomic number of an element.to know it's molar mass.Molar mass equals atomic mass of an element
Calculate the Kp for CaCl2 if 200. 0 g of CaCl2 are required to aturate 100. 0 mL of olution
KP is 111.11 for CaCl2 if 200. 0 g of CaCl2 are required to aturate 100. 0 mL of solution.
Kp is nothing but equilibrium constant. chemical reaction's constant is the value of its reaction coefficient at equilibrium state, a state attained by a dynamic chemical equilibrium after a sufficient amount of time has passed where its structure has no quantifiable tendency to change further. At equilibrium, the equilibrium constant can tell us if the reaction has a greater density of product lines as well as reactants. Equilibrium constants include stabilisation constants, forming constants, conditional constants, association constants, and depersonalisation constants.
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Which choice is not true of a liquid in a glass capillary with a convex meniscus?
The liquid has strong cohesive forces.
The liquid level will be lower inside the capillary when a capillary is inserted into a bowl of the liquid.
The liquid will have a convex meniscus as it moves in the capillary.
The behavior of the liquid is driven by strong interactions with the capillary glass.
If the liquid's behavior in a glass capillary with a convex meniscus is determined by strong interactions with the capillary glass, then the alternative is false. Thus, option D is the best choice.
Capillaries made of glass come in a variety of outer diameters, from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm. They are made for x-ray data collecting and can mount, hold, and store crystals of tiny molecules and biological macromolecular specimens. Additionally, crystal density measurements and crystal development investigations can be conducted with the use of capillaries.
Healthcare establishments like hospitals, clinics, doctors' offices, blood banks, and labs all employ glass capillary tubes to collect blood samples for analysis.
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The right question is:
Which choice is not true of a liquid in a glass capillary with a convex meniscus?
The liquid has strong cohesive forces.The liquid level will be lower inside the capillary when a capillary is inserted into a bowl of liquid.The liquid will have a convex meniscus as it moves in the capillary.The behavior of the liquid is driven by strong interactions with the capillary glass.Where can Xenon tetroxide be found in the real world
Answers
Xenon tetroxide is present in the atmosphere
the empirical formula for a compound containing 26.0 % n and 74.0 % o by mass is selected answer: a. n2o5 correct answer: a. n2o5
The empirical formula for a compound is N2O5, that can be calculated by considering the masses of elements.
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound. The mass composition for both the elements is given which is as follows:
N = 26g and O = 74g
Now we will divide the above masses with respect to the Molecular mass of each element;
N = 26/14 = 1.857 moles and for O = 74/16 = 4.625 moles
Now as we have molar ratio of each species;
We will divide the mole ratio by smallest number and round off to nearest decimal;
1.857/4.625 ~ 2/5 (say divide by 0.9 approx.)
Which will give a composition of N2O5.
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imagine the reaction in model 1 starts with zero molecules of a and 100 molecules of b. will the concentration of substance b increase or decrease as the reaction proceeds? explain.
Imagine the reaction in model 1 starts with zero molecules of a and 100 molecules of b is the concentration of b decreases .
The model 1 starts with zero molecules of a and 100 molecules of b. if we start with the zero molecules of a the concentration of b will decreases as it will turn to the reactant. The chemical reaction occurs when the two or substance reactant to form a new product. so the reaction is given as :
A ⇄ B
so, if in the reaction it start with the molecules of a and the b is 100 molecules than the concentration of b decreases as the b turns in to the reactant.
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if 0.300 moles of nitrogen gas occupies 0.600 l under certain conditions, what number of moles occupies 1.500 l under the same conditions? 0.300 moles 1.50 moles 0.750 moles 0.950 moles
0.750 moles of nitrogen will occupy 1.500 I under certain conditions in which 0.300 moles of nitrogen gas occupies 0.600.
The amount of moles of a gas is proportional to the volume it occupies under certain conditions. Therefore, the number of moles of a gas that occupies 1.500 liters under the same conditions can be determined by using the following equation:
Moles = (Volume of original sample × Moles of the original sample) / Volume of new sample
Moles = (0.600 liters × 0.300 moles) / 1.500 liters
Moles = 0.750 moles
Therefore the correct answer to this question is option number 3 which is 0.750 moles.
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Question 1 of 10
What information does a reaction rate give?
A. It indicates the concentrations of products formed.
B. It indicates the equilibrium position of the reaction.
O
C. It indicates if products or reactants are preferred.
D. It indicates how fast reactants become products.
The rate of reaction is the rate at which the reactants disappear or the rate at which the products appear. Option D.
