Pg denotes gauge pressure, which is related to absolute pressure as follows: Pa is the local atmospheric pressure, and pg is equal to p - pa.
An automobile tire gauge, for instance, reads 32.0 psi. 14.2 psi is the atmospheric pressure in the area. The gauge pressure equation states that gauge pressure equals the difference between absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure: P G = P P A, or PG=PPA. A tire pressure gauge, for example, monitors the pressure in the tire above ambient pressure. Gauge pressure is the pressure in particular items. Thus, gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure add up to the total pressure, or absolute pressure: Pabs=Pg+Patm Pabs is the absolute pressure, Pg is the gauge pressure, and Patm is the atmospheric pressure. P abs = P g + P atm
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Which of the following elements will form positive ions Na N Cu Br
Answer:
Na, Cu, and Br will form positive ions
Explanation:
Na, Cu, and Br have more protons than electrons, so they will form positive ions.
Na, Cu, and Br are all elements that have an atomic number greater than their number of electrons. This means that they have more protons than electrons, so they will form positive ions when they react with other elements. Na will form Na+, Cu will form Cu+ and Br will form Br+.
A bank robber i driving north on Catchem Lane at 90 mph to avoid be arreted. Peed
velocity
acceleration
The robber is driving at a constant velocity of 90 mph and is not accelerating/decelerating, which means their acceleration is 0 mph/sec.
What is velocity?A vector quantity that has magnitude and direction is velocity. In time, it is the rate at which the displacement changes. You can calculate speed using the formula speed = distance/time. This is a way of measuring how fast something is moving in a particular direction. Acceleration, or the rate at which an object's velocity changes, is closely related to velocity. As a vector quantity, velocity has both direction and magnitude. To maintain constant velocity, the object must be moving in the same direction at a constant velocity.
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The complete question is as follows:
A bank robber is driving north on Catchem Lane at 90 mph to avoid be arrested. Calculate:
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
For the reaction given below, 2.00 moles of A and 3.00 moles of B are placed in a 6.00-L container. At equilibrium, the concentration of A is 0.246 mol/L. What is the concentration of B at equilibrium? A) 0.246 mol/L B) 0.325 mol/L C) 0.500 mol/L D) 0.492 mol/L E) none of these
The equilibrium concentration of B is 0.325 mol/L.
The correct option is B.
What is the equilibrium concentration of B in the given reaction?The equilibrium concentration of B in the given reaction is calculated below as follows:
The concentration of A at equilibrium, [A] = 0.246 mol/L
Constructing an ICE table
A(g) + 2B (g) → C(g)
I 2 mole 3 moles -
C 0.524 1.048 0.524
E 0.246 (3 - 1.048) / 6
From the equation of the reaction:
(2 - x) / 6L = 0.246 mol/L
2 - x = 0.246 * 6
2 - x = 1.476
x = 2 - 1.476
x = 0.524 moles
[B] = (3 - 1.048) / 6
[B] = 0.325 mol/L
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Complete question:
For the reaction given below, 2.00 moles of A and 3.00 moles of B are placed in a 6.00-L container.
A(g) + 2B(g) C(g)
At equilibrium, the concentration of A is 0.246 mol/L. What is the concentration of B at equilibrium? A) 0.246 mol/L B) 0.325 mol/L C) 0.500 mol/L D) 0.492 mol/L E) none of these
Select the correct answer. convection is a mode of heat transfer for which types of objects?
a. solids and liquids
b. gases and solids
c. gases only
d. liquids and gases e. liquids only
a). Convection is a mode or process of heat transfer for solids and liquids.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that occurs through the movement of fluids. It is the main mode of heat transfer in liquids and gases and is commonly used to transfer heat between two solid objects.
During convection, heat is transferred by the movement of particles or molecules in the fluid. The heat is transferred by the interaction of the particles or molecules with each other and the objects they come into contact with.
The particles or molecules that are hotter will transfer energy to the particles or molecules that are cooler. This causes the cooler particles or molecules to become hotter, resulting in heat transfer from one object to the other.
