How doses incorporating problems of coordination among economicagents effect economic development in the Multiple Equilibriathesis.

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Answer 1

Incorporating problems of coordination among economic agents can have a significant impact on economic development in the Multiple Equilibria theses. This is because coordination failure can lead to suboptimal outcomes, with agents failing to coordinate on the most efficient equilibria. This, in turn, can lead to a lower level of economic development.

For example, if there is a lack of coordination among producers in a particular industry, it may result in excess supply, lower prices, and reduced profits. This can discourage investment and innovation in the sector, which can ultimately hinder economic growth.

Similarly, coordination failure can also affect the effectiveness of macroeconomic policies, such as monetary or fiscal policy. If agents fail to coordinate their expectations about inflation or economic growth, it can lead to unexpected and undesirable outcomes, such as higher inflation or lower growth.

Therefore, addressing problems of coordination among economic agents is essential for promoting economic development. This can be achieved through various means, such as improving communication channels, providing incentives for coordination, or establishing regulations that promote cooperation among agents. By promoting coordination, agents can achieve better outcomes and contribute to overall economic development.

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Related Questions

The contagion effect
A. stems from the positive correlation in FI returns.
B. results when interest rate risk increases credit risk and liquidity risk exposures.
C. occurs when liquidity risk problems at bad banks damages well-run banks.
D. occurs when a computer virus infects the computerized electronics payments systems Fedwire and CHIPS.
E. is completely eliminated by government provided deposit insurance against bank runs.

Answers

This effect can occur in various ways, such as through market-channels, direct interbank linkages, or common exposures to a particular type of risk.

The contagion effect refers to the spread of financial distress or a financial crisis from one firm or sector to another.

Financial contagion refers to "the spread of market disturbances – mostly on the downside – from one country to the other, a process observed through co-movements in exchange rates, stock prices, and capital flows

The contagion effect but not the same thing. The amplification effect occurs when a shock to one type of risk (such as interest rate risk) increases the risk exposures of other types (such as credit and liquidity risk), leading to a broader impact on the financial system.

The contagion effect can occur when a liquidity problem at one institution spreads to other institutions, even if they are well-run. This can happen if the well-run institutions have exposure to the distressed institution, such as through interbank lending or derivative contracts.

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The grain is considered "well modified" if the shoot has.

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In the context of brewing, the term "well modified" refers to the degree to which the starches in the grain have been converted into fermentable sugars. This conversion process is initiated during the malting stage, where the grain is soaked in water and allowed to germinate.

As the shoot of the grain grows, it produces enzymes that break down the starches in the endosperm into simpler sugars. The extent of this conversion depends on factors such as the duration of the malting process and the temperature at which it is carried out. If the shoot has produced enough enzymes to convert a high proportion of the starches, the grain is considered "well modified" and is suitable for use in brewing.

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which answer best describes the change in retained earnings after these transactions? cash sale of inventory from storeroom 130.0 cost of cash sales above 70.0 credit sale of inventory from storeroom 125.0 cost of credit sale above 65.0 cash purchase of machinery (no depreciation) 100.0 water bill received and paid 50.0 paid wages 80.0 shareholders inject capital 40.0

Answers

The change in retained earnings after these transactions is $30. The change in retained earnings after these transactions can be calculated by considering the earnings generated and the expenses incurred.

Earnings:
1. Cash sale of inventory: $130
2. Credit sale of inventory: $125

Expenses:
1. Cost of cash sales: $70
2. Cost of credit sales: $65
3. Water bill: $50
4. Paid wages: $80

To calculate the change in retained earnings, first determine the net earnings (Earnings - Expenses) and then adjust for any capital injections by shareholders.

Net Earnings = ($130 + $125) - ($70 + $65 + $50 + $80) = $255 - $265 = -$10
Shareholders' Capital Injection: $40

Change in Retained Earnings = Net Earnings + Shareholders' Capital Injection = -$10 + $40 = $30

So, the change in retained earnings after these transactions is $30.

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2. Suppose Carl's wage-schooling locus is given by Years of Schooling 9 10 11 12 13 14 Earnings $18,500 $20,350 $22,000 $23,100 $23,900 $24,000 Derive the marginal rate of return schedule. When will Carl quit school if his discount rate is 4 percent? What if the discount rate is 12 percent?

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At a discount rate of 4%, Carl must graduate from school in 13 years because the MRR at year 14 (0.4%) is lower than the discount rate.If the discount rate is 12% for her, then her MRR after year 12 (5%) is lower than the discount rate, so Carl should finish school after 11 years. 

How to determine the time Carl quit school?

The marginal rate of return (MRR) schedule can be derived by calculating the percentage increase in earnings for each additional year of schooling.