What is the rate of reaction?The rate of a chemical reaction can be defined in a variety of ways. Some of them are:
It is the rate of disappearance of reactantsIt is the rate of appearance of productsIt is an indication of how fast reactants become products.Before the beginning of a reaction, only reactants are present in reaction vessels. Once the reaction starts, the reactants start reacting to form products. Thus, the rate of reaction is the rate at which the reactants are being converted into products.
This can be measured by either of or a combination of the rate of disappearance of the reactants or the rate of appearance of the products.
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consider the following neutral electron configurations in which n has a constant value. which configuration would belong to the element with the most negative electron affinity, eea ?
5s²5p⁵ has high electron affinity.
5s² 5p⁵ are halogens and halogens have high electron affinity. They are called group seven elements. They are present in the p-block of the periodic table. The energy that is released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to create an anion is called electron affinity. When an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom to create a negative ion, the atom's potential energy changes. This shift is known as electron affinity. Therefore, the electron addition process is more favorable the greater negative the electron affinity. Because not all elements can produce stable negative ions, the electron affinity can be negative or even positive in some cases.
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H ion increae in concentration at lower pH value. Calculate how many more H ion there are in a olution at a pH = 2 than in a olution at a pH = 6. Find the concentration of H ion at a pH = 2 and at a pH = 6 in Table B. Then divide the concentration of H ion at a
pH = 2 by the of H ion at a pH = 6. Record your anwer in Table C. What i the concentration of H ion at a pH = 2?
mol/L
What i the concentration of H ion at a pH = 6?
mol/L
How many more H ion are there in a olution at a
pH = 2 than in a olution at a pH = 6?
The H ion concentration at pH 2 is 10-² mol/litre, at pH 6 is 10-⁶ mol/litre and concentration of H ion at pH 2 is 10,000 times more than H concentration at pH 6.
The H ion concentration can are related to each other as follows -
pH = - log (H)
For the pH 2
Keep the values in equation
2 = - log (H)
H = 10-² mol/litres
For the pH 6
6 = - log (H)
Keep the value in equation
H = 10-6 mo/litre
Excess acidic character -
Acidic character = 10-²/10-⁶
Performing division on Right Hand Side of the equation
Acidic character = 10⁴
So, the hydrogen ion concentration at 2 is 10,000 times more hydrogen ion concentration at pH 6.
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How do you use the standard reduction potentials table to calculate the cell potential of a galvanic cell?
Answer:
Explanation:
to find standard reduction potential we have to know one formula
that is E°cell = E cathode - E anode
where the cathode is always one with more negative signs and the anode would always be a less negative sign or more positive value.
a 10 ml sample of hcl solution was transferred to an errenmeyer flask and diluted by adding about 40 ml of distille dwater. phenolphalein indicator was added, and the solution was titrated with .215 m naoh until the indicator turned pink. the exact volume of naoh required was 22.75 ml. calculate the concentration of hcl in the original 10 ml sample
The phenolphthalein the indicator was added, and solution was titrated with the 0.215 M NaOH until the indicator will turned pink. the exact volume of NaOH 22.75 ml. The concentration of the HCl in 10 mL is 0.489 M.
Given that :
concentration , M1 = ?
volume V1 = 10 mL
concentration , M2 = 0.215 M
volume V2 = 22.75 mL
the reaction is :
HCl + NaOH ----> NaCl + H₂O
1 mole HCl react with the 1 mole of the NaOH
the expression is given below :
M1 V1 = M2 V2
M1 = M2 V2 / V1
M1 = ( 0.215 × 22.75 ) / 10
M1 = 0.489 M
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how much au will be plated out (from a solution containing au3 ) by the same amount of current that plates 10.5 g of cu (from a solution of cu2 )
Keeping in mind that, in accordance with the half reaction, gold can be plated from an Au3+-containing solution. Au3+(aq) + 3 e- Au (s) = (M(Au)It)/nF = (197g/mol5.5A25min60sec/min)/(396500C/m.
How does electrolysis current become calculated?How to Determine the Required Current Find out how much a material is created or absorbed by moles. For the half-reaction that is occurring, write the equation. Determine the necessary amount of electron moles. Turn coulombs of charge into moles of electrons. Calculate the needed current.
