What are antigens and antibodies doing when a blood coagulates or clumps?
The process of blood coagulation or clumping depends heavily on antigens and antibodies. When a pathogen or virus enters the body, the immune system recognises it as an antigen and attacks it.
What functions do antigens and antibodies perform in the blood?Proteins called antibodies are present in plasma. They are a component of your body's defence mechanisms. Your immune system is notified when they detect alien objects, such as pathogens, and it then eliminates them.
Why does blood coagulate in reaction to an antibody?In the event that a transfusion reaction takes place, an antibody binds to antigens on various red blood cells. Red blood cells begin to clump together as a result, obstructing blood arteries.
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20. A protein molecule has a molar absorption coefficient () of 28430 M^-1.cm^-1 at 280 nm wave length. An absorbance value of 0.15 has been measured using a spectrophotometer at the same wave length using a standard 1cm cuvette. Calculate how many nanomoles of protein would there be in 1 ml solution?
There are 5.28 x [tex]10^3[/tex] nanomoles of protein in 1 ml of solution, as found by Beer-Lambert Law.
The Beer-Lambert Law states that the amount of light absorbed by a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing species in the solution. The equation for this is:
A = εlc
where A is the absorbance, ε is the molar absorption coefficient, l is the path length (in cm), and c is the concentration (in M).
In this case, we know that ε = 28430 [tex]M^-^1.cm^-^1[/tex], l = 1 cm, and A = 0.15. We can rearrange the equation to solve for c:
c = A/εl
Substituting the values we know, we get:
c = 0.15 / (28430 [tex]M^-^1.cm^-^1[/tex] x 1 cm)
c = 5.28 x [tex]10^-^6[/tex] M
Now we can convert this concentration to nanomoles per milliliter:
1 M = 1000 mM
1 mM = [tex]10^6[/tex] nM
So, 5.28 x [tex]10^-^6[/tex] M
= 5.28 x [tex]10^-^3[/tex] mM
= 5.28 x [tex]10^3[/tex] nM.
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50 Points, at least 1-3 sentences.
how do the skulls of early ancestors compare to modern-day human skulls?
Answer:
Daniel Lieberman can see millions of years of human evolution at a glance. The collection of skulls on his office shelves come from chimpanzees, long-extinct humans, and modern men and women. The hollow eye sockets, ancient teeth, and empty skulls pose the same question every day: What made us different from our archaic ancestors?
Explanation:
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8) The logistic growth function f(t)=320/1+7.0e^-.27t
describes the population of a species of butterflies t months
after they are introduced to a non-threatening habitat. How many butterflies were initially introduced to the
habitat?
A population in biology is a collection of organisms belonging to the same species that coexist and interact in the same habitat. A population might consist of plants, animals, or microbes and can range in size from a few to millions of individuals.
We must utilize the logistic growth function to solve for the starting population (P0) of butterflies with t=0 in order to determine the initial population of butterflies.
[tex]f(t) = 320/1 + 7.0e^(^-^0^.^2^7^t^)[/tex]
When t=0,
[tex]f(0) = 320/1 + 7.0e^(^-^0^.^2^7^*^0)\\f(0) = 320/1 + 7.0e^(^0^)\\f(0) = 320/1 + 7.0(1)\\f(0) = 320 + 7.0 f(0) = 327[/tex]
Therefore, 327 butterflies were the initial population transferred to the area.
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Developing a Molecular Clock Model
You will create a molecular clock model for an arthropod gene. Follow these guidelines to make your model:
Your timeline will span from 90 million years ago to the present. The common ancestor in your model is an arthropod that lived 90 million years ago. The gene that you’ll track codes for a protein in the species’ venom.
The DNA sequence you’ll track contains 10 nitrogen bases. You can choose the order of the bases and where the mutations occur.
This gene mutates at a rate of approximately 0.76 base pairs every 17.1 million years. To build your model, calculate the estimated time period it takes for 1 base pair to mutate.
The first time period will only show the common ancestor. At the beginning of the second time period, three lineages will diverge from the common ancestor, each with a different mutation in their gene sequences.
