Methods of Physical Control:
Heat
•Elevated temperatures are effective in killing microorganisms.
•Lower temperatures are effective in slowing down growth and reproduction.
•Moist heat: hot water, boiling water, or steam between 60°C and 135°C
•Dry heat: hot air or an open flame, which ranges from 160°C to thousands of degrees Celsius
Methods of physical control involve the use of various physical agents to control or eliminate microorganisms. Heat is one such agent that is commonly used. Elevated temperatures are effective in killing microorganisms, as they denature the proteins and nucleic acids that are essential for their survival. Lower temperatures, on the other hand, slow down their growth and reproduction.
Moist heat is more effective than dry heat, and some examples of moist heat include hot water, boiling water, or steam between 60°C and 135°C. These can be used to disinfect surfaces, equipment, and even food products.
Dry heat, such as hot air or an open flame, is less effective than moist heat but is still used in certain applications. This ranges from 160°C to thousands of degrees Celsius and can be used for sterilizing instruments, glassware, and other heat-resistant materials. Overall, the choice of heat treatment depends on the type of microorganism being targeted, the nature of the material being treated, and the desired outcome.
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After Punch Taut travels to Pentune, what actually happens to his mass and his weight?
After Punch Taut travels to Pentune, his mass remains the same as it is a measure of the amount of matter in his body which does not change with a change in location.
However, his weight will change as it is the measure of the gravitational force acting on his mass. The weight of Punch Taut will be different on Pentune compared to his weight on his previous location due to differences in the gravitational pull of the two locations. However, his weight changes because weight depends on both mass and the gravitational force acting on the object. If Pentune has a different gravitational force than Punch Taut's previous location, his weight will be affected accordingly.
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Three charges are placed as shown below. Determine the magnitude and direction of the net electrostatic force on charge q1. As part of the solution, include a force diagram.
d1= 1.5m
d2= 3.0m
q1=2.0uC
q2=-3.5uC
q3=5uC
1.8 x 10-3 N to the left is the strength and guidance of the net electrostatic force on q1.
Where may one find electrostatic force?The size of each charge & the separation between them determine how much electrostatic force there will be. When two charges of the same type are brought together, whether positive or Two charges positioned apart are subject to the electrostatic force., they repel one another.
What is electrostatic force, and what does it look like?The mathematical formula for the electrostatic attraction between two objects was initially published by a Frenchman named Charles Coulomb. The force between the charged points can be calculated using Coulomb's law. Its formula is F=k|q1q2|r2, where q1 as well as q2 correspond to two point charges that are separated from one another by r, and where k=8.99109Nm2/C2.
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38. when a dilute gas expands quasi-statically from 0.50 to 4.0 l, it does 250 j of work. assuming that the gas temperature remains constant at 300 k, (a) what is the change in the internal energy of the gas? (b) how much heat is absorbed by the gas in this process?
The change in internal energy of the gas is zero and the heat absorbed by the gas in this process is 250 J.
(a) Since the gas is expanding quasi-statically and its temperature remains constant, we can assume that the internal energy of the gas also remains constant.
(b) According to the first law of thermodynamics, the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system. Since the internal energy is constant, we can write:
Heat absorbed by the gas = Work done by the gas
Heat absorbed by the gas = 250 J (given in the question)
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Question 80 Marks: 1 In distillation, sea water is heated to the boiling point and then into steam, usually under pressure, at a starting temperature of
Choose one answer. a. 278 degrees F b. 260 degrees F c. 250 degrees F d. 258 degrees F
In distillation, sea water is heated to the boiling point and then into steam, usually under pressure, at a starting temperature of b. 260 degrees F
Distillation is a common method for purifying and desalinating water, and it works by taking advantage of the different boiling points of the substances present in the mixture. By heating the sea water to 260 degrees F, the water vaporizes into steam, leaving behind the dissolved salts and other impurities.