How are current amounts calculated?We can easily calculate current by dividing the total charge by the measurement period. I = Q t, where I stands for current, Q for charge, and t for time, is a formula for calculating current.
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a copper, cu(s) , electrode is immersed in a solution that is 1.00 m in ammonia, nh3 , and 1.00 m in tetraamminecopper(ii), [cu(nh3)4]2 . if a standard hydrogen electrode is used as the cathode, the cell potential, ecell , is found to be 0.057 v at 298 k . part a based on the cell potential, what is the concentration of cu2 in this solution?
A copper electrode is immersed in the solution that is 1 M in the ammonia and 1.00 M in tetrammine copper(ii). the concentration of the Cu²⁺ in the solution is 3.3 × 10¹¹ M.
given that :
concentration of ammonia = 1 M
concentration of the tetramine copper = 1 M
cell potential = 0.057 V
temperature = 298 K
the reaction
at cathode :
Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ ----> Cu E° cathode = 0.337 V
at anode :
2H⁺ + 2e⁻ ---> H₂ E° anode = 0.00 V
electrode potential = E° cathode - E° anode
= 0.337 - 0.00
= 0.0337 V
Nernst equation :
E cell = E° cell - (0.0591 / n ) log Q
0.055 V = 0.337 V - ( o.0591 / 2 ) log Q
log Q = 0.282 / 0.029
Q = 2.95 × 10⁻¹⁰
concentration of Cu²⁺ = 1 / Q
= 1 / 2.95 × 10⁻¹⁰
= 3.3 × 10¹¹ M
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watch the animation of sigma bond formation in methane, ch4. what types of orbitals on the central carbon atom are used to form the sigma bonds?
Consequently, each C-H bond in methane can be understood as the overlap of a half-filled 1s orbital in four hydrogen atoms with the bigger lobe of one of the four half-filled sp3 hybrid orbitals to generate a four equivalent sigma () bond.
How is the bonding of CH4 affected by the different forms of hybrid orbitals?By combining one orbital with three p orbitals, methane molecules hybridize. One unpaired electron can be found in each orbital.
How are the bonds structured in methane CH4's core carbon atom?Four covalent connections between the carbon and hydrogen atoms make up the methane molecule. Due to the presence of bonds on the core atom's four sides, the arrangement of the molecule exhibits a fair amount of symmetry.
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What is the total dose required for a 140 lb patient if the amount required is 28 mg/kg bodyweight? Given: 1.00 kg = 2.20 lb. Group of answer choices 1.8 mg 11 mg 28 mg 1.8 g 8.6 g 26)How many O atoms are in the formula unit GaO(NO2)2?
The many O atoms are in the formula unit GaO(NO2)2 as the total dose required are 63.5 kg.
You get lb and mg/k*g need to know mg
63.5 kg^ * 28 mg/k * g = 1778 mg1.8g is the next answerWhenNeed to convert lb to kg: 140 lb^ * 1kg / 2.205 * lb = 63.5kg.The total dose required for a 140 lb patient if the amount required is 28 mg/kg bodyweight is 63.5kg.
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hydrogen is in group 1 of the periodic table. which kind of bond would form between two hydrogens?(1 point)
A covalent bond would form because the electron would be shared, so both hydrogen's have a full and stable shell.
What is covalent bond?The exchange of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms forms a covalent connection. The two atomic nuclei are concurrently drawing these electrons to them. When the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too tiny for an electron transfer to take place to create ions, a covalent bond is formed.
Covalent bonds were first described in 1939. The word "covalent bond" is derived from the prefix co-, which means jointly, associated in action, partnered to a lesser extent, etc. The hydrogen atoms share the two electrons through covalent bonding since the prefix co- implies jointly, associated in action, etc.
Given element is hydrogen.
Although the element hydrogen is placed along with the alkali metals in group 1, the hydrogen atom act as a non-metal.
Hence to complete its valence shell, it shares 1 electron with another hydrogen atom and forms a covalent bond.
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Occaionally, you will ee a few white flower on a plant that normally ha purple flower. Explain what caue flower color and how ome white flower could appear on a purple-flowered plant
You will see a few white flowers on a plant that normally has purple flowers due to mutations.
Flower color is determined by pigments in the flower petals. The pigments responsible for the purple flower color are anthocyanins. A mutation in the genetic code responsible for producing anthocyanins could cause some of the petals to be white.
If this mutation is inheritable, then it could be passed down to future generations, resulting in some white flowers appearing on a plant that normally has purple flowers.