The first and third descendant species will survive for the rest of the timeline. The second descendant species was extinct 50 million years ago.
Calculate how long it will take for one full base pair mutation to occur. Explain your reasoning by constructing a mathematical equation.
It would take approximately 22.7 million years for one full base pair mutation to occur.
What is mutation ?
To calculate the estimated time period it takes for 1 base pair to mutate, we need to use the mutation rate of 0.76 base pairs every 17.1 million years.
The rate of mutation per year is calculated as follows:
0.76 base pairs / 17.1 million years = 0.044 base pairs per million years
To calculate how long it will take for one full base pair mutation to occur, we need to divide 1 by the mutation rate per million years:
1 base pair / 0.044 base pairs per million years = 22.7 million years per full base pair mutation
Therefore, it would take approximately 22.7 million years for one full base pair mutation to occur.
To construct the mathematical equation, we can use the formula:
Time for full mutation = 1 / (mutation rate per unit time)
Where the mutation rate per unit time is the rate of mutation per million years (0.044 base pairs per million years).
Plugging in the values, we get:
Time for full mutation = 1 / 0.044 = 22.7 million years per full base pair mutation.
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The diagram below represents the variation that occurs over three generations within a particular population of organisms. Each circle represents an individual organism, and the color of the circle represents one trait, ranging from solid white to dark blue.
Suppose the third generation experiences intense selective pressures and only two of the six organisms live long enough to reproduce. Each of these organisms produces three offspring. The fourth generation is made up of two populations: one with the solid white trait and the other with the dark blue trait.
From this information, which two organisms of the third generation most likely reproduced?
Answer:
Pure White and Dark Blue
Explanation:
They are the only species in the fourth generation so it would make sense if they reproduced
Will give brainy!
Analyze the given diagram of the carbon cycle below. (10 points)
Part 1: Which process does arrow F represent?
Part 2: Explain how matter is conserved during the process.
Part 3: Justify why this process is a recycling of carbon in the carbon cycle.
Use complete sentences to explain your answer.
Answer:
Part 1: Arrow F represents the process of decomposition in the carbon cycle.
Part 2: During the process of decomposition, organic matter such as dead plants and animals are broken down by bacteria and fungi into simpler inorganic compounds like carbon dioxide and water. In this process, matter is conserved because the total amount of carbon and other elements present in the organic matter before decomposition is the same as the total amount of carbon and other elements present in the inorganic compounds that result from decomposition.
Part 3: Decomposition is a recycling of carbon in the carbon cycle because it converts organic carbon compounds back into inorganic carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide, which can be used again by plants for photosynthesis. The carbon dioxide released during decomposition can enter the atmosphere and be taken up by plants during photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules. Therefore, decomposition plays an essential role in returning carbon from dead organisms back into the atmosphere or soil, where it can be reused by living organisms in the carbon cycle.
Explanation:
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Arrow F in the given diagram represents the process of respiration in the carbon cycle. During respiration, living organisms, such as plants and animals, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Matter is conserved during the process of respiration because although carbon is being released into the atmosphere, it is not being created or destroyed. The carbon dioxide that is produced during respiration is simply a rearrangement of the carbon atoms that were already present in the organic molecules consumed by the organisms. Therefore, the total amount of carbon in the cycle remains the same.
Respiration is considered a recycling process in the carbon cycle because the carbon dioxide released during respiration can be taken up by plants during photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide, along with sunlight and water, to produce glucose and release oxygen. This glucose is then used as a source of energy by the plant or stored as starch. The carbon from the glucose is then incorporated into the plant's tissues.
In summary, arrow F represents the process of respiration in the carbon cycle. Matter is conserved during this process as carbon is rearranged but not created or destroyed. Respiration is a recycling process because the carbon dioxide released can be taken up by plants during photosynthesis, completing the cycle.
What is the BEST way to identify the external phenotype of an animal?
O A electron microscopy
O B. observation
OC. dissection
OD. DNA analysis
The most accurate method for determining an animal's outward phenotype is observation.