The steam is then condensed back into pure water, which is collected separately from the remaining impurities. This process is widely used in various industries and for producing potable water in areas where fresh water sources are scarce or contaminated. It is essential to maintain the correct starting temperature for efficient distillation and to prevent damage to equipment and ensure the quality of the purified water. In distillation, sea water is heated to the boiling point and then into steam, usually under pressure, at a starting temperature of b. 260 degrees F
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6.5. What is the maximum height of a four inch-wide wire-glass glazing strip located in a Class B labeled fire door? A. 13.5 inches
B. 25 inches
C. Full height of a 10-foot-high door
D. No glazing is permitted
The maximum height of a four-inch-wide wire-glass glazing strip located in a Class B labeled fire door is B. 25 inches.
This is based on the requirements for fire-rated glazing in fire doors, which limit the size of the glazing to maintain the door's integrity and resist the spread of fire.According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 80, the maximum height of a four inch-wide wire-glass glazing strip located in a Class B labeled fire door is 25 inches. This requirement is in place in order to ensure that the fire door is able to provide an effective barrier against the spread of fire and smoke.
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wave speed is equal to: question 20 options: wave height divided by frequency. wave height divided by period. wavelength divided by fetch. wavelength divided by frequency. wavelength divided by period.
Wave speed is equal to wavelength divided by period. The wave height refers to the vertical distance between the crest (highest point) and trough (lowest point) of a wave.
The frequency refers to the number of waves that pass a certain point in a given amount of time. The wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs of a wave. However, none of these terms are directly related to the calculation of wave speed, which is determined by dividing the wavelength by the period (the time it takes for one full wave cycle to pass a given point).
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Which zone has the lowest biomass per unit of volume?
Answer:
4 (aphotic zone)
Hope it helped! :)
Define Numerical Aperture (NA):What are the two light capturing lenses in microscope?What is the purpose of the condenser?
Numerical Aperture (NA) is a measure of the ability of an optical system, such as a microscope, to gather and focus light.
The two light capturing lenses in a microscope are the objective lens and the eyepiece lens. The objective lens is located close to the object being viewed and is responsible for capturing the light that forms the image. The eyepiece lens is located close to the viewer's eye and magnifies the image produced by the objective lens.
The purpose of the condenser is to focus and direct light onto the object being viewed. It is located below the stage of the microscope and typically consists of a lens and an aperture. The aperture controls the amount of light that enters the microscope and helps to increase the resolution of the image by reducing the size of the light cone that enters the objective lens.
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which molecule is a product of light rxns of the Calvin Cylce
The molecule that is a product of the light reactions and is used in the Calvin Cycle is ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which provide energy and reducing power, respectively, for the Calvin Cycle to fix carbon dioxide into glucose and other organic molecules. Glycerate-3-phosphate (or 3-phosphoglycerate) is a product of light reactions of the Calvin Cycle. It is produced from the light-dependent reaction of RuBisCO, which uses carbon dioxide as a substrate, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) as a product, to form 3-phosphoglycerate. The light-dependent reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction, in which the energy of light is used to reduce the carbon dioxide to 3-phosphoglycerate. The 3-phosphoglycerate is then used in the Calvin Cycle to produce glucose.
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For the rolling straight edge the deficiencies must be fixed when
The rolling straight-edge, also known as a rolling straightedge or planograph, is a tool used to gauge the regularity of the surface of roads and other comparable constructions, such airport runways.
It comprises of a fixed-distance straightedge placed on wheels with a sensor in the center measuring height deviation. A 2 m straight edge is positioned on the ground and supported by its own weight. The largest distance between the places of the straight edge's underside that are in touch with the floor should be measured. The 'go' and 'no go' strategy is used to accomplish this. With the use of a slip gauge, the measurements are collected.
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Which term best describes conditions a few seconds after the Big Bang took place?
The term that best describes the conditions a few seconds after the Big Bang took place is "hot and dense".
