Mass spectrometers may be used to pick out unknown compounds through molecular weight determination, to quantify regarded compounds, and to decide shape and chemical residences of molecules.
The relative abundance of every isotope may be decided the usage of mass spectrometry. A mass spectrometer ionizes atoms and molecules with a high-power electron beam after which deflects the ions via a magnetic discipline primarily based totally on their mass-to-charge ratios ( m / z m/z m/z ). In a pure sample of an element, the mass of that element is represented as an m/z ratio and can be used to identify the element. Also, identification of an element can be done by calculating the average atomic mass from the mass spectrum data.
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What is the percent compositions for nature's mix of lithium isotopes? What do you notice about the average atomic mass compare to the mass numbers for these same lithium isotopes? How does this relate back to how the average atomic mass is calculated?
The percent compositions for the naturally occurring isotopes of lithium are as follows: lithium-6 (7.5%), lithium-7 (92.5%), and lithium-8 (0.01%). The average atomic mass of lithium is calculated by taking into account the masses of all of its naturally occurring isotopes and the percent abundance of each isotope. When we look at the average atomic mass of lithium and compare it to the mass numbers of its isotopes, we can see that the average atomic mass is not equal to any of the individual isotope mass numbers. This is because the average atomic mass is a weighted average that takes into account the percent abundance of each isotope. Therefore, the average atomic mass of lithium is not the same as the mass number of any of its individual isotopes.
imagine the electrolysis of a molten sample of alcl3 in its pure state. how many faradays of electricity would be required to produce a mole of metallic aluminum in such a process?
There are 3 faradays of electricity that would be required to produce a mole of metallic aluminum in such a process.
Aluminum is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. The density of aluminum is lower than other common metals, about one-third that of steel. It has a high affinity for oxygen and forms a protective oxide layer on the surface when exposed to air.
One of several chemical elements that are usually lustrous solids that conduct heat and electricity and can be formed into plates and the like. The American Chemical Society officially adopted aluminum in 1925, but in 1990 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry accepted aluminum as an international standard. And we end up with English-speaking North Americans using aluminum today.
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an organic compound contains 73.14% carbon, 7.37% hydrogen and the rest oxygen. if the mole mass of this compound was 82.1 grams per mole. the empirical formula for this compound would be
organic compound contains 73.14% carbon, 7.37% hydrogen and the rest oxygen. if the mole mass of this compound was 82.1 grams per mole. the empirical formula for this compound would be C10H12O2
73.14% C , 7.37% H , 19.49 % O
lets say there are 100g of compound then there are 73.14g C , 7.37g H , 19.49g O
no of moles of C = 73.14 / 12.01 = 6.09 mol
no of moles of H = 7.37/1.0079 = 7.31 mol
no of moles of O = 19.49/15.9994 = 1.22 mol
now divide by the smallest no of moles( 1.22 mol) for each
we get C:H:O = 4.99 : 5.99 : 1.00
therefore C5H6O is the empirical formula
molecular formula = n ( C5H6O)
n = molecular mass / empirical mass of compound = 164.2 / 82 = 2
molecular formula =2( C5H6O) = C10H12O2
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why don't we see hydrogen balmer lines in the spectra of stars with temperatures of 3,200 k?
These stars are so cool that nearly all of the hydrogen atoms are in the ground state that's why don't we see hydrogen Balmer lines in the spectra of stars with temperatures of 3,200 k.
What are hydrogen Balmer lines in the spectra?The hydrogen emission spectrum includes the Balmer series as a subset. In the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, only these lines are present. The hydrogen Rydberg constant has a value of 109,677 cm. The section of the hydrogen emission spectrum known as the Balmer series is essentially where an electron is energised to go from the second shell to any other shell. Other transitions follow suit and have their own series titles. Here is a list of a few of them:
Lyman series: The changes from the first shell to any other shell.Balmer series: The change from any other shell to the second shell.Paschen series: Third shell to any other shell transition.Brackett series: Fourth shell to any other shell transition.Pfund series: Fifth shell to any other shell transition.To learn more about Hydrogen Atoms here:
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the inhibitory effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor is greater at high [s] than at low [s]. Explain this observation.