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A semen sample is received in the laboratory for evaluation of fertility. No sperm are observed upon initial microscopic examination of the sample. How should you proceed
Laboratories are used in many different fields, including medicine, chemistry, biology, physics, engineering, and more.
What is laboratory?A laboratory is a facility where scientists conduct research and experiments. It is equipped with specialized equipment, tools, and supplies required for the specific purpose of conducting scientific tests, experiments, and analysis.
The next step would be to look for other seminal components, such as white blood cells, red blood cells, epithelial cells, and other organic and inorganic components. If no sperm are present, then a detailed analysis of the sample is necessary to determine the cause of the absence of sperm. Possible causes of azoospermia, or the absence of sperm, include hormonal imbalance, anatomical defects, genetic conditions, and medical treatments.
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Describe the physical properties of matter using the graphic organizer below
indicate whether each property can be used to identify a substance, $6.6.864
Mass
Weights
Mass and Weight
Magnetism
Density
A quality of matter that is unrelated to a change in its chemical makeup is called a physical property. Density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity.
What are the physical characteristics of matter and what do they mean?A quality of matter that is unrelated to a change in its chemical makeup is called a physical property. Density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points and electrical conductivity are a few common examples of physical qualities.
What matters? Give five instances of matter.A substance with a given mass and a certain volume in space is referred to as matter. Examples of matters are pens, pencils, toothbrushes, water, and milk, as well as vehicles like cars, buses, and bicycles. Therefore, the matter is divided into two categories: living and non-living.
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Physical properties are characteristics of matter that are independent of changes in its chemical composition. Electrical conductivity, hardness, melt and boiling points, and density.
What do matter's physical properties signify, and what are they?Physical properties are characteristics of matter that are independent of changes in its chemical composition. Physical characteristics include things like density, color, durability, melting , boiling temperatures, and electrical conductivity, to name a few.
Which matters? Give five examples of the subject.Matter is defined as a material having a certain mass and spatial volume. Pencils, pencils, toothbrushes, water, milk, as well as automobiles, buses, and bicycles, are examples of matters.
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How many moles of CH3CH2OH are contained in 548 mL of 0.0788 M CH3CH2OH solution?
0.0432 moles of CH3CH2OH are contained in 548 mL of a 0.0788 M CH3CH2OH solution.
what is molarity?Molarity is a unit of concentration that expresses the amount of solute in a solution in terms of moles of solute per liter of solvent. It is represented by the symbol M. It is calculated by dividing the number of moles of solute by the number of liters of solvent in the solution. For example, a 0.5 M solution of NaCl would contain 0.5 moles of NaCl dissolved in every liter of water.
To determine the number of moles of a solute in a solution, you can use the formula: moles = (concentration (M) x liters of solution).
In this case, the concentration of the CH3CH2OH solution is given as 0.0788 M and the volume is given as 548 mL. Converting mL to L by multiplying it by 10^-3, we get 0.548 L. By applying the formula, moles = 0.0788 M x 0.548 L = 0.0432 moles of CH3CH2OH.
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A chemist reported that 100 gallons of a gas were available in a laboratory. Which property of the gas did the chemist report?
O Length
O Mass
O Temperature
O Volume
A chemist reported that 100 gallons of a gas were available in a laboratory, The property of the gas did the chemist report is volume option - D is correct answer.
Just what is volume?The space occupied by a three-dimensional object is measured using the scalar quantity known as volume. The volume of a liquid or gas is calculated using the container's capacity as the unit of measurement.
A state of matter known as gas lacks a consistent shape and a set volume. They are the least dense and have the most space between their moles.
A gallon is a unit of volume that is used in the American metric system. The volume of gas equals the sum of the moles of gas in the container, which contains 100 gallons of gas.
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Identify at least two physical properties (streak, fracture, etc.) of a mineral while using examples of common minerals that prominently feature those properties. Provide links or screenshots of the discussed minerals to illustrate the highlighted properties. Also, explain what mineral group it belongs to and why.
The two physical properties of a mineral can be color, streak and even cleavage also.
Color, streak, cleavage, hardness, specific gravity, fracture, luster, and crystal structure are only a few of the many diverse characteristics. I'll speak specifically about color and shine as they relate to diamonds and how they significantly impact the value of the individual stone. Diamonds are a type of carbon polymorph.