During the first few seconds after the Big Bang, the universe was extremely hot and dense, with temperatures reaching as high as 10 billion degrees Celsius. The universe was filled with high-energy particles, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons, which were constantly colliding with each other.
As the universe expanded and cooled, the particles began to combine to form atomic nuclei, a process known as nucleosynthesis. This occurred after a few minutes after the Big Bang.
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What volume of a 0.100MHCl stock solution should be used to prepare 250.00mL of 0.0250MHCl?A) 1.00mLB) 16.0mLC) 62.5mLD) 100.mL
The correct answer is C) 62.5 mL.
Below is the step - wise procedure.
To prepare the desired solution, you can use the dilution formula: C1V1 = C2V2, where C1 is the initial concentration, V1 is the initial volume, C2 is the final concentration, and V2 is the final volume.
1. Identify the given values:
C1 = 0.100 M (initial concentration of HCl stock solution)
C2 = 0.0250 M (final concentration of HCl)
V2 = 250.00 mL (final volume of diluted HCl solution)
2. Rearrange the formula to solve for V1:
V1 = (C2 * V2) / C1
3. Plug in the given values:
V1 = (0.0250 M * 250.00 mL) / 0.100 M
4. Calculate the result:
V1 = 62.5 mL
So, to prepare 250.00 mL of 0.0250 M HCl, you should use 62.5 mL of the 0.100 M HCl stock solution. The correct answer is C) 62.5 mL.
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what is the angular speed of the second hand the minute hand and hour ofa smoothly running anolag watch
Answer:
ω = 2 π f = 2 π / P
The second hand makes 1 revolution every 60 sec (P = 60 sec)
ω (second hand) = 2 π / 60 sec = .1047 / sec
The second hand makes 60 revolutions for 1 revolution of the minute hand since the minute hand revolves once every hour
ω (minute hand) = 1/60 * .1047 = .001745 / sec
The minute hand makes 60 revolutions in 1 hour or 12 * 60 = 720 revolutions for 1 revolution of the hour hand
.001745 / 720 = 2.424 * 10E-6 / sec
34. Two motorcycles are riding around a circular track at the same angular velocity. One motorcycle is at a radius of 15 m; and the second is at a radius of 18 m. What is the ratio of their linear speeds, v2/v1?
A) 1.0
B) 0.83
C) 1.4
D) 0.71
E) 1.2
The ratio of their linear speeds, v2/v1 is 1.2.
To find the ratio of their linear speeds (v2/v1), we will use the relationship between angular velocity (ω), radius (r), and linear speed (v), which is:
v = ω * r
Let v1 be the linear speed of the first motorcycle with a radius r1 = 15 m, and v2 be the linear speed of the second motorcycle with a radius r2 = 18 m. Since both motorcycles have the same angular velocity (ω), we can write the following equations for their linear speed:
v1 = ω * r1
v2 = ω * r2
Now, we want to find the ratio v2/v1. Divide the second equation by the first equation:
(v2/v1) = (ω * r2) / (ω * r1)
The ω terms will cancel out:
(v2/v1) = r2 / r1
Substitute the given values for r1 and r2:
(v2/v1) = 18 m / 15 m
Simplify:
(v2/v1) = 1.2
So the ratio of their linear speeds, v2/v1, is 1.2, which corresponds to option E.
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If two people pull with a force of 1000 N each on opposite ends of a rope and neither person moves, what is the magnitude of tension in the rope?
The magnitude of tension in the rope is 1000 N.
Since the two people are pulling with equal and opposite forces, their forces cancel each other out and the net force on the rope is zero. However, according to Newton's third law of motion, every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
The rope is under tension because the two people are pulling on it. Since the forces that the two people apply to the rope are equal and opposite, the tension in the rope must also be equal to the force applied by each person, which is 1000 N. This tension is what prevents the rope from breaking or stretching, and allows the two people to pull on it without either of them moving.