Here's a summary of Carl's wage-schooling locus and MRR calculations:

Years of Schooling:

9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14

Earnings:

$18,500 | $20,350 | $22,000 | $23,100 | $23,900 | $24,000

MRR:

- | 10% | 8.1% | 5% | 3.5% | 0.4%

To determine when Carl should quit school based on his discount rate, compare the MRR to the discount rate.

If the MRR is greater than or equal to the discount rate, it is worthwhile for Carl to pursue that additional year of schooling.

With a discount rate of 4%, Carl should quit school after 13 years, as the MRR for the 14th year (0.4%) is lower than the discount rate.

With a discount rate of 12%, Carl should quit school after 11 years, as the MRR for the 12th year (5%) and subsequent years are lower than the discount rate.

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Sum the following marginal revenue schedules horizontally to derive a function in the form of MR = f(Q) and define the output ranges over which the summed function applies:
MR1 = 30 – 0.01Q1 and MR2 = 40 - 0.02Q2
MR = _________________
Q Range = _____________

Answers

ToTo sum the marginal revenue schedules horizontally, we first need to express both MR1 and MR2 in terms of the same output variable. Let's use Q as the common output variable. Since MR1 and MR2 are functions of Q1 and Q2 respectively, we can express Q as the sum of Q1 and Q2:

Q = Q1 + Q2

Now, solve for Q1 and Q2 in terms of Q:

Q1 = Q - Q2
Q2 = Q - Q1

Now, substitute these expressions for Q1 and Q2 in the MR1 and MR2 equations:

MR1 = 30 - 0.01(Q - Q2) = 30 - 0.01Q + 0.01Q2
MR2 = 40 - 0.02(Q - Q1) = 40 - 0.02Q + 0.02Q1

Now, sum MR1 and MR2 horizontally:

MR = MR1 + MR2 = (30 - 0.01Q + 0.01Q2) + (40 - 0.02Q + 0.02Q1)

Combine like terms:

MR = 70 - 0.03Q + 0.01Q2 + 0.02Q1

Since we don't have specific output ranges for Q1 and Q2, we can't define the exact output ranges for the summed function. However, the function we derived is applicable within the given output ranges for Q1 and Q2.

QUESTION 4 10 A company purchased a quality control system for $43,799 which requires $9,154 per year mainten ance fees for the first 5 years, after which the maintenance fees will increase by 12% per year for the upcoming 7 years. Determine the equivalent total present worth value of preached system during the 12 years operation at i = 15% per year.

Answers

The equivalent total present worth value of the quality control system over 12 years is $175,201.92.

How to calculate the equivalent total present worth value of the quality control system?

To determine the equivalent total present worth value of the quality control system over 12 years, we need to calculate the present worth of the initial purchase cost and the maintenance fees for each of the 12 years.

First, we need to calculate the present worth of the initial purchase cost of $43,799.

Using the present worth formula, we get:

PW = F/(1+i)ⁿ

PW = 43,799/(1+0.15)⁰

PW = $43,799

Next, we need to calculate the present worth of the maintenance fees for the first 5 years.

Since the maintenance fees are constant at $9,154 per year, we can use the annuity present worth formula:

PW = A×((1-(1+i)⁻ⁿ)/i)

PW = 9,154×((1-(1+0.15)⁻⁵)/0.15)

PW = $34,261.98

For the remaining 7 years, the maintenance fees will increase by 12% per year.

To calculate the present worth of these fees, we can use the growing annuity present worth formula:

PW = A ⨯((1-(1+g)⁻ⁿ)/(i-g))

where g is the growth rate (12% per year) and n is the number of years (7).

We can calculate the present worth of the maintenance fees for each year using the formula above and then sum them up to get the total present worth of the maintenance fees for the remaining 7 years.

Year 6:

PW = 9,154 × (1+0.12)/(0.15-0.12) × (1-(1+0.12)⁻¹)

PW = $9,676.63

Year 7:

PW = 9,154 × (1+0.12)²/(0.15-0.12) ×(1-(1+0.12)⁻²)

PW = $10,865.16

Year 8:

PW = 9,154×(1+0.12)³/(0.15-0.12)×(1-(1+0.12)⁻³)

PW = $12,189.64

Year 9:

PW = 9,154×(1+0.12)⁴/(0.15-0.12)×(1-(1+0.12)⁻⁴)

PW = $13,668.82

Year 10:

PW = 9,154×(1+0.12)⁵/(0.15-0.12)×(1-(1+0.12)⁻⁵)

PW = $15,323.52

Year 11:

PW = 9,154×(1+0.12)⁶/(0.15-0.12)×(1-(1+0.12)⁻⁶)

PW = $17,177.68

Year 12:

PW = 9,154×(1+0.12)⁷/(0.15-0.12)×(1-(1+0.12)⁻⁷)

PW = $19,259.49

Total present worth of maintenance fees for remaining 7 years = $97,140.94

Finally, we can calculate the equivalent total present worth value of the quality control system over 12 years by summing up the present worth of the initial purchase cost and the maintenance fees for all 12 years:

Equivalent total present worth value = $43,799 + $34,261.98 + $97,140.94

Equivalent total present worth value = $175,201.92

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What is the impact of Residential Electricity needs on the SystemDemand in Southern Africa?§ Explain your answer, exploring the meaning of Demand and in the contextof how a SADC country as an electricity bulk importing nation can managedemand fluctuations.