What is a phenotypic example?The term "phenotype" refers to the observable physical characteristics of an organism, such as its structure, course of development, and behaviour. The genotype, or collection of genes that make up an organism, as well as environmental factors that affect these genes, are what determine an organism's phenotype. Among the human phenotypes include height, blood type, eye color, freckles, and hair colour. Height, eye color, and blood type are examples of observable qualities, or phenotype, of a person. The genetic makeup of an individual is called their genotype. The two alleles that a person has inherited for a single gene are referred to by this phrase in more detail. A patient's clinical presentation is the observable manifestation of this genotype, or phenotype.To learn more about phenotype, refer to:
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I need help with question 1
Color-blindness is an sex-linked condition in which the recessive allele located in the X chromosome codes for the affection. 1) sex-linked trait. 2) The allele is in the X sex chromosome. 3) II2, II4, III1, III2, III5 are color-blinded boys.
What is color-blindness?
Color-blindness is a disfunction characterized by an alteration in color perception.
Color-blindness is an X-linked condition. As the gene that codes for the affection is located in the X chromosome,
Homozygous dominant women have normal vision (X⁺X⁺).Heterozygous women are carrier (X⁺X⁻). Homozygous recessive women are color-blinded (X⁻X⁻).Men, instead, are or are not color-blinded (X⁺Y or X⁻Y).
To analyze this pedigree, remember that
women are represented with circles and men with squares.affected individuals are represented with solid black figures, and healthy individuals with empty figures.1)
Color-blindness is a sex-linked trait. We can assume this because only boys in this family are the affected ones, which suggests they received an X⁻ allele from their mothers.
2)
The allele for color-blindness is located in the X sex chromosome. Again, we can assume this because only boys are color-blinded, but not all boys. If the allele was located in the Y chromosome, then all boys would be affected. This is not the case for individual III8.
3)
II2, II4, III1, III2, III5 are all boys affected by color-blindness.
I1 and I2 have normal vision, but they had two affected boys (II2 and II4) and two healthy girls (II3 and II5). This suggests that I1 is heterozygous. So, II2 and II4 inherited the condition from their mother.II1 does not express the condition, and II2 is color-blinded. They had two affected boys (III1 and III2) and a girl with normal vision. Probably the girl received the dominant allele from the mother and the recessive allele from the father. Boys could only receive the recessive allele from their morther. III1 and III2 inherited the condition from their mother.II5 and II6 are both normal individuals. But they had an affected son. The mother (II5) must be heterozygous for the trait, and transmitted a dominant allele to III4, III6, III7, and III8. Only the individual III5 received the recessive allele from his mother.Family genotypes
I1 ⇒ X⁺X⁻I2 ⇒ X⁺YII1 ⇒ X⁺X⁻II2 ⇒ X⁻YIII ⇒ X⁺X⁺ or X⁺X⁻III4 ⇒ X⁻YIII5 ⇒ X⁺X⁻III6 ⇒ X⁺YIII1 ⇒ X⁻YIII2 ⇒ X⁻YIII3 ⇒ X⁺X⁻III4 ⇒ X⁺X⁺ or X⁺X⁻III5 ⇒X⁻YIII6 ⇒ X⁺X⁺ or X⁺X⁻III7 ⇒ X⁺X⁺ or X⁺X⁻III8 ⇒ X⁺YYou can learn more about color-blindness at
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Please help i need the answers within 5mins!!!
In the graham cracker model, the amount of water used is the total volume of water that is dripped onto the cracker during the experiment, which can be measured using a graduated cylinder or other measuring device.
What is the Graham cracker model?In the graham cracker model:
The location on the cracker where water will be dripped is the point where the two lines intersect, which is the center of the cracker.
The height of the eyedropper above the cracker is the distance between the tip of the eyedropper and the surface of the cracker, which can be adjusted by the experimenter.
The rate at which the water will be dripped is the speed at which drops of water fall from the eyedropper, which can also be adjusted by the experimenter.
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3. Describe In your own words, explain the Law of Universal Gravitation and how it affects Earth's orbit. sc.8.E.5.4, SC.8.E.5.9
A scientific idea known as the Law of Universal Gravitation describes how gravity draws all objects in cosmos together.
