According to the molecular geometry, there are 3 maximum number of σ bonds that the atom can form and 2 maximum number of p-p bonds that the atom can form .
What is molecular geometry?Molecular geometry can be defined as a three -dimensional arrangement of atoms which constitute the molecule.It includes parameters like bond length,bond angle and torsional angles.
It influences many properties of molecules like reactivity,polarity color,magnetism .The molecular geometry can be determined by various spectroscopic methods and diffraction methods , some of which are infrared,microwave and Raman spectroscopy.
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Calculate the percentage (by mass) of sodium in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Hint: Use the molar masses as the masses of Na and NaHCO3.
The percentage of sodium (Na) in a formula unit of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) is 27.25%. Percent by mass of sodium = (total mass of sodium/ formula weight) * 100
How to solve?Percent by mass of an element =(Total mass of the element in the formula / weight ) * 100
Step 1 :Formula weight of NaHCO₃
The atomic mass of Na, H,C and O
Formula weight of NaHCO₃ = Na+H+C+3O
Formula weight of NaHCO₃ = 22.9+1.01+12.01+3(16)
Formula weight of NaHCO₃ is 84.01 g
Step 2 :Use percent by mass formula,
Percent by mass of sodium = (total mass of sodium / formula weight) * 100
Percent by mass of sodium = (22.9)/84.01*100
Percent by mass of sodium = 27.25%
Thus, the percentage by mass of sodium in a formula unit of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) is 27.25%.
How is a molar mass calculated?Molar mass = g/mol, The mass of one atom of carbon-12 the atomic mass of carbon-12 is exactly 12 atomic mass units. The mass of one mole of carbon atom is exactly 12 grams; its molar mass is exactly 12 grams per mole.
How do I calculate molarity?The most common way to express solution concentration is molarity (M), which is defined as the amount of solute in moles by the volume of solution in liters: M = moles of solute/liters of solution.
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A chemist must prepare 650.mL of 7.00 M aqueous potassium iodide (KI) working solution. He'll do this by pouring out some 7.46 mol/L aqueous potassium iodide stock solution into a graduated cylinder and diluting it with distilled water. Calculate the volume in mL of the potassium iodide stock solution that the chemist should pour out. Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
The quantity in mL of the iodine solution standard solutions that the scientist should pour out is provided as V1 = 609.9 mL according to the supplied statement.
What occurs if your potassium level is low?A potassium deficiency level can cause irregular heart rhythms to form and cause muscles to feel weak, cramp, or even become paralyzed. Tests of the potassium level in the blood are used to make the diagnosis. Typically, all that is required is consuming meals high in potassium or ingesting potassium supplements.
Do eggs have a lot of potassium?About 63 milligrams of potassium may be found in one big egg. 1 Although eggs are regarded as a low-potassium food, talk to your doctor or nutritionist to see how frequently you should consume them.
Briefing:
C1 = 7.46mol/L
C2 = 7.00 M
V1 = ?
V2 = 650mL
C1.V1 = C2.V2
V1 = 609.9 mL
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Planarity of the peptide bond means that no rotation occurs about the _____ bond while rotation is allowed about the ____ and ____ bonds.
Planarity of the peptide bond means that no rotation occurs about the C(O)-N bond while rotation is allowed about the C-alpha-C(O) and N-C-alpha bonds.
What results in the planarity of peptide bonds?Because it has a partial double bond property, the peptide bond is a stable covalent bond and is referred to as a stiff planar bond. The length of the bond is the primary piece of evidence supporting this partial double bond feature.
What prevents the rotation of the peptide bond, specifically?Rotation cannot occur because of the partial double bond character of the peptide bond. The conformations of the peptide backbone are constrained by this lack of rotation, which also reduces the range of potential configurations.
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An organic molecule contains 2.088 Liters Carbon, 2.688 Liters Hydrogen, and 0.896 Liters oxygen. Calculate the Empirical formula.