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While skydiving, a parachutist whose weight is 700N opens her parachute and experiences a force due to air resistance equal to 1000N. The net force on the parachutist is
The net force on the parachutist is -300N. This means that there is a force acting in the opposite direction to the parachutist's motion, which is the force of air resistance.
The net force on the parachutist can be calculated by subtracting the force of air resistance from the weight of the parachutist.
Net force = weight - force of air resistance
Net force = 700N - 1000N
Net force = -300N
However, the force of the parachute is also acting in the opposite direction to the parachutist's motion, which helps to slow down the parachutist's descent. Overall, the parachutist is experiencing a downward force due to gravity, but the force of air resistance and the force of the parachute are both affecting the parachutist's motion.
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14N = 3.5 kg × 4 m/sec²
What process would I need to get answer 14N?
The process that would be needed to get 14N as answer is exertion of force.
What is force?Force is a physical quantity that denotes ability to push, pull, twist or accelerate a body.
Force is an influence that causes the motion of an object with mass to change its velocity, i.e. to accelerate. It can be calculated by multiplying the mass of the object by its acceleration.
Force can be a push or a pull, always with magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity.
According to this question, the following expression was given: 14N = 3.5 kg × 4 m/sec². In this expression,
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for the membrane capacitor discharging through the membrane resistor, the charge of the capacitor and, hence, the voltage across the capacitor as well as the current through the membrane capacitor-resistor loop all decay exponentially. for example, the voltage on the capacitor changes in time as where is the time constant, i.e., the time it takes for the voltage to decay to of its initial value, of this circuit. what is the form of this time constant in terms of the membrane resistance and capacitance? we will find that this time constant is relevant for determining the speed of the pulse.
The time constant of the membrane capacitor-resistor loop can be expressed as the product of the membrane resistance and capacitance, i.e., τ = R * C.
This means that the larger the resistance or capacitance, the longer it will take for the voltage across the capacitor to decay to of its initial value. The time constant is important in determining the speed of the pulse because it dictates how quickly the membrane potential can change in response to a stimulus. If the time constant is too large, the neuron may not be able to fire rapidly enough to transmit information efficiently.
The time constant for a membrane capacitor discharging through a membrane resistor is given by the product of the membrane resistance (R) and the membrane capacitance (C). In mathematical terms, the time constant (τ) can be represented as: τ = R * C
This time constant is crucial for determining the speed of the pulse, as it represents the time it takes for the voltage to decay to 1/e (approximately 36.8%) of its initial value in the capacitor-resistor loop.
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If the ambient temperature is different than 86 degrees F (30 degrees C) AND there are more than three conductors in a conduit or cable, You must multiply by both the temperature correction factor and the bundle adjustment factor(True/False)
True. When there are more than three conductors in a conduit or cable, the heat generated by the current flowing through them can cause the temperature to rise above the ambient temperature.
In such cases, the ampacity of the conductors needs to be adjusted to account for the higher temperature. This is done by multiplying the conductor's ampacity by both the temperature correction factor and the bundle adjustment factor.
Similarly, if the ambient temperature is different than 86 degrees F (30 degrees C), the ampacity of the conductors needs to be adjusted to account for the temperature difference. This is also done using the temperature correction factor.
Therefore, when both of these conditions are present, it is necessary to use both the temperature correction factor and the bundle adjustment factor to properly calculate the ampacity of the conductors.
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10. During the time a compact disc (CD) accelerates from rest to a constant rotational speed of 477 rev/min, it rotates through an angular displacement of 0.250 rev. What is the angular acceleration of the CD?
A) 358 rad/s2
B) 126 rad/s2
C) 901 rad/s2
D) 866 rad/s2
E) 794 rad/s2
The angular displacement, ω₀ is the initial angular velocity, α is the angular acceleration, and t is the time.
Since the CD starts from rest, ω₀ = 0. The angular displacement θ is given as 0.250 rev, which should be converted to radians 1 rev = 2π radiansθ = 0.250 rev × 2π rad/rev = 0.5π radians.
