Approximately 2 billion years elapsed between the origins of oxygenic photosynthesis and the presence of substantial amounts of oxygen in earth's atmosphere. This prolonged process of oxygenation is known as the Great Oxygenation Event or the Oxygen Catastrophe.
The origin of oxygenic photosynthesis, which is the process by which certain microorganisms use sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide, is believed to have occurred around 2.4 billion years ago.
However, it took several hundred million years for substantial amounts of oxygen to accumulate in the Earth's atmosphere.
This is because the early Earth's atmosphere was initially dominated by gases such as methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide, and oxygen released through photosynthesis would have reacted with these gases and with rocks on the Earth's surface, in a process known as oxidation.
This prolonged process of oxygenation, known as the Great Oxygenation Event or the Oxygen Catastrophe, took place over an estimated 200-300 million years, resulting in the significant increase of oxygen levels in the Earth's atmosphere to the levels that support aerobic life as we know it today.
Thus, approximately 2 billion years elapsed between the origins of oxygenic photosynthesis and the presence of substantial amounts of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.
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The origins of oxygen photosynthesis are estimated to have occurred approximately 2.4 billion years ago.
However, it took a long time for substantial amounts of oxygen to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere, as oxygen reacts readily with many other compounds.It is believed that oxygen began to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere around 2.3 billion years ago, but it took another billion years for the oxygen levels to reach a point where it could support complex life forms. This period, between the origins of oxygenic photosynthesis and the presence of substantial amounts of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, is known as the Great Oxygenation Event and it lasted for about 1.5 billion years.
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What percent of the world's power is generated form renewable sources?
a) 10%
b) 5%
c) 7%
d) 3%
e) 20%
Option D, which generates 20% of the world's power from renewable sources.
What exactly are renewable energies?It is a type of energy that can be replenished or created at a faster pace than other nonrenewable resources. Renewable energy is energy that comes from a non-depletable source. They are self-sustaining and real with a low or no carbon footprint. Wind power, solar power, bioenergy (organic matter used as a fuel), and hydroelectric, including tidal energy, are examples of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy is defined as energy produced from natural sources that is replenished at a faster rate than it is consumed. Sunlight and wind are two instances of such constantly replenishing sources.
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Briefly summarize three key ways in which geology is critically important to Earth’s long- term habitability.
Answer:
Here are three key ways:
Climate stability: The study of geology provides insights into how the Earth's climate has changed over millions of years. Understanding past changes in climate can help us to better predict and prepare for future changes. Geologic processes, such as the formation of mountains and the erosion of rocks, can also influence local and global weather patterns.
Resource availability: Geology is critical in identifying and accessing natural resources such as minerals, fossil fuels, and groundwater. The study of geology helps to identify areas where these resources are most likely to be found and how to extract them in a sustainable way that minimizes environmental impact.
Understanding natural hazards: Geology is essential in understanding natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis. By studying the geological history of an area, scientists can better understand the likelihood and potential impact of these hazards. This knowledge can be used to develop effective hazard mitigation strategies and save lives.
Explanation:
64) The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is ________. A) texture
B) angularity
C) composition
D) provenance E) fabric
The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is texture. Option A is the correct answer.
The size, shape, and three-dimensional arrangement of the grains that make up sediment or sedimentary rock are referred to as texture. Both the weathering of rocks and the erosion of surface materials can produce these particles. Particles from a rock face that have been eroded by wind, rain, glaciers, and other natural forces are transported away as sediment. Option A is the correct answer.
A rock's texture is a small-scale characteristic, yet it plays a substantial role in many of its important characteristics, including bulk density, porosity, and permeability. The accumulation of particles that wind, water, and ice can carry away is known as an sediment. Option A is the correct answer.
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Globular clusters rarely contain blue giant stars, because the clusters are: a. metal poor b. young c. distant d. stable e. old
The correct answer is (e) old. Globular clusters are some of the oldest structures in the universe, with an estimated age of around 10-13 billion years.
As a result, the stars within them have had plenty of time to evolve and age, and blue giant stars (which are very massive and short-lived) have typically already gone supernova or evolved into cooler, smaller stars. Additionally, globular clusters are known for being metal poor, which can further limit the formation of blue giant stars. Globular clusters rarely contain blue giant stars because the clusters are: e. old. This is due to the fact that blue giant stars have relatively short lifespans, and most of them have already evolved or died within the older globular clusters. The correct answer is e. old. Globular clusters are some of the oldest structures in the universe, with an estimated age of around 10-13 billion years.