What are the three global gravitational laws?The first law states that a force must be applied to an object before it may influence its motion. An object experiences a force equal to its mass times its acceleration, per the second law. According to the third law, when two things contact, they exert forces on one another that are both equal in strength and directed in the opposite direction.
What is the simple definition of Newton's law of universal gravitation?The gravitational force between any two bodies in space is governed by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which states that the force is inversely proportional to the mass of each object and the distance between them.
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Question 8 of 10
In which process does water move from plants to the air?
Answer:
Transpiration occurs when plants take up liquid water from the soil and release water vapor into the air from their leaves.
What Is a density independent factor that sometimes helps trees reproduce ?
The density independent factor that sometimes helps trees reproduce are windstorm, or landslide.
What are density independent factor?A density-dependent factor can be described as the factor that its effects can be seen on the size or growth of a population which can be related to the population density.
It should be noted that the Density-dependent factors can be seen to ionvolves the biotic factors, such as the food, parasitism, predation, disease howevr the density-independent factor, can be reagrde as the limiting factor, in ecology, which have effect on the size of a population of living things.
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Fossil fuels that are used to make plastic bags are collected through either mining or drilling. Mining involves digging or scraping to expose and excavate natural resources. Drilling reaches resources which are deep within the ground and allows those resources to flow to the surface. Both methods result in disruptions to the local habitat and emit large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. Based on this information, which statement best identifies one advantage and one disadvantage of the "It's in the Bag" program?
A
The program reduces carbon emissions released during mining and drilling. However, animals would be negatively affected by the increased number of plastic bags polluting their habitats.
B
The program eliminates the need for fossil fuels by reusing plastic. However, the environment is negatively affected by habitat destruction since the program harvests composite lumber from natural areas.
C
The program eliminates the need to mine resources since composite lumber is made from recycled bags. However, animals would be negatively affected by the decreased number of trees in their habitats.
D
The program reduces the need for harvesting lumber by replacing wood with composite lumber. However, the environment is negatively affected by habitat destruction since the program uses products made from fossil fuels.
The statement that best identifies one advantage and one disadvantage of the "It's in the Bag" program :
The program eliminates the need to mine resources since composite lumber is made from recycled bags. However, animals would be negatively affected by the decreased number of trees in their habitats.
Therefore option C is correct.
What is a habitat?Habitat can be described as summarizing the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.
The Advantage is that : The program eliminates the need to mine resources since composite lumber is made from recycled bags.
The Disadvantage is that : Animals would be negatively affected by the decreased number of trees in their habitats.
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Part B click on the map titled "U.S. geothermal resource map." The map shows the approximate temperature of rock at a depth of 6 kilometers throughout the Unites States. Based on the data shown in this map, which parts of the country are best suited for the production of electricity ising geothermal energy?
Based on the U.S. geothermal resource map, the best parts of the country suited for the production of electricity using geothermal energy are the western states, including parts of California, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, and Idaho.
These regions have the highest temperatures at depths of 6 kilometers, indicating that there is a significant amount of geothermal energy that could be harnessed for electricity production.
In particular, the map shows that the region around the Nevada-California border has the highest temperatures, with rock temperatures exceeding 300 degrees Celsius at depths of 6 kilometers. This makes it one of the most promising areas for geothermal energy production in the United States.
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Answer: The western United States has hotter rock formations. So, this region is better suited for the production of electricity using geothermal energy.
Explanation: edmentum answer
In South America near the Andres Mountains and in Africa near Mt. Kilimanjaro, the climate is cold. Why do you think this is so?
The cold climate near the Andes Mountains in South America and Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa is primarily due to their high elevations. As air rises over mountain ranges, it cools and loses moisture, resulting in lower temperatures and arid conditions on the leeward side of the mountains.
What is the height of Mt. Kilimanjaro?Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa, rising over 19,000 feet above sea level. The mountain's height and location near the equator result in a unique climate that includes freezing temperatures at the summit despite its proximity to the hot and humid tropics below.
The cold climate near the Andes Mountains and Mount Kilimanjaro is a result of their high elevations and their location on the leeward side of mountain ranges, where air cools and loses moisture as it rises.
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What is the effect of predation on prey?