The inhibitory effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor is greater at high [s] than at low [s] because kcat/kM = 8.5 x 107 (M.s)-1
Upland and lowland are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level. In studies of the ecology of freshwater rivers, habitats are classified as upland or lowland.
Uncompetitive inhibition is an example of a reversible inhibition.
At [S] > KM the effect of the inhibitor on reducing Vmax is apparent because as [S] increases, V approaches Vmax / α′
At [S] < KM the effect of the inhibitor is minimal because as [S] decreases, V approaches Vmax[S] / KM.
kcat = Vmax/[Etotal]
= ( 164*10-6 (mol/L)min-1 )/(1*10-9 mol/L)
= 1.64 x 10^5 min-1
kcat/kM = ( 164000 min-1 / 32*10-6 M
= 5125*106 (M.min)-1
= 8.5 x 107 (M.s)-1
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What substance would precipitate if you were to add a saturated sodium carbonate solution to a saturated sodium chloride solution? Why?
NaCl + Na₂CO₃ ⇌ NaCl + Na₂CO₃
Answer:
Explanation: This is an example of a double displacement reaction. Here sodium carbonate is added to sodium chloride. The result is no visible reaction.
There is no effect of mixing the solids. Mixing solutions would have little effect unless they were at very high concentrations, then it is possible some sodium carbonate would precipitate due to the common ion effect.
Why do people debate how to account for different roughness conditions in different portions of compound channel cross-section? how do we try to deal with this concern?
People argue how to take into account for varied roughness conditions in different regions of natural and restored waterways since they are typically constructed of compound channels rather than simple cross-sectional areas like rectangles, trapezoids, triangles, or simple curved forms.
What is a compound channel ?
A "compound" channel consists of a main channel that can handle regular flows and a flood plain that is submerged during heavy flows on one or both sides.
According to several researchers and practitioners, non-compound channels with channel beds and sides constructed of different materials or main channels with unusually shaped geometry and varying roughness should be the key applications for these composite roughness coefficient approaches. Furthermore, they propose the use of a composite roughness for compound channels when there are negligible roughness variations between the main channel and flood plains. These engineers recommend that the segmented conveyance approach instead be used in the majority of compound channel applications.
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what volume of 0.2500 m strontium hydroxide is required to completely react with 75.00 ml of 0.07942m hcl?
The volume of 0.2500 m strontium hydroxide is required to completely react with 75.00 ml of 0.07942m hcl is 11.91 mL.
Calculation:-
Sr(OH)2 + 2 HCl => SrCl2 + 2 H2O
Moles of HCl = volume x concentration of HCl
= 75.00/1000 x 0.07942 = 0.0059565 mol
Moles of Sr(OH)2 = 1/2 x moles of HCl
= 1/2 x 0.0059565 = 0.00297825 mol
Volume of Sr(OH)2 = moles/concentration of Sr(OH)2
= 0.00297825/0.2500
= 0.01191 L = 11.91 mL
The health risks associated with radioactive strontium are very low at concentrations commonly found in the environment. Higher-than-normal levels of radioactive strontium lower blood cell concentrations and increase the risk of certain types of cancer. There is a possibility. Strontium is a soft silvery-yellow alkaline earth metal.
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if you have 25 ml of a buffer solution at an initial ph, and it takes 13 ml of 0.1m hcl to change the buffer to ph -1, what is the buffer capacity for this solution
If you have 25 ml of a buffer solution at an initial ph, and it takes 13 ml of 0.1m hcl to change the buffer to ph -1, 130 ml/M is the buffer capacity for this solution.
The buffer capacity of a solution is a measure of its ability to resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. It is defined as the amount of acid or base that must be added to the solution to change its pH by one unit.
To find the buffer capacity of a solution, we need to know the initial pH of the solution and the amount of acid or base required to change its pH by one unit.
In this case, we are given that the initial pH of the buffer solution is some value, and it takes 13 mL of 0.1 M HCl to change the pH by 1 unit. We can use this information to calculate the buffer capacity as follows:
Buffer capacity = amount of acid or base required to change pH by 1 unit / concentration of acid or base
= 13 mL / 0.1 M
= 130 mL/M
Therefore, the buffer capacity of this solution is 130 mL/M.
