Anonymous markers are genetic markers that do not cause a detectable phenotype but can be detected by molecular techniques. Markers correspond to specific, unique chromosomal regions and allow identification and ordering of specific DNA segments. Such information has been essential for constructing human genetic maps.
Short tandem repeats (STRs) are short repeat DNA sequences containing repeat units of 1-6 bp. STRs are widely used in biological research due to their polymorphism and high mutation rate. Strand Slippage duplication is the major mutational mechanism of STRs, and the stepwise mutation model is believed to be the predominant mutational model. STR mutation rates can be influenced by many factors. In addition, some trinucleotide repeats have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases in humans.
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During a storm, an island reptile is transplanted to the mainland. Which description predicts the most likely outcome for the island reptile?
- The island reptile adapts to the mainland and thrives in the new habitat.
- The island reptile is unable to compete with mainland reptiles for food sources.
- Due to the island adaptations it got through speciation, the island reptile does not recognize mainland food sources.
- Due to the island adaptations it got through speciation, the island reptile quickly adapts to mainland food sources.
The most likely consequence for an island reptile is speciation since it swiftly adapts to mainland food sources after being transported to the mainland during a storm.
What is a storm?An intense disturbance of the atmosphere is referred to as a storm when it is accompanied by lightning, a strong wind, and typically heavy or light rain, snow, hail, sleet, or thunder. 64 to 72 miles per hour (103 to 117 kilometers per hour) is the speed of the wind during a storm. Whenever severe weather is predicted, they do this to alert people. Storm Francis, Storm Denis, & Storm Ophelia are just a few of the many storms with various names that have previously occurred. The names for 2022 are shown below.
How storm is formed and who invented it?Thunderstorms are produced when warm, humid air rises into a cold environment. Condensation, or the creation of minute water droplets form water vapor, happens as that of the heated air cools. The atmosphere's cooled air sinks, warms, and then rises once more.
The Breakthrough Prize Foundation awarded Professor Xiaowei Zhuang $3 million for developing stochastic optical reconstructions microscopy, a technique for super-resolution microscopy. Just over ten years ago, Zhuang from Harvard University and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute created STORM.
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A scientists test the blood cholesterol concentration in a sample of men between 25 and 34 years old.
i) The frequency polygon is given by the image shown at the end of the answer.
ii) The modal class is the class with cholesterol concentration of 160 to 199 mg per cm³. (option C).
iii) The percentage of men in the sample with a higher risk of heart disease is given as follows: 15.28%.
How to do the frequency polygon, and obtain model class and percentage?The frequency polygon is constructed graphing the absolute frequencies of each range, as given in the table at the beginning of the problem. The polygon is presented by the image given at the end of the answer.
The modal class is the class with the highest number of observations, which is the class with cholesterol concentration of 160 to 199 mg per cm³, with 442 observations.
A percentage is calculated as the number of desired outcomes divided by the number of total outcomes, and multiplied by 100%.
The total number of men in the sample is of:
13 + 150 + 442 + 299 + 115 + 34 + 9 + 5 = 1067.
The number of those at risk of a heart disease is of:
115 + 34 + 9 + 5 = 163.
Hence the percentage is of:
163/1067 x 100% = 15.28%.
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A mutation that occurs in the gametes of an organism will most likely be transferred to which of the following?
A. the siblings of the organism
B. the offspring of an organism
C. the other organisms living nearby
D. the mating partner of an organism
A mutation that develops in an organism's gametes would most likely be passed on to the organism's offspring.
What exactly is a mutation?A deviation from the typical Genomic dna at a certain gene locus. Although the phrase is frequently associated with negativity, mutations (particularly polymorphisms) can affect cell activity in ways that are negative, positive, or neutral. The words "variant" and "mutation" are occasionally used interchangeably.
What triggers mutagenesis?Errors in Dna throughout cell division, interaction to mutagens, or viral infection can all cause mutations. Somatic mutations (which happen in body cells) cannot be transmitted on to offspring, whereas germline mutations (which happen in the sperm and eggs can.
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what would be the initial effect on cellular respiration if photosynthesis did not occur?
Answer:
Cellular respiration can't occur.
Explanation:
If no photosynthesis occurs, no glucose or oxygen will be produced. Thus cellular respiration cant occur. But a process of anaerobic respiration can occur in the absence of oxygen.
explain why lactic acid was produced by the cytoplasm fraction incubated with glucose, but not the mitochondrial fraction.
Lactic acid is produced during the process of anaerobic respiration, which occurs when oxygen levels are low or absent. In this process, glucose is converted into lactic acid as a way for cells to generate energy without oxygen.
The cytoplasm of a cell is the semi-fluid substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles. The mitochondria, on the other hand, are organelles found within the cytoplasm that are responsible for generating energy through aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen.
During aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into water and carbon dioxide, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. In the absence of oxygen, however, the mitochondria are unable to carry out aerobic respiration, and the cell must rely on anaerobic respiration to generate energy. In anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into lactic acid instead of water and carbon dioxide.