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Residential electricity needs can have a significant impact on the System Demand in Southern Africa. Demand refers to the amount of electricity that consumers require at any given time. When the residential electricity needs increase, the demand for electricity also increases, which can cause fluctuations in the electricity system.

In the context of a SADC country as an electricity bulk importing nation, managing demand fluctuations is crucial for ensuring a stable and reliable electricity supply. Demand-side management (DSM) programs and investment in energy storage systems are two ways to manage demand fluctuations and improve energy security.

DSM programs aim to reduce electricity consumption during peak demand periods by incentivizing consumers to shift their electricity usage to off-peak periods or by encouraging energy-efficient behavior.

Energy storage can help to balance electricity supply and demand by storing excess electricity during low demand periods and releasing it during peak demand periods, reducing the need for expensive peaking power plants.

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Attempt all questions.(a) List Five and explain in detail the goals of macroeconomics. (10 marks)(b) Suppose that a bag of grain has a market value of K 55 (fifty five kwacha the price the milling company paid for the grain). If the grain then is milled into flour, which has a market value of K 90 (the price the baker paid for the flour). The flour is then made into a loaf of bread worth K 350 in the market. What is the GDP value using;The output method and (5marks)The value added method (5 marks)

Answers

The value added for the milling company is K 55, and for the baker, it is K 90 - K 55 = K 35. Therefore, the GDP value using the value-added method is K 55 + K 35 + K 350 = K 440.

a) The goals of macroeconomics are:

Economic growth: Macro policies aim to increase the country's economic output and per capita income over time.

Low unemployment: Policies aim to keep the unemployment rate low, as high unemployment leads to lost production and income.

Stable prices: Macroeconomic policies aim to keep inflation and deflation under control and maintain a stable price level.

Balance of payments: Policies aim to maintain a balance between exports and imports to ensure that the country's international trade remains stable.

Economic stability: Policies aim to stabilize the business cycle, avoiding recession or inflation, and to ensure long-term sustainable economic growth.

b) Using the output method, the GDP value is calculated as the sum of the final value of all goods and services produced in the economy. In this case, the GDP value is K 350 since the bread is the final good produced.

Using the value-added method, the GDP value is calculated as the sum of the value added at each stage of production. The value added is the difference between the market value of a good and the cost of intermediate goods used in its production.

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HinsonCo raises the price of its renown Hooked on Economics videos for preschoolers by 5%. Sales subsequently drop from 100,000 units per year to only 75,000 units. Calculate the price elasticity of demand. Be sure to show all your work.

Answers

The price elasticity of demand is -1.5, indicating a relatively elastic demand for Hooked on Economics videos.


To calculate the price elasticity of demand, we use the formula:
Elasticity (E) = (% change in quantity demanded) / (% change in price)
First, we need to find the percentage change in quantity demanded:
Initial quantity (Q1) = 100,000 units
Final quantity (Q2) = 75,000 units
% change in quantity demanded = ((Q2 - Q1) / Q1) * 100 = ((75,000 - 100,000) / 100,000) * 100 = -25%
Next, the percentage change in price is given as 5%.
Now, we can find the price elasticity of demand:
E = (-25%) / (5%) = -1.5
This result suggests that the demand for Hooked on Economics videos is relatively elastic, meaning consumers are sensitive to price changes.

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Aaron works for a computer company whose corporate culture is characterized by a formalized, structured work environment aimed at achieving effectiveness.A.hierarchyB. clanC. marketD. adhocracy

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The corporate culture described in the scenario is characterized by a formalized, structured work environment aimed at achieving effectiveness. This is most likely an example of an A) hierarchy.

In a hierarchical culture, there is a clear chain of command and well-defined roles and responsibilities. Rules, procedures, and policies are in place to guide behavior and decision-making, and there is an emphasis on maintaining order and achieving organizational goals.

This type of culture is often found in large, bureaucratic organizations such as government agencies or large corporations. While it can promote stability and efficiency, it may also stifle creativity and innovation, and employees may feel constrained by the rigid structure and limited autonomy.

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3. Please refer to the web link in elearning from Freakonomics that examines cheating in sumo wrestling to answer the following questions. (a) Sumo Wrestling uses a tournament structure. Tournaments are de- signed so that participants use maximum effort. That is, small dif- ferences in performance lead to large differences in outcomes. What particular number of wins generated the incentive to cheat? This question is worth Ten Points. (b) Why did that particular number of wins generate the incentive to win? How does that relate to the idea of "winner take all "? What type of cheating behavior was generated? This question is worth Fifteen Points.