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In the electroplating of nickel, 0.200 faraday of electrical charge is passed through a solution of NiSO4. What mass of nickel is deposited?
a. 2.94
b. 5.87
c. 11.7
d. 58.7
When a solution of NiSO4 is exposed to a 0.2 faraday electrical charge, b. 5.87 g of nickel, Ni is deposited.
The Balanced equation is :
Ni²⁺ + 2e —> Ni
To Determine the mass of the Ni when there is 0.2 farad.
According to the balanced equation,
The molar mass of nickel is 1× 59 [tex]gmol^{-1}[/tex]
The number of farad =2
(Since, In the balanced equation nickel losses 2 electron. )
2 farad = 59 [tex]gmol^{-1}[/tex] of nickel
0.2 farad = ?
⇒[tex]\frac{(59)(0.2)}{2}[/tex]
⇒5.87 [tex]gmol^{-1}[/tex] ≈ 5.9 [tex]gmol^{-1}[/tex]
What is Nickel Electroplating ?Nickel is deposited onto a metal component by the technique of nickel electroplating. Before plating can start, parts must be clean and free of debris, corrosion, and flaws. A mixture of heat treating, cleaning, masking, pickling, and etching may be used to prepare and protect the part before plating.
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write the net ionic equation for powdered iron added to a solution of iron (iii) sulfate
Answer: Fe + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + H2 (Note: Dilute H2SO4)
Explanation:
it comes easy to me
what is the ph of a solution with [h3o+] = 3.0 × 10-3 m?
The ph of a solution with [h3o+] = 3.0 × 10-3 m is 2.52.
A solution's acidity can be determined by looking at its pH, which is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration. Pure water slightly separates into ions with roughly equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxyl (OH) ions. [H+] is 107 for a neutral solution, or pH = 7.
You need to know the hydronium ion concentration in moles per litre to determine the pH of an aqueous solution (molarity). The equation pH = - log [H3O+] is then used to determine the pH.
You can alternatively write the pH Formula as. l o g [H +] = p H Problems With the pH Formula. Problem 1: Determine the pH of the solution in which there are 8.0 10-8M hydronium ions.
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The complete question is ''What is the pH of a solution with [ H3O+] = 3.0 × 10-3 M?
A) 3.0 × 10-3
B) 2.52
C) 3.0
D) -2.52
E) 9.0
B) 2.52
determine the value of kp for the following reaction: 4hcl(g)+o2(g)⇌2cl2(g)+2h2o(g)
The equilibrium constant at a temperature of 25°C is Kp = 28.18. This value can be expressed to three significant digits as Kp = 28.2.
What exactly is balance?A state of balance between conflicting forces or influences is known as equilibrium. It is a principle that is applied in a variety of fields, including as physics, chemistry, and economics.
The following equation can be used to determine the equilibrium constant for the specified reaction:
Kp = [Cl₂]²[H₂O]² / [HCl]⁴[O₂]
The partial pressures of the gases can be used to determine Kp on the assumption that the gas is ideal.
Kp = (PCl₂)²(PH₂O)²/ (PHCl)⁴(PO₂)
Kp is easily calculable if the partial pressures of each gas are known. Finding the equilibrium constants at a given temperature is important because no pressures are provided in this scenario.
According to the information in the thermochemical table, Kp = 28.18 is the equilibrium constant at 25°C. 3 significant figures can be used to express this amount Kp = 28.2.
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how many moles of agcl(s) would form when 100. ml of 0.400 m agno3 is mixed with 90.0 ml of 0.250 m cacl2 ? g
100ml of 0.400 m AgNO3 and 90.0 ml of 0.250 m CaCl2 would combine to create 0.0225 moles of AgCl(s).
AgNO3 + CaCl2 -> AgCl + Ca(NO3)2 is the result of the given reaction
One mole of AgNO3 interacts with one mole of CaCl2 to produce one mole of AgCl in this reaction.