Polymorphism, as used in materials science, refers to the fact that a solid material can exist in more than one crystal structure or form. Isomerism in the form of polymorphism. The phenomena can be seen in any crystalline substance. A chemical element's polymorphism is referred to as allotropy. Pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, pigments, dyestuffs, meals, and explosives all have practical applications for polymorphism. "A reversible transition of a solid crystalline phase at a given temperature and pressure (the inversion point) to another phase of the same chemical composition with a different crystal structure," according to IUPAC, describes a polymorphic transition.
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How many grams do 5.6 × 1026 atoms of helium weigh?
One mole of Helium contains 6.02 × 10²³ atoms. Mass of one mole is 4 g. Then, He containing 5.6 × 10²⁶ atoms weighs 3720.9 g.
What is Avogadro number?Any substance containing 6.02 × 10²³ atoms is called one mole of that substance. This number is called Avogadro number. Thus, one mole of every element contains Avogadro number of atoms.
Helium is second element in periodic table. Atomic mass of helium that is mass of one mole = 4 g
4 g contains 6.02 × 10²³ atoms. Then weight of He containing 5.6 × 10²⁶ atoms is calculated as follows:
no. of moles = 5.6 × 10²⁶/ 6.02 × 10²³ = 930.2
mass of 930.2 moles = 930.2 × 4 =3720.9 g
Therefore, the mass of He containing 5.6 × 10²⁶ atoms is 3720.9 g.
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Write the entire chemical equation and label the reactants and products.
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Answer:the equation is already balanced and the reactants are the C3H8+ 5 O2 and the products are 3CO2+ 4H2O
Explanation:
Write the expression for the solubility product constant for:Ca3(PO4)2 (s) 3Ca2+ (aq) + 2PO43- (aq)
The solubility product constant (Ksp) for a substance is the equilibrium constant for the reaction between the dissolved ions of the substance and its solid form. In the case of Ca3(PO4)2, the equation for the reaction in water is: Ca3(PO4)2 (s) ↔ 3Ca2+ (aq) + 2PO43- (aq)
The solubility product constant, Ksp, for this reaction is represented by the equation:
Ksp = [Ca2+]^3 * [PO43-]^2Where [Ca2+] represents the concentration of calcium ions in molarity and [PO43-] represents the concentration of phosphate ions in molarity.
Solubility refers to the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given solvent at a given temperature and pressure. For example, the solubility of sugar in water is the maximum amount of sugar that can dissolve in water at a given temperature and pressure. The solubility of a substance can be influenced by temperature, pressure, and the presence of other dissolved substances.
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In the lab, chemist analyzed a sample of methanol and found that it was made of 6. 20 g of carbon, 4. 10 g of hydrogen, and 15. 90 g of oxygen. What is the percent composition of each element? Round each answer to the tenths place
The percentage composition of carbon is 19.37% and percentage of oxygen is 49.68% and percentage composition of hydrogen is 12.8%.
According to question,
6.20g of carbon, 4.10g of hydrogen and 15.90g of oxygen is present in total sample of methanol.
Total mass of methanol is=mass of carbon x 1+ mass of oxygen x 1+mass of hydrogen x 4
Total mass= 12x1+16x1+1x4
Total mass=32g
Now, to find the percentage composition of each element use the total mass and given mass of element.
The ratio of the amounts of each element to the sum of the individual element amounts present in the compound, multiplied by 100, is the definition of the percentage composition of a given compound. In this instance, the quantity is expressed in gram of the constituent ingredients.
Percentage composition[tex]=\frac{mass of an element}{total mass}*100[/tex]
Percentage composition of carbon=[tex]\frac{6.20}{32} *100[/tex]
On solving we get,
Percentage composition of carbon=19.37%
Percentage composition of oxygen=[tex]\frac{15.90}{32}*100[/tex]
On solving we get,
Percentage composition of oxygen=49.68%
Percentage composition of hydrogen=[tex]\frac{4.10}{32}*100[/tex]
On solving we get,
Percentage composition of hydrogen=12.8%
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A triatomic molecule is oriented as follows along the x-axis: mass m is at the origin, mass 2m is at x = a, and, mass 3m is at x = 2a. What is the moment of inertia of this molecule about the y-axis?