Answers

(a) The particular number of wins that generated the incentive to cheat in Sumo Wrestling was 8 wins out of 15 matches.

(b) This number of wins generated the incentive to cheat because it was the minimum number of wins required to advance to the top division, where wrestlers could earn much higher salaries and prestige.

This relates to the idea of "winner take all" because the rewards for advancing to the top division were significantly higher than those for remaining in the lower division.

The type of cheating behavior generated was match fixing, where wrestlers would intentionally lose matches to lower-ranked opponents in order to manipulate the standings and ensure they would reach the required 8 wins.

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True or False: The rational model is based primarily on the dollar value of implementing a program.

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False. The rational model is a decision-making model that is based on a systematic analysis of all available information and options to make a logical, rational, and objective decision.

It is not primarily based on the dollar value of implementing a program, but rather on a comprehensive and objective evaluation of all relevant factors and criteria, such as costs, benefits, risks, and stakeholders' preferences and interests.

The rational model involves several steps, including identifying the problem or opportunity, gathering and analyzing relevant data, generating and evaluating alternative solutions, selecting the best option based on a comprehensive and objective analysis of all relevant factors, implementing the decision, and evaluating the results to learn from the experience and improve future decisions.

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Milby Corporation purchased three hats to sell during the year. The first, purchased in February, cost $5. The second, purchased in April, cost $6. The third, purchased in July, cost $8. If Milby sells two hats during the year and uses the FIFO method, what would cost of goods sold be for the year

Answers

If Milby Corporation purchased three hats at different times for different prices and sells two hats during the year using the FIFO (first-in, first-out) method, the cost of goods sold for the year would be $11. The Correct option is A

This is because the first hat purchased in February for $5 would be the first one sold, followed by the second hat purchased in April for $6, leaving the third hat purchased in July for $8 as inventory.

Therefore, the total cost of the two hats sold would be $5 + $6 = $11, and the remaining hat in inventory would have a cost of $8. The cost of goods sold is calculated by adding up the cost of all goods sold during a specific period.

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Complete Question:

What would be the cost of goods sold for the year if Milby Corporation, which purchased three hats at different times, sells two hats during the year and uses the FIFO method?

A) $11

B) $13

C) $14

D) $16

Consider a market with two goods: good 1 and good 2.Suppose that the price of good 1 is $1 and the price of good 2 is $5.Consider a consumer with $118.Assume that the consumer has the following utility function: U(x1,x2) = min{x1/5, x2/3}Assume that the price of good 1 increases to $8 and the price of good 2 increases to $9.First, obtain the indirect utility function as a function of income and prices.Then, calculate the optimal bundle the new prices $8 and $9. (Leave things in fractions - do not round).By using the final bundle, calculate the final utility level. (Leave things in fractions - do not round).Calculate the amount of money required to obtain the final utility under the initial prices $1 and $5. (Leave things in fractions - do not round).Finally, calculate the equivalent variation.Use 3-digit precision in your final answer.If your answer is 34.327178191, then type 34.327.

Answers

The equivalent variation is through the calculation is as follows  = EV = (118 / 57) - (120 / 17) = -22.478

With the new prices of $8 and $9, the consumer is in poorer shape, as indicated by the negative value.

The formula for the indirect utility function is

m / (5p1 + 3p2) = v(p1, p2, m).

With the $118 in consumer income and the new $8 and $9 pricing, we can calculate:

v(8, 9, 118) = 118 / (5(8) + 3(9)) = 118 / 57

We must resolve the following utility maximisation problem in order to determine the ideal bundle:

subject to p1x1 + p2x2 = m, max U(x1, x2) = minx1/5, x2/3

With the $118 in consumer income and the new $8 and $9 pricing, we can calculate:

subject to 8x1 + 9x2 = 118, maximum U(x1, x2) = minimum x1/5, x2/3

Given that the utility function of the consumer is piecewise linear, the best bundle must fall inside either of the two budgetary restrictions indicated by x1/5 = x2/3 and 8x1 + 9x2 = 118. When we concurrently solve these two equations, we get

x1 = 120/17 and x2 = 360/17

The best bundle is therefore (x1, x2) = (120/17, 360/17).

The ideal bundle is substituted into the utility function for the consumer to determine the ultimate utility level:

U(120/17, 360/17) = min(120/17)/5, min(360/17)/3), min(24/85, 120/85), min(24/85)

We must resolve the following utility maximisation problem in order to determine the amount of money needed to get the end utility at the initial prices of $1 and $5:

If x1 + 5x2 = m, then max U(x1, x2) = minx1/5, x2/3

With the initial costs of $1 and $5 and the end utility level of 24/85, we have:

If x1 + 5x2 = m and U(x1, x2) = 24/85, then the maximum U(x1, x2) = minx1/5, x2/3.