The empirical formula of the organic molecule, given that it contains 2.088 L Carbon, 2.688 L Hydrogen and 0.896 L oxigen is C₃H₄₈O
How do I determine the empirical formula?The following data were obtained from the question:
Carbon (C) = 2.088 LHydrogen (H) = 2.688 LOxygen (O) = 0.896 LEmpirical formula =?The empirical formula of the organic compound can be obtained as follow:
Divide by their molar mass
C = 2.088 / 12 = 0.174
H = 2.688 / 1 = 2.688
O = 0.896 / 16 = 0.056
Divide by the smallest
C = 0.174 / 0.056 = 3
H = 2.688/ 0.056 = 48
O = 0.056 / 0.056 = 1
Thus, we can conclude that the empirical formula of the organic molecule is C₃H₄₈O
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Equilibrium osmotic pressure heads h measured at 22 degrees C for a series of solutions of a polystyrene sample in toluene are tabulated below: Assuming that the densities of toluene and polystyrene at 22 degrees C are, respectively, 0.867 g cm^-3 and 1.05 g cm^-3, calculate the following. a. The number-average molar mass for the sample of polystyrene. b. An estimate of the Flory-Huggins polystyrene-toluene interaction parameter.
The average molar mass and interaction parameter constant is 23.4g and 1.8746 respectively.
The following is an example of an osmotic pressure equation that was discovered by Dutch chemist Jacobus to exist in a quantitative relationship between osmotic pressure and solute concentration.
π=iCRTWhere,.
The osmotic pressure is represented by π.The van 't Hoff index has no dimensions.The solute concentration in the solution, c, is measured in moles.The ideal gas constant is known as R.The temperature in kelvins is denoted by T.It is crucial to remember that the derived Osmotic Pressure equation only applies to solutions that behave exactly like ideal solutions. Because pure water has no osmotic pressure.
B = ln [p1/ (1-p1)] / (1 - 2p1) = ln [p1- ln (1-p1)] / (1 - 2p1)
T=22 +273K=295K
Average molar mass=pv/RT =1.05 x 22.4/8.3 x 295= 23.4gFlory Huggins interaction parameter for polystyrene toluene= B = ln [p1/ (1-p1)] / (1 - 2p1)p1=0.867, p2=1.05
B=1.8746
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Which of the following equations is paired correctly with the type of change? *
Physical change: C6H1206 (s) + 6 02 (g) 6C02 (g) + 6 H20 (1)
1
Chemical change: NaCl (s) Na (1) + Cl (1)
Physical change: H20 (s) → H20 (1) Chemical change: CO2 (s)- CO2 (g)
-
Answer: Physical change: H20 (s) → H20 (1)
Chemical change: C6H1206 (s) + 6 02 (g) 6C02 (g) + 6 H20 (1)
Explanation:
Write the formula of the conjugate base of C₆H₅NH₂.
The formula for conjugate base is C₆H₅NH₂ and C6H5NH3+ is the conjugate acid.
What is conjugate base?
Conjugate base is defined as when an acid loses a hydrogen ion, a compound is produced. When a proton is added to a base, a conjugate acid is created, and vice versa when a proton is taken away from an acid, a conjugate base is created.
Conjugate acid is defined as a chemical molecule created when an acid gives a base a proton (H). A conjugate acid-base pair is made up of two bases that only differ by the presence or absence of a proton.
Thus, the formula for conjugate base is C₆H₅NH₂ and C6H5NH3+ is the conjugate acid.
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Fe(OH)3 →
Fe₂O3 +
H₂O
Answer:
Explanation:
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of Fe(OH)3 to Fe₂O₃ and H₂O is:
3 Fe(OH)3 -> Fe2O3 + 3 H2O
In this reaction, Fe(OH)3, also known as ferric hydroxide, reacts with water to form Fe₂O₃, also known as iron(III) oxide, and H₂O, also known as water. The reaction is a redox reaction, in which Fe(OH)3 is oxidized to Fe₂O₃, and the water molecules are reduced to H₂O.
The reaction is typically carried out at high temperatures to speed up the reaction and increase the yield of Fe₂O₃. The reaction is commonly used in the production of iron(III) oxide, which is used as a pigment in paints, ceramics, and other materials. It is also used in the production of iron from iron ore.
The balanced chemical equation is 3 Fe(OH)₃ -> Fe₂O₃+ 3 H₂O for the given reaction.
What is chemical equation?
Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .
The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.
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please answer this with work shown for my chemistry homework please!!!
A sample containing 1.80 mol of argon gas has a volume of 10.00 L. What is
the new volume of the gas, in litres, when each of the following changes occurs in
the quantity of the gas? Assume that pressure and temperature remain constant.
The changes are not cumulative. ™
(a) An additional 1.80 mol of argon gas is added to the container. [ans: 20.0 LJ
(b) A sample of 25.0 g of argon gas is added to the container. [ans: 13.5 LJ
(c) A hole in the container allows half of the gas to escape.