The moment of inertia of this molecule about the y-axis is 14ma^2.
The moment of inertia, also called angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body refers to a quantity that determines the required torque for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis. Moment of inertia is the sum of the product of the mass of every particle with its square of a distance from the axis of rotation. Hence, moment of inertia of a system about an axis can be found by simply adding each of their moments, i.e., I = I1 + I2 + I3…+ In. Moment of inertia is given as: I = mr^2
Hence, based on given information:
I = m1(r1)^2 + m2(r2)^2 + m3(r3)^2
I = m(0)^2 + 2m(a)^2 + 3m(2a)^2
I = 2ma^2 + 12ma^2
I = 14ma^2
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How many ATP are directly generated in the Krebs cycle when 2 molecules of glucose are oxidized?
4 ATP molecules are directly generated in the Krebs cycle when 2 molecules of glucose are oxidized
How Krebs cycle move to produce glucose molecule?The Krebs cycle, TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle, is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions occurring in the mitochondrial matrix and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.
The acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidized to make two molecules of CO2 in a succession of eight steps, while also producing one ATP. Additionally, reduced high-energy molecules like NADH and FADH2 are created.
Each glucose molecule produces two acetyl-CoA molecules, the Krebs cycle must move twice for one glucose molecule to produce the four CO2, six NADH, two FADH2, and two ATPs.
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Determine the number of atoms of each element in the following: 4Fe2O3
Answer:
hi, I haven't done this in a while, but I think this is it!
Explanation:
20
8 Iron Atoms
12 Oxygen Atoms
How many atoms are there in a 2 moles of oxygen atoms? How many atoms are there in 2 moles of oxygen molecules?
For 2 moles of oxygen atoms, there are Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23) atoms. For 2 moles of oxygen molecules, there are twice that amount, or 12.044 x 10^23 atoms.
What are Atoms?
Atoms are the smallest particle of any element that still maintains the properties of that element. Atoms are made up of a nucleus surrounded by one or more electrons. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, and the electrons orbit around the nucleus. Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons, which is what gives them their unique properties.
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The molar mass of bismuth (\ce{Bi}BiB, i) is \pu{208. 98 g/mol}208. 98 g/mol208, point, 98, space, g, slash, m, o, l. Calculate the mass in grams of a sample of \ce{Bi}BiB, i containing \pu{7. 35x10^23}7. 35×10 23 7, point, 35, times, 10, start superscript, 23, end superscript atoms
The mass in grams of a sample of Bi with 7.35 1023 atoms should be 255 grams.
What does molar mass in chemistry refer to?A substance's mass is measured in grams per mole, or molar mass. The molar mass of a substance can be determined, as demonstrated in this video, by adding the molar masses of the substance's constituent atoms. The substance's molar mass can then be used to determine the number of moles in the substance and converted to mass.
The molar mass of Bi is 208.98 g/mol.
1 mole Bi = 208.98 g/mol = 6.023×10²³ no of atoms
So, the mass in grams should be
mass = ( 208.98 g/mol ×7.35 × 10²³) ÷ (6.023×10²³)
mass = 255 grams.
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Which of the following is incorrect:
A. Protons contribute to the mass of the atom
B. Electrons have a negative charge
c. Neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom
d. Electrons, neutrons and protons all have the same mass
Answer: D
Explanation:
electrons have no mass
How many protons are neutral in nitrogen?
A neutral atom of Nitrogen will have seven protons.
The symbol given for Nitrogen is N, the atomic number 7. Atomic number is equivalent to the number of protons in an atom. So, for Nitrogen, the number of protons is 7.
What is a neutral atom?A neutral atom is an atom which consists of the same number of protons and the same number of electrons. Neutral atoms will have the equal number of protons in the nucleus as they have electrons orbiting the nucleus.
In a neutral atom, the total charge on the atom is zero. Atom has same number of protons and electrons in it. For example, neutral atom of Sodium, with atomic number 11, has 11 protons and 11 electrons in its neutral state.