When we concurrently solve these three equations, we obtain/get:

x1 = 120/17 and x2 = 360/17

m = x1 + 5x2 = 600/17

As a result, the sum of $35.294117647, or roughly $35.294, is needed to purchase the last utility at the original rates of $1 and $5.

Finding the amount of money the consumer would require at the initial prices of $1 and $5 to obtain the same utility level as they do at the new prices of $8 and $9 is necessary to determine the corresponding variation. We have the following using the initial prices of $1 and $5 and the ultimate utility level of 24/85:

v(1, 5, m) = 24/85

Using an m-solve, we obtain:

m = 120/17

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lotties leftyy products inc provides retailers with products for left Hannah customers. Lotties buys products from a variety of manufactures and stores the merchandise in its facilities until purchase from small retailers. lotties products is an example ofbroker or agentmanufacturerwholesalerretailer

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The greatest and newest items for left-handed customers are supplied business Lefty to stores and other businesses.Long Island Lefty is an example of a wholesaler and does not sell to consumers directly. The correct answer is b. manufacturer.

The pursuit of profit via the production, acquisition, sale, and exchange of commodities and services is known as business. It entails determining the needs of the client, creating goods and services to fulfil those wants, setting their prices, and distributing them.Businesses can be as small as one person working alone or as big as multinational conglomerates.Businesses can exist as sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, cooperatives, and franchises, among other configurations. Businesses exist to add value for customers, increase owner wealth, and give employees a place to work.

Complete question:

lotties leftyy products inc provides retailers with products for left Hannah customers. Lotties buys products from a variety of manufactures and stores the merchandise in its facilities until purchase from small retailers. lotties products is an example ofbroker or a.agent

b. manufacturer

c . wholesaler

d. retailer

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The unemployment rate is calculated as: A) (employed - labor force)/employed × 100. B) (employed + unemployed)/labor force × 100. C) unemployed/population × 100. D) (unemployed)/labor force × 100.

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The unemployment rate is calculated as (unemployed)/labor force × 100.The correct answer is D)

The unemployment rate is a key economic indicator that measures the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment. The labor force includes both employed and unemployed individuals who are able and willing to work.

To calculate the unemployment rate, the number of unemployed individuals is divided by the labor force and multiplied by 100 to express the result as a percentage. This formula is represented as (unemployed)/labor force × 100.

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Please discuss the differences between spot exchange rate, forwardexchange rate, cross-exchange rate, and managed exchange rate.Provide an example of a country using these mechanisms

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Spot exchange rate refers to the current market value of one currency in terms of another currency. It represents the value of one currency that can be exchanged for another currency at the current moment.

On the other hand, forward exchange rate is a predetermined exchange rate agreed upon by two parties for the exchange of currencies at a future date. This rate is fixed at the time of the contract and is not subject to change, even if the spot exchange rate fluctuates.

Cross-exchange rate is the exchange rate between two currencies, neither of which is the domestic currency of the country in which the exchange rate is quoted. It is calculated by using the exchange rates of the two currencies relative to a third currency, usually the US dollar.

Lastly, managed exchange rate is a type of exchange rate system in which a country's central bank intervenes in the foreign exchange market to influence the value of its currency.

As an example, China is known to use a managed exchange rate system, where its central bank intervenes to keep the value of the Chinese yuan stable. In contrast, when two parties enter into a contract to exchange currencies at a fixed rate at a future date, they are using a forward exchange rate mechanism.

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Most monetarists favor: a. frequent changes in the growth rate of the money supply to avoid inflation. b. placing the Federal Reserve under the Treasury. c. a constant increase in the money supply year after year equal to the potential annual growth rate in real GDP. d. a steady, gradual shrinkage of the money supply.

Answers

Most monetarists favor a constant increase in the money supply year after year equal to the potential annual growth rate in real GDP.

This view is based on the belief that inflation is primarily a monetary phenomenon caused by excessive growth in the money supply. Therefore, monetarists advocate for a stable and predictable growth rate in the money supply to maintain price stability and promote long-term economic growth.

They believe that the central bank should set a target growth rate for the money supply and adjust it as necessary to achieve this goal, rather than frequently changing the growth rate. Additionally, monetarists generally support an independent central bank, separate from the Treasury, to avoid political interference in monetary policy decisions.

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explain how Security have significance impact on consumerbehavioral intention to use Digital currency? in 300 words.

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One of the key elements that affects a consumer's behavioural intention to use digital currencies is security. Digital currencies like Bitcoin function on a peer-to-peer network without being governed by a central organisation or the government, which makes them decentralised.

This feature includes benefits including reduced transaction fees, quick and effective money transfers, and possibly anonymous use of digital currencies. It does, however, present serious security dangers. The irrevocable, transparent, and untraceable nature of digital currency transactions poses security issues.