Answer:
Explanation:
(a) When an additional 1.80 mol of argon gas is added to the container, the total number of moles of gas increases to 1.80 + 1.80 = 3.60 moles. Since the pressure and temperature of the gas remain constant, the volume of the gas will also remain constant at 10.00 L. So the new volume of the gas will be 10.00 L.
(b) When 25.0 g of argon gas is added to the container, we need to convert the mass of the gas to moles to determine its effect on the volume. We can use the ideal gas law to do this:
PV = nRT
Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.
Since the pressure and temperature remain constant, we can rearrange the equation to solve for n:
n = PV/RT
Plugging in the values, we get:
n = (1.00 atm)(25.0 g)/(0.08206 Latm/molK)(298 K)
This gives us a value of n = 0.34 mol.
Now that we know the number of moles of gas, we can use the ideal gas law again to solve for the new volume of the gas:
V = nRT/P
Plugging in the values, we get:
V = (0.34 mol)(0.08206 Latm/molK)(298 K)/(1.00 atm)
This gives us a new volume of V = 13.5 L.
(c) When half of the gas escapes from the container, the total number of moles of gas decreases to 1.80/2 = 0.90 mol. Again, we can use the ideal gas law to solve for the new volume of the gas:
V = nRT/P
Plugging in the values, we get:
V = (0.90 mol)(0.08206 Latm/molK)(298 K)/(1.00 atm)
This gives us a new volume of V = 7.50 L.
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any questions
Answer:
Hi, I'm here to help you. If you have any further question let me know
Explanation:
(a) An additional 1.80 mol of argon gas is added to the container.
The new volume of the gas would be 20.0 L.
(b) A sample of 25.0 g of argon gas is added to the container.
To determine the new volume of the gas, we need to first determine how many moles of argon gas are present in the 25.0 g sample. To do this, we can use the molar mass of argon, which is 39.948 g/mol. This gives us a total of 0.625 moles of argon in the 25.0 g sample. Since the pressure and temperature are constant, the volume of the gas will increase in proportion to the number of moles of gas present. Since 0.625 moles of gas is being added to 1.80 moles of gas, the total number of moles of gas will be 2.425 moles. The new volume of the gas will be 10.00 L * (2.425 moles / 1.80 moles) = 13.5 L.
(c) A hole in the container allows half of the gas to escape.
The new volume of the gas would be 10.00 L / 2 = 5.00 L.
The ___ something is before it falls, the longer gravity can act on the object.
higher
lower
Answer:The higher something is before it falls, the longer gravity can act on an object.
Explanation:
When something is dropped from higher up it has more time to fall thus giving gravity more time to act on the object.
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The valence electrons of an atom do not experience the full attractive force of protons in the atom’s nucleus due to the presence of inner core electrons.
The reduction in nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons due to inner core electrons is called the
A. ionization energy effect.
B. nuclear charge effect.
C. periodic law effect.
D. shielding effect.
The term "shielding effect" describes how the presence of core/core electrons reduces the positive charge experienced by the core/valence electrons.
What is shielding effect?The shielding effect is known as the reduction of the effective nuclear charge of the electron cloud as a result of the change in the attractive force acting on the electrons of the atoms. This particular case of electric field filtering is unique. Many projects in the field of materials science also consider this effect. The term "shielding effect" describes the reduction in positive charge experienced by the outer/valence electrons as a result of the presence of inner/core electrons. It prevents the outer/valence electrons from fully benefiting from the positive charge coming from the nucleus.
Due to the increased amount of core electrons, the shielding is enhanced when traveling downhill in groups. The amount of core electrons remains constant as it does not change as it moves over a period of time.
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how you would use electronegativity to decide if this substance has ionic or covalent bonds.
F2 <----- substance
Answer:
Explanation:
If the EN difference is large then it has an ionic bond, if it's low it has a covalent bond.
The grey kitten jumped into a 85 degree Celsius tub of water causing the tub to overflow. Identify the intensive and extensive properties of the scenario. Describe one physical property.
The intensive properties in this scenario are specific heat, temperature, density of water etc. The extensive properties include heat capacity, volume and mass of water.
What are intensive properties?Intensive properties are those properties which does not change with the amount of the substance. Whereas, extensive properties depends on the mass or total amount of the substance. It changes with the change in amount of the substance.
Intensive properties includes temperature, pressure, density etc. Whereas examples of extensive properties include mass, volume, heat capacity etc.
In the given scenario temperature and density of water does not change as they are intensive. Mass, volume and heat capacity of water changes as the kitten jump into it since they are extensive.