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Which Region contains Brasstown Bald (highest point in Georgia)
The Brasstown Bald (highest point in Georgia) is located in the Blue Ridge region of Georgia.
Georgia's highest point is the Brasstown Bald Tourist Center, which is 4,784 feet above sea level.
The Appalachian Mountains' Blue Ridge region is differentiated by its scenery and outdoor activity options. The area which is surrounded by Tennessee and North Carolina and home to a wide range other notable peaks and attractions like Amicalola Falls State Park and the Appalachian Trail, is in the northern part of Georgia.
The two historical markers in Georgia claim that the Cherokee people first settled the region around Brasstown Bald.
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18) Sediments found on continental margins are called ________. A) estuarine
B) oceanic
C) neritic
D) pelagic
E) continental
Answer:
C) neritic
Explanation:
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What did the shortage of farmland cause people to do?
The shortage of farmland caused people to either migrate to areas with more available land or to adapt by utilizing smaller plots of land and implementing more efficient farming techniques.
The shortage of farmland caused people to seek alternative methods for growing crops, such as vertical farming, urban agriculture, and utilizing smaller plots more efficiently. Additionally, it led to increased migration to areas with more available farmland and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices to preserve and maintain the existing land.
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Geography GCSE - Use the document to answer the topic.
Write a PEEL paragraph on:
What are the economic causes for the deforestation of the tropical rainforests.
Some of the economic causes for the deforestation of the tropical rainforests :
AgricultureLoggingWhat economic factors lead to deforestation ?Agricultural requirements have been illustrated as one of the most influential reasons for deforestation in tropical rainforests. With potential increases in demand for diverse commodities like soybeans, palm oil, and beef products, farmers and ranchers are now extensivly clearing great expanses of greenwood to generate plots used for crops or pastures.
Logging is also a noteworthy contributor to deforestation in exotic rainforests; plants are being cut down to acquire timber, which has several subsequent purposes such as generating furniture, paper, and construction materials.
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Calculate the speed of a satellite in a circular orbit near the Earth (just above the atmosphere). If the mass of the satellite is 200kg, what is the minimum energy required to move the satellite from this near-Earth orbit to very far away from the Earth?
According to the information, the minimum energy required to move the satellite from this near-Earth orbit to very far away from the Earth is approximately 2.52 × 10^9 J.
How to calculate the speed of a satellite in a circular orbit near the Earth?To calculate the speed of a satellite in a circular orbit near the Earth we can use the following formula:
v = √(GM/r)where,
v = speed of the satelliteG = gravitational constantM = mass of the Earthr = distance between the center of the Earth and the satelliteAssuming the satellite is in a near-Earth orbit just above the atmosphere, we can take r to be approximately 6,378 km (the radius of the Earth plus the altitude of the orbit). The mass of the satellite is given as 200 kg. So, using the values for G and M, we can calculate the speed of the satellite:
v = √((6.6743 × 10^-11 N m^2/kg^2)(5.9722 × 10^24 kg)/(6,378,000 m + 200 m))v ≈ 7,905 m/sHow to calculate the minimum energy required to move the satellite from this near-Earth orbit to very far away from the Earth?To calculate the energy required to move the satellite from this near-Earth orbit to very far away from the Earth, we can use the following formula:
ΔE = GMm(1/rf - 1/ri)where,
ΔE = change in energyG = gravitational constantM = mass of the Earthm = mass of the satelliteri = initial distance from the center of the Earthrf = final distance from the center of the Earth.Assuming we want to move the satellite to a distance of 10 times the radius of the Earth (i.e., rf = 10 × 6,378 km), we can calculate the minimum energy required:
ΔE = (6.6743 × 10^-11 N m^2/kg^2)(5.9722 × 10^24 kg)(200 kg)(1/(10 × 6,378,000 m) - 1/(6,378,200 m))ΔE ≈ 2.52 × 10^9 JLearn more about planet Earth in: https://brainly.com/question/93609
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what are some similarities between the western Europe cultures?
When looking for a good place to colonize, the ancient Greeks looked for places that had what?
Answer:
Yes, is true.
Explanation:
They had to take a long sea voyage and then find a good location for their colony. They looked for areas with natural harbors and good farmland.
air masses formed over the pacific ocean are moved by prevailing westerlies where they encounter extensive north-south mountain ranges, such as the sierra nevadas and the cascades. which statement best describes the outcome of this encounter between a landform and an air mass?