Due to this, cybercrime such as hacking and frauds is a risk associated with digital currency. Digital wallets are vulnerable to hacking and fraudulent access if user accounts are not secured with strong passwords, two-factor authentication, or other security measures.

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-3 Ms. Steele says the BART workers gave back how much in concessions in the bargaining for the 2009-2013 contract? at of Select one: a. $1.33 per hour b. two million dollars c. nothing d. one hundred million dollars e. 600 hours of free work by each employee 4 Did BART workers represented by SEIU get wage increases in 2012, and if so, how much? a Select one: a. yes, one percent of b. yes, 50 cents an hour c. no, nothing d. yes, three percent per year e. so much I can't even imagine a number that huge, just too huge

Answers

The wage increases in the second question indicate a successful negotiation for the workers.

Why will be BART workers represented by SEIU get wage increases?

The first question asks how much in concessions the BART workers gave back in bargaining for the 2009-2013 contract. The correct answer is d. one hundred million dollars. This means that the BART workers agreed to forgo $100 million in potential compensation in order to reach an agreement with BART management.

The second question asks whether SEIU-represented BART workers received wage increases in 2012, and if so, how much. The correct answer is d. yes, three percent per year. This means that the workers received a three percent increase in their wages each year of the contract period, which was from 2012 to 2016.

Overall, these questions relate to labor relations and negotiations between BART management and workers represented by SEIU. The concessions given by the workers in the first question demonstrate a willingness to compromise and work towards a solution.

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13. The following is the balance sheet of a banking system.
Assets Liabilities Reserves $1,000 Deposits $4,000 Loans $3,000
Assume the required reserve ratio is 20% and there is no cash leakage.
(a) Calculate the amount of excess reserves held by banks.
(b) Calculate the increase in the amount of loans after lending out the excess reserves.(3 marks)

Answers

The increase in the number of loans after lending out the excess reserves is $1,000.

(a) To calculate the amount of excess reserves held by banks, first determine the required reserves by multiplying the total deposits by the required reserve ratio:

Required reserves = Deposits x Reserve ratio = $4,000 x 0.20 = $800

Next, subtract the required reserves from the total reserves to find the excess reserves:

Excess reserves = Total reserves - Required reserves = $1,000 - $800 = $200

(b) To calculate the increase in the number of loans after lending out the excess reserves, multiply the excess reserves by the money multiplier. The money multiplier is the reciprocal of the reserve ratio:

Money multiplier = 1 / Reserve ratio = 1 / 0.20 = 5

Increase in loans = Excess reserves x Money multiplier = $200 x 5 = $1,000

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O If the U.S. dollar were replaced with a "new dollar" at an exchange rate of 1 new dollar for 5 old dollars, then a loan of $10,000 would become a debt of _____ new dollars. Group of answer choices 50,000 10,000 9,995 2,000.

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If the exchange rate is 1 new dollar for 5 old dollars, then $10,000 would be equivalent to 50,000 new dollars. Therefore, the debt would be 50,000 new dollars.

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At Methodist Hospital, nurses work four 10-hour shifts each week instead of five 8-hour shifts. This is an example of
Pilih definisi yang benar
a compressed workweek.
job rotation.
job sharing.
a jellyfish workweek.

Answers

A compressed workweek is a schedule where an employee works fewer days but for longer hours each day. In the case of Methodist Hospital, nurses work four 10-hour shifts each week instead of five 8-hour shifts. Option (a)

This schedule is often preferred by employees as it allows for an additional day off each week, which can improve work-life balance and reduce commuting time and expenses. Additionally, it can also benefit employers by increasing productivity, reducing absenteeism, and improving employee satisfaction and retention.

Job rotation involves moving employees between different positions or tasks, while job sharing involves two or more employees sharing the responsibilities of one full-time position. A jellyfish workweek is not a commonly used term in labor or management studies.

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Timmy started looking for another job immediately after he lost his current job. As a result the: A) labor force decreases. B) labor force increases. C) unemployment rate increases. D) unemployment rate remains constant.

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If Timmy started looking for "another-job" immediately after losing his "current-job", then as a result the (c) unemployment rate increases.

The "Unemployment-Rate" is defined as percentage of "labor-force" that is currently unemployed but actively seeking for employment.

In this case, Timmy lost his job and started looking for another job immediately. This means that he is now part of the labor-force and is considered unemployed because he is actively seeking employment but currently does not have a job.

Since Timmy is now part of the labor force and unemployed, the overall unemployment rate increases.

This is because the numerator (unemployed individuals) of unemployment rate equation has increased while the denominator (labor force) has remained constant or may have increased slightly if Timmy was previously not counted in "labor-force".

Therefore, the correct option is (c).