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What is the total number of moles contained in 115 grams
of C₂H5OH?
A. 1.00
B. 1.50
C. 2.50
D. 3.00
The total number of moles contained in 115 grams of C₂H5OH is 2.50 moles .
What is the term "mole"?The term "mole" refers to the quantity of a substance that has the same amount of subatomic particles (ions, molecules, or atoms) as there are carbon atoms.
Atomic weight of carbon(C)= 12 gm
Atomic weight of Hydrogen (H)=1 gm
Atomic weight of oxygen (o)=16 gm
∴Molecula weight of C2H5OH =(12×2 + 1×6 + 16×1) gm
24 + 6 + 16 gm = 46 gm
∴ 46 gm of C2H5OH contains 1 mole
1 gm of C2H5OH contain = 1/46 moles
115 gm of C2H5OH contains = 115×1/46 moles
⇒2.5 moles
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What is the first thing you should do following an accident with a chemical?
Immediately rinse chemicals off with a lot of water.
Different assistance must be used because different chemical accidents might occur in various ways.
Help while inhaling a chemical:To provide the person access to fresh air, remove them from the factory or work location. Make sure your company has a plan in place for what to do if a worker becomes unconscious or is unable to move. If the person has inhaled chemicals, administer oxygen from an oxygen tank.
Help if a Chemical touch your skin:Immediately rinse chemicals off with lots of water for at least 15 minutes. The more quickly and for a longer period of time you start to pour water over the region, the more damage you will limit. Chemicals that catch fire or absorb quickly through the skin must be washed for a longer time, 30 minutes to 1 hour.
Help if chemical is in eye:Right away, rinse the eye or both eyes. Rinse for at least 15 minutes while using a lot of water. If you have an emergency eye wash, activate it while keeping your eyes open with your fingers. If you must use your hands to splash water in your eyes, keep them open while doing so. Seek assistance in keeping them open.
Help if chemical is in mouth:Look for the chemical label or any other relevant information. Typically, the label will provide information on "ingestion" in the first aid section. If the person should vomit up the chemical or not is determined there. It is crucial that you heed that counsel. If the chemical is consumed, the label can include an antidote. Give the remedy if you have it.
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In a random sample of 70 people, it was found that 44 of them were fans of the New York Yankees. What is the margin of error for the true proportion of all individuals who are fans of the New York Yankees?
A.
0.0088
B.
0.058
C.
0.063
D.
0.116
E.
0.173
The margin error of the population is 0.058. Option B
What is the margin of error?We know that the margin of error has to do with the allowance that has been given to accommodate the mistakes that can occur in a study. Let us note that the mistakes in the study may arise from a number of factors. One of the factors that could lead to the existence of error in the results of a study is a mistake when we reread off the values that we obtain from the study.
As such, we have;
M = √[p(1 - p)/n]
where:
p = sample proportion
n = sample size
We are given;
p = 44/70 = 0.6286
n = 70
Thus;
M = √[0.6286(1 - 0.6286)/70]
M = √0.003335172
M ≈ 0.058
This is now the margin of the error that we have in the study that has been done here.
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Determine the number of atoms of each element in the following:4P4O10
Answer:
16 P
40 O
Explanation:
You have 4 moles of P4O10
Therefore you multiply the subscript of each atom of the compound by 4.
There are 4 phosphorus atoms in 1 mole of P4O10 so in 4 moles you would have 4*4 atoms so 16
There are 10 oxygen atoms in 1 mole of P4O10 so in 4 moles you would have 4*10 so 40
The "Great Ocean Conveyor Belt" is an ocean current that helps move heat energy around the earth and keeps our atmosphere more liveable. This ocean current is caused by differences in water density. These differences are caused mainly by
A.) Chemical content and surface winds
B.) Salinity and surface winds
C.) Water temperatures and salinity
D.) Water temperatures and geographical formations
I NEED ANSWER ASAP
The ocean current is caused by differences in water density. The difference in the density of water is mainly caused by the temperature and salinity of water.
What is density?Density of a substance is the measure of its mass per unit volume. It describes how closely its particles are packed within a given volume. Density of a substance is dependent on the temperature and pressure also.