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A pure copper sphere has a radius 0.930 in. How many copper atoms does it contain? [The volume of a sphere is (4/3)πr3 and the density of copper is 8.96 g/cm3 .]
A pure copper sphere has a radius 0.930 in, 47.68 x 10²³ copper atoms does it contain.
What is Avogadro's no?The Avogadro number, often known as the Avogadro constant, is the quantity of units contained in one mole of any material. It equals 6.022140857 ×10²³. Depending on the nature of the reaction and the material, the units might be electrons, ions, atoms, or molecules.
Given that,
density = 8.96g/cm³
radius of sphere (r) = 0.935 in
= 0.935 x 2.54 cm
= 2.3749 cm
Thus, volume of copper sphere,
V = 4/3 π r³
V = 4/3 π (2.3749 cm)³
V = 56.108 cm³
From the volume and given density, calculate the mass of the copper sphere:
As we know, mass = density x volume
or, mass = 8.96 x 56.108
or, mass = 502.73 g
Now, 1 mole of copper = 63.5 g of copper = 6.022 x 10²³ copper atoms.
502.73 g of copper = (502.73 × 6.022 × 10 ²³)÷ 63.5
= 47.68 x 10²³ copper atoms
Therefore, the copper sphere contains 47.68 x 10²³ copper atoms.
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A soft drink contains 28 mg of sodium in 305 g of H2O?
What the concentration of sodium in the soft drink in mass percent?
The concentration of sodium in the soft drink in mass percent is 9.179485 x 10⁻³ %.
Percentage by mass, mass %, is a measure of concentration that indicates the mass of solute per mass of solution. In other words, the mass percent of a component in the solution is defined as the ratio of the mass of the component to the mass of the solution, expressed as a percentage.
mass % = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100
In the case of a soft drink which contains 28 mg of sodium in 305 g of H₂O, sodium is the solute and the solution is the mixture of sodium and H₂O.
mass % = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100
mass % = (28 mg / 28 mg + 305 g) x 100
mass % = (28 mg / 305028 mg) x 100
mass % = (9.179485 x 10⁻⁵) x 100
mass % = 9.179485 x 10⁻³ %
Hence, the mass percent of sodium in the soft drink is 9.179485 x 10⁻³ %.
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How many particles are in
0.451 moles of CU₂SO4?
Answer:
2.72 x 10^23 particles
Explanation:
1 mol of CU2SO4 has 6.022 x 10^23 particles
so 0.451 mol will have 0.451 x (6.022 x 10^23) = 2.72 x 10^23 particles
An aqueous solution at 25°C has a pOH of 6.51. Calculate the pH. Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
The pH of the solution at the given condition will be 7.5 .
Since the solution is at 25°C which is the standard temperature, we can apply the following relation :
pH = 14.00 - pOH
In the given case the pOH of the solution is 6.51, which on substituting in the relation we get
pH = 14.00 - 6.51
pH = 7.49 ≈ 7.5
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Explain one way that water affects humans
Answer: Our body needs water to transfer blood through the body.
Explanation: Our heart needs water to help pump blood through the whole body. Outside of transferring blood, we need water for a lot of other things like helping keep our body temperature and more!
The answer is that our bodies needs water to transfer blood through the body.
The total pressure of gas collected over water is 680.0 mmHg and the temperature is 21.0 C. What is the pressure of hydrogen gas formed in mmHg?
To solve such this we must know the concept of redox reaction. Therefore, the pressure of hydrogen gas formed in mmHg is 661.35mmHg.
What is chemical reaction?Chemical reaction is a process in which two or more than two molecules collide in right orientation and energy to form a new chemical compound. The mass of the overall reaction should be conserved. There are so many types of chemical reaction reaction like combination reaction, double displacement reaction.
total pressure= pressure of gas + pressure of water vapor
total pressure= 680.0 mmHg
pressure of water vapor at 21 °C=18.65mmHg
substituting all the given values in the above equation, we get
680.0 = pressure of gas + 18.65
pressure of gas =680- 18.65
=661.35mmHg
Therefore, the pressure of hydrogen gas formed in mmHg is 661.35mmHg.
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How much heat is needed to convert 40.0 grams of CH₃OH(s) at -97.53˚C to CH₃OH(l) at -43˚C?
The heat needed to convert 40.0 grams of CH₃OH (s) at -97.53˚C to CH₃OH (l) at -43˚C is equal to 5278.5 J.
What is the specific heat capacity?The specific heat capacity can be defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of one unit of mass by one degree Celsius. The specific heat capacity depends upon the type of material.