Therefore, the cytoplasm fraction incubated with glucose was able to produce lactic acid because it was in an anaerobic environment, while the mitochondrial fraction was not able to produce lactic acid because it requires oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration.
a mutation that occurs in a somatic cell in an organism will most likely be transferred to.....
When an organism reproduces sexually, germ-line mutations take place in the reproductive cells (sperm or eggs) and are passed on to the offspring. Non-reproductive cells experience somatic mutations, which are transmitted through the process of mitosis to daughter cells but not to the progeny during sexual reproduction.
While a mutation is defined as any alteration in the DNA sequence, biologists use the term "single nucleotide polymorphism" (SNP) to refer to a single base pair alteration that is common in the population.
Specifically, a polymorphism is any genetic location at which at least two different sequences are found, with each sequence present in at least 1% of the population. Note that the term "polymorphism" is generally used to refer to a normal variation, or one that does not directly cause disease.
Moreover, the cutoff of at least 1% prevalence for a variation to be classified as a polymorphism is somewhat arbitrary; if the frequency is lower than this, the allele is typically regarded as a mutation (Twyman, 2003).
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compared to peas, fruit flies were thought to have no variations, until the discovery of a __________ fly by __________.
Morgan was able to recognize the connection between eye color and biological sex with great clarity. White-eyed male; Morgan.
Do fruit flies differ genetically from people in additional ways?For instance, compared to humans, penguins have double the genetic diversity. Fruit flies possess ten times more. Even the chimpanzee, who is the closest living relative to us, has existed for at least a few million years.
Give three reasons why Morgan chose to conduct his experiment using fruit flies.The following are the reasons why Morgan preferred to work with fruit flies: It is possible to cultivate it in an easy synthetic media. It has a brief life cycle because it can finish it in two weeks. To create more offspring, it just needs to mate once.
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In order for a hypothesis to be able to be used in science, which of the following must be true?
Answer:
The hypothesis must be testable
Explanation:
which innate and adaptive immune cells, respectively, were most helpful in protecting the chinese patients from influenza mortality?
Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells are the cells that are most helpful in protecting the chinese patients from influenza mortality.
Neutrophils are phagocytic cells having a distinct role outside of preventing viral infections.Although B cells will eventually create antiviral antibodies, they are not the best cells for fending off viral infections.Dendritic cells are crucial for T cell activation, but cytotoxic T cells, not helper T cells, are the ones that fight viral infections.Both mast cells and eosinophils are innate immune cells.Both innate and adaptive cells—natural killer and cytotoxic T cells—play a critical role in eliminating virus-infected cells.To know more about Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells refer here:
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explain how the design of the experiment will address replication. what is the benefit of the replication?
Replication reduces variability in experimental results. Stopping variability increases its significance and confidence level. Finally, researchers can draw conclusions about their experiments.
In the experimental design, replicate means that each treatment will be assigned to many participants. Alternatively, the entire experiment is repeated with a large group of subjects. The process improves the validity of our test results.
Replicates can be used to measure experimental variation, statistical tests can be applied to assess differences. Averaging across replicates improves the accuracy of gene expression measurements and allows the detection of smaller changes.
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Bicarbonate is an important buffer in blood and its concentration is regulated by the
A) heart.
B) lungs.
C) liver.
D) kidneys.
E) pancreas.
Bicarbonate is an important buffer in blood and its concentration is regulated by the kidneys.
The bicarbonate buffer system is indeed an acid-base homeostatic mechanism that involves the balance of carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbon dioxide to support proper metabolic function in the blood as well as duodenum, among other tissues.
The most important buffer for maintaining blood pH homeostasis is indeed the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate buffer system. Carbonic acid is formed in this system when gaseous metabolic end carbon dioxide reacts to water to produce carbonic acid, that also rapidly dissociates into the a hydrogen ion as well as bicarbonate.
This same bicarbonate buffer system inside the human duodenum and the stomach serves to neutralize gastric acid while also stabilizing the intracellular ionic strength of epithelial cells through the secretion of carbonic acid into the gastric mucosa.
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how is the location of a receptor crucial to understanding the function of a chemical messenger? g
The cytoplasm of the cell contains intracellular receptors that communicate with the plasma membrane. An extracellular signal is changed into an intracellular signal when cell-surface receptors attach to an external ligand molecule.
Although there are many different kinds of receptors, they can be categorized into two groups: cell surface receptors, which are found in the plasma membrane, and intracellular receptors, which are found inside the cell (in the cytoplasm or nucleus).
protein receptors: A significant distinction between water-soluble and fat-soluble hormones is that the former bind to receptors on the target cell's surface while the latter does not. Hormones that are soluble in fat bind to receptors in the target cell.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the lymphocytes that enter tissues and directly attack antigens are __________ cells.
The lymphocytes that enter tissues and directly attack antigens are Cytotoxic T cells.