Given that AgNO3 (v1) has a volume of= 100 ml
Volume of CaCl2(v2) = 90ml
molarity of AgNO3 (m1) = 0.400M
Molarity of CaCl2 (m2) = 0.250M
Moles of AgNO3 formed: v1 x m1/1L = 0.1 x 0.4/1 = 0.04
moles of CaCl2 formed: v2 x m2/1L = 0.09 x 0.25/1L = 0.0225
Since AgNO3 exceeds 0.0225 moles of AgCl, CaCl2 is the limiting reactant in this limiting reactant problem.
Hence the number of moles of AgCl formed = 0.0225
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according to ice core and fossil evidence, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are higher now than at any time for at least the last years. a) 65 b) 65,000 c) 650,000 d) 6.5 million e) 65 million
At any time for at least the last years C) 65,000 years.
To protect the climate and to mitigate climate change, firstly we have to control the emission of the greenhouse gases. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum etc releases a huge quantity of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, reducing the greenhouse gas emission is important to mitigate or stop climate change.
C) 650,000 years
Over the past 650,000 years, there has been almost seven cycles of glaciation(glacial advance and retreat) leading to excessively high carbon dioxide levels.
Thus, option C is the correct choice.
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1. in this experiment, why 3-sulfolene was used instead of 1,3-butadiene? explain thoroughly for full credit.
Starting with solid 3-sulfolene and decomposing was easier than starting with gaseous 1,3-butadiene.
3-Sulfolene is used to produce 1,3-butadiene by decomposition with maleic anhydride in solution. The solution should be heated slightly to decompose all the sulfolene to butadiene which reacts with the anhydride.
Diene is produced in a reaction vessel by heating butadiene sulfone until it decomposes into 1,3-butadiene and sulfur dioxide. The Diels-Alder reaction involves the replacement of four pi electrons from the diene and two pi electrons from the dienophile. This reaction is used to generate vitamin B6. The activation energies for these processes are reached only at high temperatures.
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The fuel used to power the booster rockets on space shuttles is a mixture of aluminum metal and ammonium perchlorate. the following balanced equation represents the reaction. 3al + 3nh4clo4 → al2o3 + alcl3 + 3no + 6h2o what is the mole ratio of al to al2o3?al:al2o3 = 3:
Answer: Al:Al2O3 = 3: 1
Explanation:
the answer is 1
An organic compound contains 20.0 % Carbon, 6.66% Hydrogen, 47.33% Nitrogen and the rest was Oxygen. Its molar mass is 60 gm. The molecular formula of the compound is? (A)
C
H
4
N
2
O
(B)
C
H
2
N
O
2
(C)
C
2
H
6
N
O
(D)
C
H
18
N
O
A molar empirical mass of 60 g is present ( same as the given molar mass ). Consequently, the molecular formula is CN2OH4.
How is an organic molecule's percent yield calculated?After dividing the actual yield produced in the lab by the predicted theoretical yield, multiply the result by 100 to determine the yield percentage.
How do you figure out the recovery percentage?Percent recovery is calculated as the difference between what you actually gathered and what you were expected to collect. Consider that after recrystallization, you obtained 7.0 g of dry pure material from 10.0 g of impure material. Your recovery rate is then 70% (7/10 x 100).
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The molecule O=C=S) is linear and has a Lewis structure analogous to that of CO2. Would you expect this molecule to be nonpolar?
The molecule O=C=S is linear and has a Lewis structure analogous to that of CO2. This molecule is polar molecule.
What are polar molecules?
Polar molecules are molecules that have two oppositely charged ends. Polar molecules exist as a result of differences in the electronegativities of the atoms of the elements found in the molecule.
With two electron domains around the central atom .the electron domain & molecular geometries are linear .sinces oxygen is more electronegative than sulphur.
The bond dipole symmetrically distributed around the carbon atom , are not identical and therefore,the bond dipole do not sum to zero.
Therefore, OCS molecule is a polar molecule not a non polar.
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true or false even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reactions in glycolysis are endergonic.
The statement "Even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reactions in glycolysis are endergonic" is a TRUE statement.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway of reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate (in the presence of oxygen) or lactate (in the absence of oxygen). There are ten sequences of reactions in it catalyzed by enzymes.