The angular acceleration = final angular velocity - initial angular velocity / timeSince the CD starts from rest, the initial angular velocity is 0. The final angular velocity is given as 477 rev/min. We need to convert this to radians per second
final angular velocity = 477 rev/min * 2π radians/rev * 1/60 min/sec = 49.87 radians/second The time it takes for the CD to reach this speed is not given, but we can find it using the formula for angular displacement angular displacement = final angular velocity + initial angular velocity / 2 * time Since the CD starts from rest, the initial angular velocity is 0. We can rearrange the formula to solve for time = 2 * angular displacement / final angular velocity + initial angular velocity
Plugging in the values, we get me = 2 * 0.250 rev / 49.87 radians/second + 0 = 0.01002 seconds Now we can calculate the angular acceleration angular acceleration = 49.87 radians/second - 0 / 0.01002 seconds = 4,977 radians/second^2
This is not one of the answer choices, but we can convert it to the given units angular. acceleration=4,977radians/second^2 * 1 rev/2π radians^2 * 1 min/60 sec^2 ≈ 794 rad/s^2Therefore, the answer is E 794 rad/s2. To find the angular acceleration of the compact disc CD, we can use the following equationθ = ω₀t + 1/2αt².
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an outboard motor for a boat is rated at 55 hp. if it can move a particular boat at a steady speed of 35 km/h, what is the total force resisting the motion of the boat?
To calculate the total force resisting the motor of the boat, we can use the equation. Total Force = 0.5 x Density of Water x Cross-Sectional Area of the Boat x Drag Coefficient x [tex]velocity^{2}[/tex] + Weight of the Boat Since we are given.
The boat is moving at a steady speed of 35 km/h, we need to convert this to meters per second. 35 km/h = 9.72 m/s We are also given that the motor is rated at 55 hp, but we don't need to use this information to calculate the total force. Now, we need to estimate some values for the other variables in the equation. The density of water is approximately 1000 kg/[tex]m^{2}[/tex], the cross-sectional area of the boat is not given, and the drag coefficient varies depending on the shape of the boat. Let's assume a cross-sectional area of 10 [tex]m^{2}[/tex]and a drag coefficient of 0.5 which is typical for a boat of this size and shape. Using these values, we can calculate the total force as Total Force = 0.5 x 1000 kg/[tex]m^{2}[/tex] x 10 [tex]m^{2}[/tex] x 0.5 x 9.72 m/[tex]s^{2}[/tex] + Weight of the Boat We don't know the weight of the boat, but we can still solve for the total force. Simplifying the equation gives Total Force = 1182.2 N/[tex]m^{2}[/tex] x Weight of the Boat So, the total force resisting the motion of the boat depends on the weight of the boat. If we had that information, we could use the equation above to calculate the total force.
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The distance between the plates of a capacitor is cut in half. By what factor does its capacitance change?
a. it is cut in half
b. it is reduced to one-fourth its original value
c. it is doubled
d. it is quadrupled
The correct answer is c. The capacitance is doubled. The capacitance of a capacitor is directly proportional to the area of the plates and inversely proportional to the distance between them. Mathematically, the capacitance (C) of a parallel-plate capacitor can be expressed as: C = εA/d
where ε is the permittivity of the medium between the plates, A is the area of each plate, and d is the distance between the plates.
If the distance between the plates is cut in half, then the capacitance of the capacitor will be doubled. This is because the capacitance is inversely proportional to the distance between the plates, so reducing the distance by a factor of 2 will increase the capacitance by a factor of 2.
Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store electrical charge. It is directly proportional to the area of the plates and the permittivity of the medium between the plates, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The formula for capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is given as:
C = εA/d
where C is the capacitance, ε is the permittivity of the medium between the plates, A is the area of each plate, and d is the distance between the plates.