The best statement to describe the outcome of the encounter between an air mass formed over the Pacific Ocean and the north-south mountain ranges like the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades is: The prevailing westerlies move the moist ocean air mass towards the mountains, causing it to rise, cool, and release moisture as precipitation, resulting in a rain shadow effect on the leeward side of the mountain ranges.
When air masses formed over the Pacific Ocean encounter extensive north-south mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades, the prevailing westerlies force the air to rise and cool, leading to increased precipitation on the windward side of the mountains.
This creates a rain shadow effect on the leeward side, where the air mass descends, warms, and becomes drier. Therefore, the outcome of this encounter between a landform and an air mass is the formation of distinct climate zones and ecosystems on either side of the mountain ranges.
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The largest current producer of natural gas is
a) Russia
b) Canada
c) Iran
d) Qatar
e) United States
The big surprise about the first planet discovered around another regular star was that it
a. was smaller than Mercury or Pluto in our own solar system
b. had a spectrum which indicated it was made of elements we never find on Earth
c. was inhabited by intelligent creatures which never had to take astronomy quizzes
d. had a mass greater than that of most stars
e. orbited so close to its star it took only 4 days to go around
The big surprise about the first planet discovered around another regular star was that it orbited so close to its star it took only 4 days to go around. Therefore the correct option is option E.
51 Pegasi b, the first planet discovered orbiting another normal star, was startling because it was the first planet identified to orbit so near to its star that it took only four days to complete one orbit.
This set it apart from the other planets in our solar system. Because of its close orbit, the planet was extremely hot, reaching temperatures of up to 1,000 degrees Celsius (1,800 degrees Fahrenheit).
This discovery called into question existing planetary formation theories and prompted the development of new ones to explain how such a planet could form so close to its star. Therefore the correct option is option E.
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put the steps below in the correct order from beginning to end to describe how astronomers determine the chemical composition of stars.
The steps to describe how astronomers determine the chemical composition of stars are:
1. Examine a star's spectrum using a telescope.
2. Determine the absorption lines' wavelength.
3. Compare the wavelength of the detected absorption line to those of known atomic spectra.
4. Identify composition by comparing observed absorption wavelengths to predetermined wavelengths.
Astronomers most frequently employ spectroscopy to ascertain the make-up of stars, planets, and other objects. Light of a particular wavelength is only absorbed by a particular element's atom. These wavelengths can be used to infer the composition of an object from its spectra by astronomers.
Gas that is really hot is what makes stars. Most of this gas is made up of the two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium. In their cores, stars generate helium from hydrogen, which they then burn to produce light elements later in their lives.
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the influence of early efforts to preserve natural resources as expressed iun this declartation is reflected in
The influence of early efforts to preserve natural resources as expressed in this declaration is reflected in the modern-day conservation and environmental movements.
The declaration established the idea that natural resources are limited and must be conserved for future generations. This concept continues to be a guiding principle for modern conservation efforts, such as the creation of national parks and protected areas, the implementation of sustainable resource management practices, and the promotion of environmental education and awareness. The declaration also helped to inspire international cooperation on environmental issues, leading to the formation of organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Overall, the declaration set the stage for the modern-day movement to protect and preserve the Earth's natural resources.
the creation of protected areas like national parks, and the promotion of sustainable resource management practices. These actions have contributed to the long-term protection of ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources for future generations.
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True or False: Fog is simply a cloud with a base at or near the ground
True. fog is indeed a cloud that forms at or near the ground, and it consists of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air.
The only difference between fog and other types of clouds is their altitude: fog is a cloud that forms at ground level or very close to it, while other types of clouds form at higher altitudes.
Fog is a type of low-lying cloud that can form in a variety of weather conditions, including when warm, moist air moves over a cooler surface, when cold air is trapped near the ground, or when moisture evaporates from the ground on a cool, calm night. Fog can be thick or thin, and it can form in different shapes, such as patches, layers, or banks.
There are several different types of fog, including radiation fog, advection fog, upslope fog, and evaporation fog. Radiation fog is the most common type and forms when heat radiates from the ground on a clear, calm night, causing the air near the ground to cool and the moisture in the air to condense into fog.
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Ancient Greeks could not feed their increasing population with Greek resources, so they began forming _____ overseas.
Ancient Greeks could not feed their increasing population with Greek resources, so they began forming colonies overseas.