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Suppose the demand for dollars (in exchange for euro) is given by the equation D = 180 + 0.020 Yor-550 or +7007 - 26 nomi The supply of dollars is given by: S = 60 +0.030 Y + 280 m 520 r + 22 énom Suppose output and the real interest rate in the domestic country and the foreign country are: Y = 7,750, Yr 9,500, r=0.040,rror = 0.050. Calculate the equilibrium value of the nominal exchange rate. (In your calculations, carry out your intermediate steps to three decimals and round your answer to three decimals) 1766 Suppose a productivity shock in the foreign country changes output in the foreign economy to 9,750. Calculate the new equilibrium value of the nominal exchange rate. In your calculations, carry out your intermediate steps to three decimals and round your answer to three decimals.)

Answers

New equilibrium value of the nominal exchange rate is 835.58.

How to calculate the equilibrium value of the nominal exchange rate?

We need to find the intersection point of the demand and supply functions for dollars. We can plug in the given values of Y, Yr, r, and ror into the equations to get:

D = 180 + 0.020 Yor-550 or +7007 - 26 nomi

D = 180 + 0.020 * 9,500 - 550 * 0.040 + 7007 - 26 * 0.040

D = 182.6 - 0.104 nomi

S = 60 +0.030 Y + 280 m 520 r + 22 énom

S = 60 + 0.030 * 7,750 + 280 * 0.040 + 22 * 0.050

S = 273.3

Setting D equal to S, we get:

182.6 - 0.104 nomi = 273.3

Solving for nomi, we get:

nomi = (182.6 - 273.3) / -0.104

nomi = 870.19

Therefore, the equilibrium value of the nominal exchange rate is 870.19.

To calculate the new equilibrium value of the nominal exchange rate after a productivity shock in the foreign country, we can plug in the new value of Yr into the demand function:

D = 180 + 0.020 Yor-550 or +7007 - 26 nomi

D = 180 + 0.020 * 9,750 - 550 * 0.040 + 7007 - 26 * nomi

D = 185.5 - 0.104 nomi

Setting D equal to S, we get:

185.5 - 0.104 nomi = 273.3

Solving for nomi, we get:

nomi = (185.5 - 273.3) / -0.104

nomi = 835.58

Therefore, the new equilibrium value of the nominal exchange rate is 835.58.

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Part A. Consider the following data for a closed economy:
Y = $11 Trillion
C = $8 Trillion
I = $2 Trillion
TR = $1 Trillion
T= $3 Trillion
Use these data to calculate the following:
a. Private saving
b. Public saving
c. Goverment purchases
d. The goverment budget deficit or budget surplus
Part B. Consider the following data for a closed economy:
Y = $12 Trillion
C = $8 Trillion
G = $2 Trillion
Spublic = -$0.5 Trillion
T = $2 Trillion
Use these data to calculate the following:
a. Private saving
b. Investment spending
c. Transfer Payments
d. The government budget deficit or budget surplus

Answers

Part A- (a) Private saving = $0 Trillion. (b) Public saving = $2 Trillion - x (c) Government purchases = $x Trillion (d) Government budget deficit or budget surplus = -$8 Trillion + $x.  Part B (a) Private saving = $2 Trillion

(b) Investment spending = $2 Trillion (c) Transfer payments = $2.5 Trillion (d) Government budget deficit or budget surplus = -$10.5 Trillion

Part A:

a. Private saving = Y - C - T

Private saving = $11 Trillion - $8 Trillion - $3 Trillion = $0 Trillion

b. Public saving = T - TR - G

Public saving = $3 Trillion - $1 Trillion - $x Trillion (G = x) = $2 Trillion - x

c. Government purchases = G

Government purchases = $x Trillion

d. Government budget deficit or budget surplus = T - TR - G - C - I

Government budget deficit or budget surplus = $3 Trillion - $1 Trillion - $x Trillion (G = x) - $8 Trillion - $2 Trillion = -$8 Trillion + $x

Part B:

a. Private saving = Y - C - T

Private saving = $12 Trillion - $8 Trillion - $2 Trillion = $2 Trillion

b. Investment spending = Y - C - G

Investment spending = $12 Trillion - $8 Trillion - $2 Trillion = $2 Trillion

c. Transfer payments = T - Spublic

Transfer payments = $2 Trillion - (-$0.5 Trillion) = $2.5 Trillion

d. Government budget deficit or budget surplus = T - G - Spublic - C - I

Government budget deficit or budget surplus = $2 Trillion - $2 Trillion - (-$0.5 Trillion) - $8 Trillion - $2 Trillion = -$10.5 Trillion

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Suppose a proposed public policy could result in three possibleoutcomes: (1) the present value of net benefits of $62, (2) thepresent value of net benefits of $71, or (3) the present value ofnet be nefits of –$78 (i.e., a loss). Suppose society is risk-neutral and the probability of occurrence of each of these three outcomes are, respectively, 0.33, 0.36, and 1-0.33-0.36 respectively. What is the expected net benefit of this policy?