When the distance between the plates of a capacitor is cut in half, the capacitance is doubled, as the distance between the plates appears in the denominator of the capacitance equation. The permittivity of the medium between the plates and the area of each plate remain the same. Therefore, the new capacitance (C') can be calculated as follows:
C' = εA/(d/2) = 2εA/d = 2C
where C is the original capacitance. This shows that the capacitance is doubled when the distance between the plates is halved.
Conversely, if the distance between the plates is doubled, the capacitance is halved. Similarly, if the area of the plates is doubled, the capacitance is also doubled, while if the permittivity of the medium between the plates is doubled, the capacitance is also doubled.
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5. When the LRC circuit in this experiment is driven at its resonance frequency the voltage across the resistor will be:
When the LRC circuit in this experiment is driven at its resonance frequency, the voltage across the resistor will be maximum. This is because at resonance frequency, the reactance of the inductor and capacitor cancels out, resulting in a minimum impedance in the circuit.
Therefore, the current in the circuit will be maximum, leading to a maximum voltage across the resistor according to Ohm's law. A resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C) are the three parts of an LRC circuit, a sort of electrical circuit. From the initials of these three parts, the word LRC is derived. The interaction of the resistor, inductor, and capacitor controls how an LRC circuit behaves. The capacitor stores energy in an electric field, the inductor stores energy in a magnetic field, and the resistor dissipates energy. The circuit oscillates at the resonant frequency as a result of the interaction between these parts.
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3. What is the time constant Ï in s for a circuit with resistance R=1.0 kΩ in series with a capacitance C=1.0 μF?
The time constant (Ï) for a circuit with resistance R and capacitance C is given by the equation Ï = R*C. In this case, R=1.0 kΩ and C=1.0 μF.
Converting the units to SI units (ohms and farads), we get R=1000 ohms and C=1.0*10^-6 farads. Substituting these values into the equation, we get Ï = 1000 ohms * 1.0*10^-6 farads = 1.0 millisecond (ms) or 0.001 seconds (s). Therefore, the time constant for this circuit is 0.001 s.
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A rock with 200 joules of potential energy is dropped from rest in the moon. When it hurts the surface of the moon it's kinetic energy is
When a rock with 200 joules of potential energy is dropped from rest on the moon, its potential energy will be converted into kinetic energy as it falls.
The rock with 200 joules of potential energy is initially at rest on the moon. As it falls towards the surface, its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. Therefore, when it reaches the surface of the moon, all of its potential energy has been converted to kinetic energy. At the moment it hits the surface of the moon, its kinetic energy will be equal to its initial potential energy, which is 200 joules. The kinetic energy of the rock can be calculated using the formula KE = 1/2[tex]mv^{-2}[/tex], where m is the mass of the rock and v is its velocity. Since we don't know the mass of the rock or the distance it has fallen, we can't determine its velocity or kinetic energy. However, we do know that the rock's kinetic energy at the moment it hits the surface of the moon is equal to the 200 joules of potential energy it had when it was dropped.
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14) Most stars in the Milky Way's halo are
A) very old.
B) found inside molecular clouds.
C) very young.
D) blue or white in color.
A) very old. The halo of the Milky Way contains some of the oldest stars in the galaxy, with ages typically around 10-13 billion years.
These stars are generally low in heavy elements and are believed to have formed early in the galaxy's history. They are also often found in globular clusters, which are dense groups of stars held together by gravity. The Milky Way's halo is a region that surrounds the main disk of our galaxy, and it contains mostly old, metal-poor stars, which are the remnants of the galaxy's early formation. This is due to the fact that the halo contains the oldest stars in the galaxy, which formed in the early stages of the Milky Way's formation. These stars have survived for billions of years and are thus much older than the stars in the galactic disk, which are mostly several billion years old.
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39. in an expansion of gas, 500 j of work are done by the gas. if the internal energy of the gas increased by 80 j in the expansion, how much heat does the gas absorb?
According to the first law of thermodynamics, the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system:
ΔU = Q - W
where ΔU is the change in internal energy, Q is the heat added to the system, and W is the work done by the system.