The ancient Greeks began forming colonies overseas in order to feed their increasing population. This was due to the fact that their Greek resources were insufficient to support their growing population. The Greeks established colonies in some of the most thriving places in the Mediterranean world, such as Sicily, Southern Italy, and the Black Sea.
Colonies were also established in Asia Minor, North Africa, and the shores of the Aegean Sea. The colonies enabled the Greeks to gain access to resources such as timber, metals, and food that they could not produce in their own country. The colonies also gave the Greeks access to new markets and a wider variety of goods.
This increased their wealth by allowing them to trade with numerous other cultures. Furthermore, the colonies provided a safe haven for political exiles and other Greeks who had been forced to flee their homeland. By establishing colonies, the ancient Greeks were able to sustain their increasing population and expand their influence throughout the Mediterranean world.
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Ancient Greeks could not feed their increasing population with Greek resources, so they began forming colonies overseas.
Ancient Greeks faced a problem of overpopulation and limited resources, which led them to establish colonies in various parts of the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions. These colonies provided additional land for agriculture, new sources of raw materials and minerals, and opportunities for trade and commerce. The Greeks established colonies in areas such as Italy, Sicily, North Africa, and Asia Minor, among others. These colonies were not only important for economic reasons but also played a significant role in spreading Greek culture, language, and ideas to other parts of the world.
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Thunder, lightning, hail, and occasionally tornadoes are associated with the ________ cloud.
cirrostratus
altostratus
nimbostratus
cirrus
cumulonimbus
Thunder, lightning, hail, and occasionally tornadoes are associated with the cumulonimbus cloud.
Cumulonimbus clouds are known for their towering height and distinctive anvil shape. These clouds form when warm, moist air rises rapidly and cools, causing water droplets and ice particles to condense and form the cloud.
Due to their vertical development, cumulonimbus clouds are often associated with severe weather phenomena such as thunderstorms, lightning, and even tornadoes.
The updrafts within cumulonimbus clouds can be very strong, reaching speeds of up to 100 miles per hour. This creates a turbulent environment within the cloud, which can cause the formation of hailstones.
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Galileo gathered evidence through observing Jupiter and Venus that pointed to a sun-centered solar system. What is the name of this sun-centered
model of out solar system?
Answer:
Copernicus' heliocentric theory
Explanation:
Answer:
heliocentric theory
Explanation:
Galileo discovered evidence to support Copernicus' heliocentric theory when he observed four moons in orbit around Jupiter.
: 116) The era of "ancient life" is the ________ era. A) Cenozoic B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Precambrian
Answer: B Paleozoic
Explanation:
Paleozoic Era
The oldest is the Paleozoic Era, which means “ancient life.” Fossils from the Paleozoic Era include animals and plants that are entirely extinct (e.g., trilobites) or are rare (e.g., brachiopods) in the modern world.
give me a crown please
Explain how each of the following might contribute to projected atmospheric warming and resulting global climate disruption:
-a hotter sun
-the oceans
-cloud cover
-air pollution
A hotter sun: Although the Sun is not currently getting hotter, increased solar irradiance could contribute to atmospheric warming. This would result in higher temperatures on Earth, which could lead to changes in weather patterns and an overall disruption of the global climate.
The oceans: The oceans play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate. They absorb and store large amounts of heat, and also absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, if the oceans become too warm, they could release stored heat and carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, exacerbating the warming effect.
Cloud cover: Clouds have a complex effect on the Earth's climate. They can reflect sunlight back into space, which has a cooling effect, but they can also trap heat, which has a warming effect. Changes in cloud cover, such as from increased water vapor in the atmosphere, could contribute to atmospheric warming and resulting climate disruption.
Air pollution: Air pollution, such as the burning of fossil fuels, releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and contribute to atmospheric warming. In addition, air pollutants such as black carbon can lead to increased melting of ice and snow, which can further contribute to warming.
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The San Andreas Fault, traversing coastal California, forms what type of plate boundary?
a) subduction zone
b) colliding plate boundary
c) divergent plate boundary
d) transform fault
e) divergent plate boundary and subduction zone
The San Andreas Fault, traversing coastal California, forms a transform fault. Therefore the correct option is option D.
A transform fault is a sort of plate boundary in which two plates slide horizontally past each other.
The Pacific Plate and the North American Plate are moving past one other in opposite directions along the San Andreas Fault, with the Pacific Plate migrating northward relative to the North American Plate. This motion is responsible for the region's regular earthquakes.
A subduction zone is a sort of plate boundary in which one plate is driven beneath another, resulting in a trench and volcanic activity. Therefore the correct option is option D.