The mathematical form is used to calculate the specific heat is equal to:
Q = mCΔT
Given, the mass of the methanol, m = 40 g
The final temperature of the methanol, T₂ = -43°C
The change in temperature of methanol, ΔT = -43 + 97.53 = 54.53°C
The specific heat capacity of methanol, C = 2.5 J/g·°C
The heat required to change methanol temperature:
Q = 40 × 2.42 × 54.53
Q = 5278.5 J
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The atmospheric pressure in Denver, CO is 560mmHg. What is this pressu
O 0.736 atm
633 atm
127 atm
O 760 atm
The given pressure in Denver is 560mmHg and the calculated atmospheric pressure in atm is 0.73 atm.
What is atmospheric pressure and how to calculate it?Due to the atmosphere's greater bulk above those places, the pressure it applies to objects is highest around or below sea level. Since the mass of the atmosphere at a certain altitude reduces as it rises, atmospheric pressure also lowers as altitude rises.
A pressure of 1 atm is equivalent to 760 mmHg. As a result, we can use the following ratio to determine how many atmospheres of pressure equal 560 mmHg:
[tex]1 atm : 760mmHg = x : 560mmHg[/tex]
On solving the above equation, we get:
[tex]x = \frac{1atm.560mmHg}{760mmHg}[/tex]
[tex]x = 0.73 atm[/tex]
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What is the pH change of a 0.280 M solution of citric acid (pK₂ = 4.77) if 0.135 M citrate is added with no change in volume?
The pH change of a 0.280 M solution of citric acid is 1.7917.
What is citric acid and why is it useful?
Citric acid was originally produced from lemon juice by a Swedish researcher in 1784.
The odorless and colorless substance was manufactured from lemon juice until the early 1900s when researchers discovered that it could also be made from the black mold Aspergillus niger, which generates citric acid as it feeds on sugar.
Because of its acidic, sour-tasting character, citric acid is largely utilized as a flavoring and preserving agent, especially in soft drinks and candies. It’s also used to stabilize or preserve pharmaceuticals and as a -disinfectant.
As, in the question we have been provided with the pK2, so we will first convert it into ka.
ka= 10 ^ -4.77= 1.70 × 10 -5
⇒1.70 × 10- 5 = x²/ 0.280 -x
⇒x= [H+] = 0.00218 M
pH = - log [0.00218]
pH = 2.6615 initial pH
pH= pKa + loh [salt/acid]
pH= 4.77 +log [0.135/0.280]
pH= 4.77 - 0.3168 = 4.4532
change pH= 4.4532 - 2.6615 = 1.7917.
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23 grams of sodium Chloride reacts with oxygen to produce Sodium oxide and how many moles of chlorine?
Question 3 options:
9.14 mol
4.98 mol
.20 mol
.87 mol
Common salt, sometimes referred to as sodium chloride, is a substance consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms. One mole of sodium chloride (23 grams) interacts with one mole of oxygen to produce two moles of sodium oxide and one mole of chlorine. This reaction is known as the sodium chloride–oxygen reaction (NaCl–O2).
How much sodium chloride is in a mole of chlorine?The molar masses of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are respectively 22.99 g/mole and 35.4 g/mole.
One mole of sodium chloride contains how many moles of sodium?If I take a mole of NaCl, there will either be one mole of Na and zero Cl2 molecules, or two moles of Na and two moles of Cl2 molecules on either side.
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For the reaction, A(g)⇋2B(g) , Kc=7.0 . A reaction mixture at equilibrium contains [A]=2.3M . What is the concentration of B in the reaction mixture?
Express the molarity to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.
Answer: [tex][B]=16 \text{ M}[/tex]
Explanation:
[tex]K_c=\frac{[B]}{[A]}\\\\7.0=\frac{[B]}{2.3 \text{ M}} \\ \\[/tex]
[tex][B]=16 \text{ M}[/tex]
intermolecular forces are in liquids and solids when compared to gases. the strength of the interactions in the condensed phases determines at what temperature the substance will melt and boil.
True. Intermolecular forces in liquids and solids are stronger than those in gases. This is because the molecules in liquids and solids are much closer together than those in gases, so the attractive forces between them are stronger.
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the temperature needed to break them and cause the substance to boil or melt.
The Significance of Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and SolidsIn the physical world, the behavior of matter is determined by the forces that act on it. Intermolecular forces, the attractions and repulsions between molecules, are one of the fundamental forces that drive the properties of matter. This essay will explore the role of intermolecular forces in liquids and solids and explain how they contribute to the melting and boiling points of substances.