In this case, we are given that the work done by the gas is 500 J and the change in internal energy is 80 J. So, we can rearrange the equation and solve for Q:
Q = ΔU + W
Q = 80 J + 500 J
Q = 580 J
Therefore, the gas absorbs 580 J of heat during the expansion.
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air enters a converging-diverging nozzle with low velocity at 2.0 mpa and 100 c. if the exit area of the nozzle is 3.5 times the throat area, what must the back pressure be to produce a normal shock at the exit plane of the nozzle?
where Mach is the Mach number at the exit. Plugging in the values, we can find the pressure and temperature at the exit plane of the nozzle.
To solve this problem, we can use the equations for isentropic flow and normal shock wave relations.
First, we need to find the Mach number at the throat of the nozzle. We can use the isentropic flow equations for this:
Mach number at throat = sqrt(2/(gamma - 1) * [ (P_inlet/P_throat)^((gamma-1)/gamma) - 1 ])
where gamma is the ratio of specific heats for air (approximately 1.4), P_inlet is the inlet pressure (2.0 MPa), and P_throat is the pressure at the throat (unknown). Plugging in the values, we get:
Mach number at throat = sqrt(2/(1.4 - 1) * [ (2.0/ P_throat)^((1.4-1)/1.4) - 1 ])
Next, we can use the area ratio given to find the Mach number at the exit:
Area ratio = A_exit/A_throat = 3.5
Mach number at exit = sqrt( 2/(gamma + 1) * [ (P_exit/P_throat)^((gamma-1)/gamma) - 1 ] + 1 )
We can assume that the flow is choked at the throat, meaning that the Mach number at the throat is 1. To produce a normal shock wave at the exit, the Mach number at the exit must be greater than 1.4, which is the critical Mach number for air at 100 C. We can iterate on different values of P_exit until we find the value that gives a Mach number of 1.4 at the exit.
Once we have found the correct value of P_exit, we can use the normal shock wave relations to find the pressure and temperature at the exit:
P_exit/P_inlet = [(gamma+1)/2]^(gamma/(gamma-1)) * [ 1 + (gamma-1)/2 * Mach^2 ]^(-(gamma)/(gamma-1))
T_exit/T_inlet = [ 1 + (gamma-1)/2 * Mach^2 ]^(-1)
where Mach is the Mach number at the exit. Plugging in the values, we can find the pressure and temperature at the exit plane of the nozzle.
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FC-5 low end ambient air temperature is what?
Low-ambient temperatures , Either the flood condenser approach or the fan-speed control method should be used to manage low ambient air conditions of -30 or -40°F (-35 or -40°C).
The air temperature of any item or setting where equipment is kept is known as the ambient temperature. The definition of the term ambient is "relating to the immediate surroundings." The normal temperature or baseline temperature are other names for this number. This kind of ambient temperature is sometimes referred to as room temperature and normally ranges from 68 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit. If interior cooling is needed when external temperatures are low, a Low Ambient Kit is designed to keep system pressures at acceptable levels.
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Question 24
Which one of the following may be the most devastating to biodiversity?
a. over hunting
b. global warming
c. pollution
d. habitat destruction
The most devastating factor to biodiversity among the given options is habitat destruction. This is because habitat destruction can lead to the displacement and loss of entire ecosystems, resulting in the extinction of species that rely on that habitat for survival.
While over hunting, global warming, and pollution also have significant impacts on biodiversity, habitat destruction has the greatest potential for irreversible damage to ecosystems and the species that depend on them. The most devastating factor to biodiversity among the options given is habitat destruction. Habitat destruction is the most devastating to biodiversity because it leads to the loss of ecosystems and the species that depend on them. When habitats are destroyed, species lose their food sources, shelter, and breeding grounds, often resulting in population declines and even extinction. Additionally, habitat destruction can exacerbate the effects of other threats like overhunting, global warming, and pollution.
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