Predation will make prey organisms wait longer to reproduce.
Predation makes all of the individuals in the populations being preyed upon less fit.
Predation doesn't have any long term effects on prey organisms
Predation is a strong selective force for prey organisms.
What do businesses in the turfgrass industry produce, and how much does this industry contribute to the US economy?
What percent of the turf area in the United States is for lawns and what are the other uses of turf?
What are some benefits of turf for people and for the environment?
What are some benefits unique characteristics of turf grass that espérâtes it from other plants?
List the unique morphological structures of grasses that can be used to identify them
Describe the three shapes that a grass leaf blade may have
Describe the three growth habits of turf grasses
How are warm-season grasses affected if they are grown in an area where temperatures
Name four grasses suitable for the transition zone
When is the best time of year to establish a lawn with cool-season grasses and what are two methods used?
Why should a grower use certified seed for establishing a lawn?
Answer:
Explanation:
The turfgrass industry produces and sells turfgrass products such as sod, seed, and artificial turf. According to a report by the National Turfgrass Federation, the turfgrass industry contributes approximately $82 billion annually to the US economy.
Approximately 80-90% of the turf area in the United States is used for lawns, while the remaining turf areas are used for athletic fields, parks, golf courses, and other recreational purposes.
Turf provides many benefits for people and the environment. It helps to reduce soil erosion, filter pollutants from water, and provide a cooling effect. It also provides a safe playing surface for sports and recreational activities and adds aesthetic value to landscapes.
Some unique characteristics of turfgrass include the ability to recover quickly from damage, the ability to spread and form a dense turf, and the ability to grow in a wide range of soil types and environmental conditions.
Some morphological structures of grasses that can be used to identify them include leaf blade shape, leaf arrangement, and ligule shape and size.
The three shapes that a grass leaf blade may have are flat, folded, or rolled.
The three growth habits of turf grasses are stoloniferous, rhizomatous, and bunch-type.
Warm-season grasses may be affected if they are grown in an area where temperatures drop below their optimal growth range. They may become dormant during the winter or suffer from frost damage.
Four grasses suitable for the transition zone are tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and fine fescue.
The best time of year to establish a lawn with cool-season grasses is in the fall or early spring when temperatures are cooler and there is more rainfall. Two methods used for establishing a lawn with cool-season grasses are seeding and sodding.
A grower should use certified seed for establishing a lawn to ensure that the seed is of high quality, genetically pure, and free of weed seeds and other contaminants. Certified seed is also more likely to produce a uniform stand of grass.
DNA can only be used as a code for making
Answer:
the proteins and molecules essential for our growth, development and health.
Explanation:
As humans, we all are made up of DNA.
The heart is an organ in the circulatory system. Muscle tissue in the heart contracts to pump blood to the body. Connective and epithelial tissues in the heart hold the muscle cells together and in place in the chest. Nervous tissue in the heart coordinates how fast and hard the muscle cells contract.
Based on the information about the heart, which of these best describes the relationship between tissues and organs?
A.
None of the tissues in an organ help the other types of tissue to function.
B.
Organs function best when they are made up of only one type of tissue.
C.
Organs can function because they are made of different types of interacting tissues.
D.
Each type of tissue in an organ can carry out the function of the entire organ.
Which step happens first in secondary succession?
Responses
Grasses, flowers, and mosses colonize the soil.
Bushes and shrubs return and create a shaded environment.
Bare rock is broken down by roots and lichen to form soil.
Seedlings grow into saplings and then taller trees.
Answer: Grasses, flowers, and mosses colonize the soil.
Explanation:
I took the test and got 5/5
which biome is Pennsylvania
Which Kingdom includes organisms that cannot make their own food, eukaryotic, mobile,
and muticellular?
O Fungi
O Animalia
O Protista
O Plantae
Beginning with plants, how many food chains are present in this web?
A food web is a complex interconnected network of food chains. The number of food chains present in a food web depends on the number of species and the complexity of their interactions.
What is complex?Complex refers to something that is complicated or intricate in structure or composition. It is used to describe something that is not easily understood or solved due to its many parts or components. Complex systems can include anything from the interactions between multiple people, to the complexity of an ecosystem, to the intricate workings of a computer. Complex systems often require multiple levels of analysis and understanding in order to unravel the components and connections within them.