In liquids and solids, the molecules are much closer together than in gases, so the attractive forces between them are stronger. This is due to the fact that in liquids and solids, the molecules are more densely packed, allowing for greater attraction between them. The stronger these intermolecular forces are, the higher the temperature needed to break them apart, resulting in the melting and boiling point of a substance. This can be seen in the phase diagram for water, where the melting point is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C.
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Need help with this please
a) NaCl + H2O
c) POLi + HCO3
5) 5.2 mol of Xe is at 350 °C in a vessel of 5:00 L. For Xe, a-
4.250 atmL/mol and b- 5.105 x 10 L/mol. Calculate the
pressure assuming the Xe behaves:
a. Ideally.
b. As a real gas.
The pressure of the gas can be obtained in each case as;
a) 53.1 atm
b) 51.56 atm
What is an ideal gas?We know that an ideal gas is the kind of gas that follows the ideal gas law. We know that we can be able to calculate the pressure of the gas using the Ideal gas equation as well as by the use of the Van Der Walls correction of the equation.
Thus we have;
PV = nRT
P = pressure
V = volume
n = Number of moles
R = gas constant
T = Temperature
Then;
P = nRT/V
P = 5.2 * 0.082 * 623/5
P = 53.1 atm
Using the Van Der Walls Correction;
P = nRT/V - nb - a(n/V)^2
P = 5.2 * 0.082 * 623/5 - (5.2 * 0.05105) - 4.250(5.2/5)^2
P = 265.6 /4.73 - 4.597
P = 51.56 atm
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5.4.3 Oxidation lab
they have been oxidized; oxidation is therefore the loss of electrons
'
From the information given in Table 5.2, let's determine whether each metal (Cu, Fe, and Zn) was oxidized and identify the oxidizing agent(s) involved.
Cu (Copper):
Was the Metal Oxidized? No, there was no reaction observed for Cu.
Oxidizing Agent(s): No oxidizing agent was involved as there was no reaction.
Fe (Iron):
Was the Metal Oxidized? Yes, Fe was oxidized as there was a reaction observed.
Oxidizing Agent(s): The oxidizing agent involved in the reaction with Fe is not specified in the table.
Zn (Zinc):
Was the Metal Oxidized? Yes, Zn was oxidized as there was a reaction observed.
Oxidizing Agent(s): The oxidizing agent involved in the reaction with Zn is not specified in the table.
It appears that Cu did not undergo any reaction, while both Fe and Zn were oxidized in their respective reactions. However, specific details about the oxidizing agents are not provided in the table.
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Extraction of natural gas by the process of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is most likely to result in which of the following environmental problems?
Select one:
a. Groundwater contamination
b. Denitrification
c. Eutrophication
d. Desertification
e. Ozone depletion
a. The biggest concerns at fracking sites are groundwater contamination, air pollution, and water contamination brought on by the toxic chemicals employed in hydraulic fracturing.
Which one of the following best represents an environmental issue that is frequently connected to the fracking process?Large land areas are needed for fracking operations, which affects wildlife and ruins habitat.
What environmental issues are most frequently connected to nuclear power apes?Pollutants such as spent (used) reactor fuel, uranium mill tailings, and other radioactive wastes are the main environmental issue with nuclear power.These substances have lengthy radioactive half-lives and can endanger human health for tens of thousands of years.
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Which of the following functional groups can be reduced by reaction with metal hydride reagents such as LiAlH4?
LiAlH4 reagent can reduce aldehydes to primary alcohols, ketones to secondary alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters to primary alcohols, amides and nitriles to amines, epoxides to alcohols and lactones to diols.
LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent compared to sodium borohydride, NaBH4, since the Al-H bond is weaker and thus less stable than B-H bond.
Reduction of aldehydes or ketone to primary and secondary alcohols:
Initially, a hydride ion is transferred onto the carbonyl carbon and the oxygen atom coordinates to the remaining aluminum hydride species to furnish an alkoxy tri hydro aluminate ion, which can reduce the next carbonyl molecule. Thus three of the hydride ions are used up in reduction. The reaction will be as follows :
AlH4 + ROR → RHROH
Reduction of amides to amine:
Amides are converted to amines. The LAH reduction mechanism is slightly different from that depicted for esters. In iminium ion is formed during the reaction since nitrogen atom is relatively a good donor than oxygen atom. The reaction will be as follows:
RONR2 + AlH4 → RNR2
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