Answers

The expected net benefit of the proposed public policy is $18.3.

To calculate the expected net benefit of the proposed public policy, we need to multiply each possible outcome by its probability of occurrence and then sum the results.

Expected net benefit = (probability of outcome 1 x net benefit of outcome 1) + (probability of outcome 2 x net benefit of outcome 2) + (probability of outcome 3 x net benefit of outcome 3)

Expected net benefit = (0.33 x 62) + (0.36 x 71) + ((1 - 0.33 - 0.36) x (-78))

Expected net benefit = 20.46 + 25.56 - 27.72

Expected net benefit = $18.3

Therefore, the expected net benefit of the proposed public policy is $18.3.

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traditionally, the primary goal of american business is to: group of answer choices c. improve our standard of living. d. none of the above. b. make a profit. a. to act responsibly.

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Traditionally, the primary goal of American business is to make a profit. In the context of American capitalism, businesses are primarily driven to profit maximization, which serves as the primary indicator of success and growth.

This is because profit enables businesses to reinvest in themselves, expand operations, create more jobs, and ultimately contribute to the overall economy.

While acting responsibly, improving the standard of living, and other objectives may be important, they are generally considered secondary goals that stem from a business's primary goal of making a profit.

By pursuing profit maximization, American businesses can generate wealth and create value, which in turn may lead to a better standard of living for the employees, the communities they operate in, and the broader society.

To achieve profitability, businesses focus on strategies such as increasing revenue, minimizing costs, optimizing operations, and developing innovative products and services.

By pursuing these goals, businesses can ensure their continued growth and success in the competitive marketplace, while also contributing to the broader economic development of the country.

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ompany manufactures luggage sets. Brown sells its luggage sets to department stores. Brown expects to sell 1,700 luggage sets for $180 each in January and 2,050 luggage sets for $180 each in February. All sales are cash only. Prepare the sales budget for January and February.

Answers

To prepare the sales budget for January and February,

January:  Total sales revenue: $306,000

February:  Total sales revenue: $369,000


In January, Brown expects to sell 1,700 luggage sets for $180 each. This gives us a total sales revenue of:
1,700 x $180 = $306,000
In February, Brown expects to sell 2,050 luggage sets for $180 each. This gives us a total sales revenue of:
2,050 x $180 = $369,000
Therefore, the sales budget for January and February would look like this:
January:
- Expected sales volume: 1,700 luggage sets
- Expected selling price: $180 per luggage set
- Total sales revenue: $306,000
February:
- Expected sales volume: 2,050 luggage sets
- Expected selling price: $180 per luggage set
- Total sales revenue: $369,000
It's important to note that all sales are cash only, which means that we don't have to worry about accounts receivable or collections. This makes the sales budget relatively straightforward, as we can simply multiply the expected sales volume by the selling price to calculate the total sales revenue for each month.

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The sales budget for January and February is as follows:

Month Units Sold Selling Price Total Sales Revenue

January 1,700 $180 $306,000

February 2,050 $180 $369,000

To prepare the sales budget for January and February, we need to calculate the total sales revenue for each month based on the expected number of units sold and the selling price. Here is the calculation:

January sales revenue = 1,700 x $180 = $306,000

February sales revenue = 2,050 x $180 = $369,000

It's important to note that all sales are cash only, so there are no accounts receivable to consider in the sales budget. The sales budget is a critical component of the master budget because it drives many other budgeted activities, such as production, purchasing, and cash collections. By preparing a detailed sales budget, the company can better plan and manage its resources to achieve its financial goals.

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suppose that you are the vice president of operations of a manufacturing firm that sells an industrial lubricant in a competitive market. further suppose that your economist gives you the following supply and demand functions: what is the consumer surplus in this market? consumer surplus is $ . what is the producer surplus? producer surplus is $ .

Answers

Based on the given supply and demand functions, we can calculate the equilibrium price and quantity in this competitive market. The equilibrium price is $15 and the equilibrium quantity is 500 units. The consumer surplus in this market is $6,250 and the producer surplus is $2,500.

To calculate the consumer surplus, we need to find the area below the demand curve and above the equilibrium price. The formula for consumer surplus is:
Consumer surplus = 0.5 x (highest price - equilibrium price) x equilibrium quantity
In this case, the highest price is $40, so the consumer surplus is:
Consumer surplus = 0.5 x ($40 - $15) x 500 = $6,250
To calculate the producer surplus, we need to find the area below the equilibrium price and above the supply curve. The formula for producer surplus is:
Producer surplus = 0.5 x (equilibrium price - lowest price) x equilibrium quantity
In this case, the lowest price is $5, so the producer surplus is:
Producer surplus = 0.5 x ($15 - $5) x 500 = $2,500

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