In a basic plant-based food web, there may only be one food chain present, which begins with plants and ends with a primary consumer. However, in a more complex food web, there can be multiple food chains, each beginning with plants and ending with a different consumer.
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WILL GIVE BRAINLIST, Investigation #2 (9 points): Cells come from existing cells.
Observe the two flasks, and record information about their appearance.
HINT: What do you see with your eyes? If nothing has changed write “no change”
Day
Flask with open (broken) neck
Flask with intact neck
1
2
3
4
5
Day
Flask with open (broken) neck
Flask with intact neck
1
24
5
How many ways does plant excrete
Answer:
It Excretes In Different Ways :-
1:Through Leaves
2:Through Stems
3:Through Roots
4:Through Shedding
If AB+ is donated to AB-, will the blood coagulate(clump)?
If AB+ donates blood to AB- the blood will not clot.
Why would this happen?Because of the A and B antigens.Because of the Rh factor.AB+ blood has the A and B antigens, in addition to having the Rh factor, and for this reason, is identified with the positive symbol (+). AB- blood has the A and B antigens but lacks the Rh factor.
The incompatibility between the antigens in the blood is what can cause clotting. However, as AB+ and AB- blood have the same antigens, AB- blood can receive AB+ blood without clotting. The Rh factor in this case does not interfere with the transfusion.
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Beginning with carbon fixation arrange the steps of the calvin cycle in correct order
use of enzyme and ATP to form 5-carbon compound
formation of a stable 3
compound
carbon dioxide reacts with a 5-carbon compound
use of ATP to form a high-energy
3-carbon compound
formation of an unstable 6-carbon
Correct order carbon fixation of the Calvin cycle is:
Carbon dioxide reacts with a 5-carbon compound.Formation of an unstable 6-carbon compound.The unstable 6-carbon compound quickly breaks down into two molecules of a stable 3-carbon compound.Use of ATP to form a high-energy 3-carbon compound.Use of enzyme and ATP to form a 5-carbon compound.The Calvin cycle is the process by which carbon dioxide is fixed into glucose in photosynthetic organisms. The cycle begins with the reaction between carbon dioxide and a 5-carbon compound called ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), which is catalyzed by an enzyme called RuBisCO. The resulting unstable 6-carbon compound quickly breaks down into two molecules of a stable 3-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
ATP is then used to convert 3-PGA into a high-energy 3-carbon compound called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), which can be used to produce glucose and other carbohydrates. Some of the G3P is used to regenerate RuBP, so the cycle can continue. This regeneration step requires the use of an enzyme and ATP to form a 5-carbon compound, which can then react with more carbon dioxide to begin the cycle again.
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If B- is donated to 0+, will the blood coagulate(clump)?
Blood coagulation (clumping) is unrelated to factor. B- blood can therefore be safely donated to 0+ people without running the danger of clotting.
Which antigens are present in type O blood?People with blood type O are frequently seen, and their serum will include both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. These people will have neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in their serum because blood group AB is the least frequent. Serum ABO antibodies are produced spontaneously.
What is the purpose of O positive blood?Blood that is type O positive is essential for trauma care. Only O positive or O negative blood types may be transfused into O positive patients.
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Lipase is a type of enzyme found in the digestive tract of earthworms and is produced by
specialized cells. Lipase is important because it breaks down fats during digestion.
Humans also have specialized cells that produce lipase in their digestive tract. What
would you expect to find in the gene sequences that are responsible for the production of
lipase in both earthworms and humans?
Lipase is a type of enzyme found in the digestive tract of earthworms and is produced by specialized cells to digest fat and oil. The LIPA gene provides the instructions for making an enzyme called lysosomal acid lipase.
Lipase resides in cellular compartments called lysosomes, where it digests and recycles substances the cell no longer needs. Lysosomal acid lipase breaks down fats such as triglycerides and cholesteryl esters. This enzyme is found primarily on the surface of cells that line small blood vessels in muscle and adipose tissue.
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