The overall reactions of glycolysis are exergonic, which means energy is released into its surroundings, However, some of the reactions within glycolysis absorb energy instead of releasing energy, making them endergonic reactions. One of them is the second reaction in glycolysis, where isomerase catalyzes the isomerization of G-6-P to F-6-P.
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consider the following two compounds: c5h11oh (1-pentanol) c5h11sh (1-pentanethiol) which compound has the higher molar mass? which compound has the higher boiling point?
1-pentanethiol has a higher molar mass.
What is Boiling Point?
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapour pressure equals that of the surrounding air. The liquid turns to a vapour at this temperature.
The boiling point of the liquid is influenced by the atmospheric pressure. When a liquid is at high pressure, its boiling point is higher than when it is at atmospheric pressure. Different liquids have variable boiling points at a certain pressure. The standard boiling point of a liquid was established by IUPAC in 1982 as the temperature at which a liquid starts to boil at a pressure of one bar.
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the water took longer to evaporate. what does this imply about the strength of the attraction of the molecules to each other?
The strength of attraction of the water molecules to each other is the hydrogen bonding.
The slowest evaporating liquid might be the water. Water 's hydrogen bonding, being the most powerful sort of intermolecular force, might be the toughest to triumph over to break out into the fueloline kingdom and could bring about the longest time. Hydrogen bonds do not form in all molecules because hydrogen can only form these bonds with highly electronegative atoms. It is a weak type of force that happens when a hydrogen atom is bonded to an atom which has a high electronegativity.
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A buffer solution is prepared that is 0.18 M NH3 and 0.27 M NH4Cl. What is the pH of this buffer? Kb for NH3 is 1.8 x 10-5
A. 4.57
B. 9.26
C. 9.43
D. 4.92
E. 9.08
Option E is Answer. The pH value of the buffer is 9.08
The pH of a solution: It is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, which in turn is a measure of its own acidity. Pure water dissociates slightly into equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl (OH−) ions.
The pH is then calculated using the expression:
pH = - log [OH-].-------------(1)
the pH of acidic buffer =pka+log[ acid/salt]
the pH of basic buffer =pkb+log[ base/salt]
Given that Kb=1.8x10^-5
base=0.27M
salt=0.18M
first, we have to calculate the value of kb,
pkb=−log[1.8×10 ^−5]
pkb=4.74
The pH of buffer=pkb+log[base/salt]-------------(2)
We find out the value of kb and now substitute it in equation(2)
pOH=4.74+log[ 0.27/0.18]
=4.74−0.176=4.92
pH=14−4.92=9.08
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g ethyl butyrate is produced in 70% yield once equilibrium is established under the conditions above. describe briefly two different things you could do to increase the yield of ester beyond 70%.
Two different things you could do to increase the yield of ester beyond 70% are increase ethanol and butyric acid or enzymes involved in the reaction .
Define esterification.
The general term for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (usually an alcohol and an acid) combine to create an ester as the end product is "esterification." Esters are frequently found in organic chemistry and biological materials, and they frequently have a distinctive, fruity scent.
By increasing one of the reactants' concentration, the yield of ester can be increased (either the alcohol or the carboxylic acid). A surplus of one reactant will cause the reaction to move to the right in accordance with Le Chatelier's Principle, increasing the generation of ester and, consequently, the yield of ester.
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What is the relationship among the efficieny output work and input work of a machine?
The efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the output work it performs to the input work required to operate it. This ratio is expressed as a percentage, and it tells you how much of the input work is converted into useful output work.
For example, if a machine requires 10 units of input work to perform 5 units of output work, its efficiency would be 50%. This means that 50% of the input work is converted into useful output work, while the remaining 50% is lost as waste heat, friction, or other forms of energy dissipation.
In general, the efficiency of a machine is determined by its design, as well as the materials and components used to construct it. Machines that are well-designed and constructed with high-quality materials will typically have higher efficiencies than those that are poorly designed or made with lower-quality materials.