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2. The illustration here shows rock layers in their original order, along with a fracture in some rock
layers caused by an earthquake. Based on the evidence in the illustration, an earthquake occurred -
Caused by earthquake
A before layer W was deposited.
B. before layer X was deposited.
C. after layer Y was deposited.
D. after layer Z was deposited.
Rock Layer Z
Rock Layer Y
Rock Layer X
Rock Layer W
Rock Layer V
after the limestone's placement. demonstrates the sequence of the rock layers as well as parts of the layers' fractured due to an earthquake. According to the evidence in the graphic, there was an earthquake.
Explain what an earthquake is:
An earthquake is a quick movement of geological materials beneath the earth's surface that causes the ground to shake violently or weakly. The tectonic plate border is where the earthquakes start.
How is earthquake caused?
Although the tectonic plates are constantly moving slowly, friction causes them to become impermeable at their borders. An earthquake occurs when the stress on the edge exceeds the friction, releasing energy in waves that flow through the earth's crust and produce the shaking we experience.
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if a hot and cold object come into contact, heat is why are chemists interested in studying thermochemistry? until:
Chemists are interested in researching thermochemistry because heat is produced when a hot and cold substance come into contact until thermal equilibrium is attained.
In general, heat (thermal energy) is transferred from the hotter to the colder item when they come into contact.When two objects are in touch, the warmer object's faster-moving particles collide with the colder object's slower-moving particles. Heat will transfer from a hot object to a cold one when they are in close proximity. Heat transfer, thermal transfer, or heat transfer are all terms used to describe the area of physics that analyzes these phenomena.
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if one neutron is absorbed and no by-products are formed, what is the starting isotope? express your answer as an isotope.
The starting isotope for the formation of Molybdenum-99 by the neutron bombardment of a naturally occurring isotope is Molybdenum-98, ⁹⁸₄₂Mo.
What are nuclear reactions?Nuclear reactions are reactions in which there are changes in the particle present in the nucleus of an atom of an element.
The particles found in the nucleus of an element are protons and neutrons. Changes that occur in the number of these particles result in the formation of isotopes of elements or entirely new elements.
Nuclear reactions are represented by nuclear equations.
The nuclear equation for the formation of Molybdenum-99 by the neutron bombardment of a naturally occurring isotope is shown below:
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Complete question:
Molybdenum-99 is formed by the neutron bombardment of a naturally occurring isotope. If one neutron is absorbed and no byproducts are formed, what is the starting isotope?
acetylene (c2h2) has a tendency to lose two protons (h ) and form the carbide ion (c2 2- ), which is present in a number of ionic compounds such as cac2 and mgc2. given on the right is the ordering of the molecular orbital energies for c2. a) fill in the valence electrons of the carbide ion into the given diagram in order to create the molecular orbital diagram for the carbide ion in its ground state. b) what is the bond order of c2 2- based on your diagram? bond order of c2 2- : 3 c) looking at your mo diagram, is the c2 2- molecule diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
a) The molecular orbital diagram of carbide ion in ground state is attached in the image below and b) The bond order of C22- is 2 and C) the molecule is diamagnetic.
a) The valence electrons of the carbide ion into the given diagram in order to create the molecular orbital diagram for the carbide ion in its ground state is given as by deriving bond order as follows:
b) The bond order can be calculated as follows:
Bond order=8-2/2=2
c) The molecular orbital diagram of carbide ion in ground state is attached in the image below. This molecule is diamagnetic in nature. A diamagnetic substance is one whose atoms have no permanent magnetic dipole moment.
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mesitylene is a liquid hydrocarbon. if 0.115 g of this compound is burned in pure oxygen to give 0.3790 g co2 and 0.1035 g h2o, what is the empirical formula of the compound?
The empirical formula of the compound is C3H4.
Solution:
For the simplest ratio device both moles by lowest mole.
C = 0.00864/0.00864 = 1 x 3 = 3
H = 0.0115/0.00864 = 1.33 x3 = 4
The empirical formula is = C3H4
An empirical formula is the chemical formula of a compound that indicates the proportion of elements present in the compound but does not indicate the actual number or arrangement of atoms. This will be the smallest integer ratio of the elements in the compound.
The molecular formula is the simplest formula for a compound and is defined as the ratio of the smallest possible integer exponents of the elements in the formula. Also known as the simplest formula. Pharmaceutical companies use empirical studies to test certain drugs in controlled or random groups to study effects and causes.
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