The density of water is affected by the temperature and salinity. Water has its maximum density at 4 ° C. The more saline is water, more will be the density. Because, more ions or salts makes water denser.
The density vary with variations in temperature and salinity. This variation causes water currents from the denser areas to the less dense areas. Ocean currents are also affected by the gravity.
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Which of the following is the net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride and hydrochloric acid? (A) NaF (aq) + HCI (aq) → Naci (aq) + HF (aq) (B) Na+ (aq) + F- (aq) + H+ (aq) + CI+ (aq) → Na+ (aq) + Cl - (aq) + HF (aq) (C) Na+ (aq) + CI+ (aq) → NaCl (aq) (D) F- (aq) + H+ (aq) → HF (aq)
The net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride and hydrochloric acid is B. Na+ (aq) + F- (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + HF (aq)
This is the net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride and hydrochloric acid. The balanced equation for this reaction is NaF (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) +HF (aq).
The net ionic equation is derived by canceling out the spectator ions, which are ions that don't participate in the chemical reaction. In this case, Na+ and Cl- are spectator ions, which means that they don't participate in the reaction and are present in the same form on both sides of the equation. Therefore, they are cancelled out, leaving the net ionic equation Na+ (aq) + F- (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + HF (aq).
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What are the 3 steps for treating a chemical burn?
Remove dry chemicals. Remove contaminated clothing or jewelry. Bandage the burn. Rinse again if needed.
A chemical burn is infection and destruction of human tissue because of exposure to a chemical, generally with the aid of direct contact with the chemical or its fumes. Chemical burns can occur in the domestic, at work or school, or as a result of an twist of fate or assault. although few humans in the united states of america die after contact with chemical substances in the home, many substances not unusual in both living and garage areas can do extreme damage.
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The hybridization of orbitals on the central atom in a molecule is sp. The electron-domain geometry around this central atom is ________.
A molecule's core atom experiences sp orbital hybridization. Around this primary atom, the geometry of the electron domain is linear.
In chemistry, hybridization is the idea of combining two atomic orbitals to create a new class of hybridized orbitals. Usually, this mixing creates hybrid orbitals with completely distinct energies, forms, etc. In hybridization, the same energy-level atomic orbitals are primarily involved. However, assuming they contain equal energy, both fully-filled and half-filled orbitals can participate in this process.
When two atomic orbitals unite to generate a hybrid orbital in a molecule, the energy of the orbitals of the individual atoms is redistributed to give orbitals of equivalent energy. Hybridization is the name given to this process. Atomic orbitals with similar points are brought together during the hybridization process.
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Elements 'X', 'Y' and 'Z' have these atomic radii, in nanometers. X 0.072 nm Y 0.099 nm Z 0.111 nm
When atomic radii are correctly arranged, how might these elements appear in the periodic table? Why?
Elements 'X', 'Y' and 'Z' have these atomic radii, in nanometers. X 0.072 nm Y 0.099 nm Z 0.111 nm. When atomic radii are correctly arranged, the elements appears as z , y and then x across the period.
The atomic radii decreases across the period as we move from the left to right in the periodic table. the atomic radii will decreases as we move from the left to the right in the periodic table because in the period from the left to right the number of the electron will increases.
Thus, the order of the given elements arranged in the period in the periodic table as first z , then y and then x.
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Will someone please help me with these physics questions.
Now assume that all of the potential energy went into kinetic right as it is about to hit the bottom. What would be the value for the kinetic energy? a. less
b. same
c. more
d. not information
The potential energy will go into kinetic right as it is about to hit the bottom. Then, the value will be the b) same for the kinetic energy.
When an object falls, its potential energy decreases, and its kinetic energy increases. A decrease in the potential energy is exactly the same as an increase in the kinetic energy. According to the law of conservation of energy, just before the lamp stops, the potential energy at the top of the lamp and the kinetic energy at the bottom must be equal. At the foot of the hill, the potential energy is zero and the final energy is all kinetic energy. We can equate these two values according to the law of conservation of energy. Adding the kinetic energy and the potential energy gives a constant (KE+PE=constant).
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