It's also important to note that the efficiency of a machine can vary depending on the type and amount of work it is performing. For example, a machine may be more efficient at performing certain tasks than others, or it may become less efficient as it wears out or is subjected to heavy use.
gas is placed in a balloon with a volume of 3.0 l at 35oc and 800 torr. what would be the new volume for the gas if placed under stp?
gas is placed in a balloon with a volume of 3.0 l at 35oc and 800 torr. what would be the new volume for the gas if placed under stp The new volume will be "13.0 L" when the balloon is inflated to less than 800 mmHg.
Ideal gas formula
The answer to the query is
P1 = 1 atm for pressure
P₂ = 1.053 atm
T1 = 273.15 K for the temperature.
T₂ = 373.15 K
V1 = 10.0 L of volume
The ideal gas equation can be used to:
⇒ PV = nRT
or,
Then,
The new book will be:
→ V₂ =
By changing the values above,
=
= 13.0 L
Consequently, the strategy described above is appropriate.
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You measured the pH of 2 solutions, a 0.1M HCl solution and a 0.1M acetic acid solution. Which of the following would be true?
1) The pH of the HCl is higher and the [H30+] is lower
2) The pH of the HCl is higher and the [H30+] is higher
3) The pH of the HCl is lower and the [H30+] is higher
4) The pH of the HCl is lower and the [H30+] is lower
5) The pH and [H30+] for the 2 solutions are the same
The pH of 2 solutions, a 0.1M HCl solution and a 0.1M acetic acid solution. The pH of the HCl is lower and the [H30+] is higher is true. Therefore, option 3 is correct.
What is pH ?The pH scale determines how acidic or basic water is. The range is 0 to 14, with 7 representing neutrality. Acidity is indicated by pH values below 7, whereas baseness is shown by pH values above 7. In reality, pH is a measurement of the proportion of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in water.
The pH scale, which previously stood for "potential of hydrogen," is used to describe how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is. The pH values of acidic solutions are typically lower than those of basic or alkaline solutions.
Thus, option 3 is correct.
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carbon disulfide has a vapor pressure of 363 torr at 25 degrees and a normal boiling point of 46.3 degrees find the change in hvap
The change in enthalpy of vaporization is 27.4 kJ/mol that can be calculated using Clausius-Clapeyron relation.
The Clausius-Clapeyron relation is used to characterize a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of the same constituent such as ice. The plot is drawn between 1/T vs ln P.
T1= 25+273=298 K
P1=363 Torr
T2= 46.3+273 = 319.3 K
P2= 760 Torr which is the atmospheric pressure.
By using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation,
ln(P2/P1)=ΔH/R[1/T1-1/T2]
ln (760/363)=ΔH/8.314x10^-3[1/298-1/319.3]
ΔH=27.44 kJ/mol
Therefore, the change in enthalpy of vaporization is 27.4 kJ/mol.
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A food item that is left out of the refrigerator turns brown and forms bubbles and gas. What are the signs that this is a chemical reaction? check all that apply.
There are bubbles and the colour shifts.
what is chemical reaction?
A chemical reaction is defined as a process in which the chemical composition of a substance changes. A whole new chemical is created as a result of these reactions.
A chemical change would be the oxidation of iron to ferric oxide.
Here, iron that initially seems grey transforms to green before turning brownish red.
1. alteration in color
2. heat is gained or lost.
3.Gas evolution
4. precipitate formation these are some features of chemical reaction.
Therefore, when food that has been kept out of the refrigerator changes color and gas evolution occurs, there has been a chemical alteration.
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Explain why the ymbol for the element ulfur and the formula for a molecule of ulfur differ�
The symbol for atomic sulfur and molecular sulfur is different. The symbol for atomic sulfur is S and the symbol for molecule sulfur is S₈.
The symbol of an element or atom is just the representation with few alphabets with no digit.
example
Symbol for Oxygen is O
Symbol for Nitrogen is N
Symbol for sulfur is S
However in case of molecule we know that molecule is the combination of atoms. In sulfur molecule 8 sulfur atom is present so we represent the molecule as S₈.
Thus the elemental form of sulfur is an eight atomic molecule
The forms is represented as S₈.
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