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The majority of China's renewable energy comes from
a) coal
b) solar
c) hydropower
d) wind
e) nuclear
Answer:
B.) solar
Explanation:
To get needed goods, who did the ancient Greeks often trade with?
The ancient Greeks often traded with neighboring civilizations and city-states, as well as with more distant societies such as the Egyptians and the Persians, in order to acquire the goods they needed.
Trade was an essential aspect of ancient Greek economy, and it allowed them to obtain commodities such as metals, grains, and textiles that were not available in their own territory.trade played a crucial role in the ancient Greek economy, particularly due to the lack of natural resources in their own land. The Greeks traded with neighboring civilizations for resources such as wood, metals, and grain. They also traded with more distant societies, such as Egypt and Persia, for luxury goods like silk, spices, and precious stones. Greek merchants traveled by land or sea, and sometimes established colonies in other parts of the Mediterranean to facilitate trade. The Greeks also used coins as a means of exchange, which contributed to the development of a monetary economy.
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which type of light do greenhouse gases in earth's atmosphere absorb the most
These molecules are known as "greenhouse gases" because of a particularly unique characteristic. They do not take in the sun's visible light, but they do take in the infrared radiation that the Earth's surface emits.
Longer wavelengths of emitted infrared radiation from Earth's surface are absorbed by water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and other trace gases in the atmosphere. The infrared radiation is then released by these gases in all planes, both upward toward space and downward toward Earth. Some of the heat produced when sunlight reaches the surface of the planet is radiated back into space as infrared radiation.
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What best explains why early industries developed along the Fall Line
Due to the extreme availability of water around the fall line early industries developed along the Fall Line.
The fall Line became a wealthy supply of water electricity due to the rivers and streams that flowed from the bounds of mountains down to the coastal plain, creating waterfalls and waterfalls that could be used to energy turbines and factories. As a result, the fall Line become an amazing region for early industries to develop.
Along the fall Line, natural assets like wood, minerals, and effective soils were in fantastic deliver. The early industries of shipbuilding, textile manufacturing, and ironworking have been all supported with the aid of these sources via imparting raw substances.
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24) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases.
Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A) Clay
B) Rock fragments C) Quartz sand
D) Volcanic ash
E) Siliceous ooze
The one option that does not fit the pattern is Siliceous ooze. Option E is the correct answer.
A form of biogenic pelagic silt found on the deep ocean floor is called siliceous ooze. Siliceous oozes, which make up around 15% of the ocean bottom, are the least frequent deep-sea deposits. Sediments with at least 30% of pelagic microorganism skeletal remains are referred to as oozes. The silica-based skeletons of minute marine creatures like diatoms and radiolarians make up the majority of the material in siliceous oozes. Option E is the correct answer.
The proliferation of siliceous organisms inhabiting ocean surface waters is aided by the formation of siliceous oozes in upwelling regions. The amount of opal silica in saltwater and the occurrence of siliceous oozes are both influenced by how far away off land masses, the depth of the water, and the fertility of the ocean. Option E is the correct answer.
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how did tropical cyclone ingrid impact the people/communities
Answer:
Numerous homes lost power and water supply, some sustained major roof damage and severe flooding isolated a few communities. Large areas of forested areas were completely destroyed by Ingrid.
Explanation:
I think it's right.
Many residences experienced power and water supply outages, others suffered significant roof damage, and severe floods cut off some neighborhoods. Ingrid totally damaged huge tracts of forest land.
A tropical low that was 130 km east of Innisfail and buried in the monsoon trough on February 20 was the precursor of Ingrid.
Tropical storm Ingrid made landfall in northern Australia during 2004 and 2005, during cyclone season in the Australian area. It had a 924 mbar minimum pressure.
The low travelled eastward and intensified, reaching cyclonic status on February 21 at 1200 UTC, roughly 100 km south of Willis Island.
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what type of light primarily heats earths surface and where does this light come from
The type of light that primarily heats the Earth's surface is visible light and some ultraviolet radiation, which come from the Sun.
This solar radiation travels through space and reaches the Earth's atmosphere, where it is either absorbed, scattered, or reflected. Some of the solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface, which causes the surface to warm up.
The energy absorbed by the Earth's surface is then radiated back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation, which is absorbed by greenhouse gases and helps to maintain the Earth's temperature within a range that is habitable for life.
The process by which the Earth's surface is warmed by incoming solar radiation is known as solar heating or insolation.
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