Lymphocytes are in charge of the remarkable specificity of adaptive immune responses. They are abundant in the blood and lymph (the colourless fluid in the lymphatic vessels that connect the body's lymph nodes to each other and to the bloodstream) as well as lymphoid organs such as the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, but also appendix. Lymphocytes react to antigen in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen. T lymphocytes strike antigens directly and aid in immune response control. They also produce chemicals called cytokines, which regulate the a whole immune response.
The T and the B cells are the two main types of lymphocytes. B cells generate antibody molecules that bind to and kill invading viruses or bacteria. T cells fight foreign invaders directly and also produce cytokines, that are biological substances that assist activate both these parts of the immune system.
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What is Motor Nervous System?
The motor nervous system is a system present in the brain to help animals to speak, move and breathe.
Motor neurons are cells in the brain and spinal cord that enable locomotion, speech, swallowing and breathing by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that perform these functions. Nerve fibers are the longest in the body, with single axons extending from the base of the spinal cord to the toes.
For motor functions, there are the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal mandibular nerve (V3), abducens nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, spinal nerve accessory muscle and N. hypoglossus muscle. These are the working of the motor nervous system.
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__________ is the evolutionary history and relationships amongst a species or a group of species.
a. Phylogeny
b. Taxonomy
c. Ordering
d. Genetics
Answer: Phylogeny
Explanation: Phylogeny is the science/study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.
compare protein 2 to protein 1. does the amino acid sequence of protein 2 differ from the sequence of protein 1? if yes, which amino acid(s) differ?
A protein is made up of an amino acid that is connected by peptide bonds to form a string. The order and amount of amino acids in each form of protein vary.
A protein is made up of a sequence of amino acids that's also connected by peptide bonds to form a string. The primary distinction between an amino acid and a protein is that an amino acid is a protein's building block, but a protein serves as both a functional and structural component for the body. The R groups on the side chains of amino acids are what separate them from one another. A polypeptide core with connected side chains makes up a protein. It is the pattern of the chemically distinct side chains since each kind of protein varies in the quantity of amino acids and amino acid sequence it contains.
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which statement about the redundancy hypothesis, explaining the relationship between species diversity and community function, is false?
The statement about the redundancy hypothesis that is FALSE is the one that says "It predicts a linear relationship between species richness and community function."
The redundancy hypothesis is the hypothesis that predicts the enhancement of species that can compensate each other if some species are lost due to harsh conditions such particular species have the ability to recover from environmental disturbances. This hypothesis predicts that the elimination of several species doesn't matter as long as the ecosystem is compensated.
Based on this theory, basically, more species means increased ecosystem function. However, it only works until a certain point, after which the abundance of species becomes redundant and doesn't add any effect on the ecosystem function.
Your question seems incomplete, but most likely the completed version is as follows:
Which statement about the redundancy hypothesis, explaining the relationship between species diversity and community function, is false?
A. It best fits the results of Tilman and colleagues.
B. It assumes that in these relationships, species will often overlap in ecological function.
C. It predicts a linear relationship between species richness and community function.
D. Both a and b
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According to the ______ species concept, a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring. The seperation between species is maintained by ___________ isolation, which prevents gene flow between species. But in some cases, distinct species can occasionally interbreed producing _______ offspring.
A species, according to the idea of biological species, is a collection of populations whose individuals can interbreed in nature & produce viable, fertile children. Reproductive isolation, which restricts gene transfer between species, maintains species separation. However, separate species can occasionally interbreed, resulting in Hybrid offspring.
The biological species idea. Mayr (1942), a biologist, was the first to describe species as "groupings of actually or theoretically interbreeding wild communities that are reproductively segregated from other similar groups" in the 19th century.
The process through which new species develop is known as speciation. When an ancestor species separates into two or even more descendant forms that are genetically different from each other and cannot interbreed, this is referred to as speciation.
The biological species concept (BSC) was created to help people comprehend biological variety, especially the commonly observed fact that sexually reproduced organisms live in more or less discrete morphological and genetic clusters instead of a continuum of forms.
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in the united states, there has been relatively little experimentation involving the insertion of genes from other species into human dna. one reason for the lack of these experiments is that
The lack of experimentation involving the insertion of genes can be attributed to a number of factors. One of the primary reasons for the lack of these experiments is the fear of the unknown.
There is a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the potential consequences of genetic modification, and the ethical implications of such experiments are far-reaching. The potential health risks of gene insertion are not fully understood, and this lack of knowledge has led to a great deal of fear and caution among the scientific community.
While some studies have indicated that gene insertion could have the potential to treat or cure certain diseases or illnesses, there is a lack of conclusive evidence demonstrating the safety of the process. Moreover, there is concern that gene insertion could lead to the development of new diseases or mutations, with unknown consequences.
Furthermore, the ethical implications of gene insertion are highly contested. Due to the fact that genetic modification can be passed down across generations, there is a fear that the modification could be inherited by future generations. This has led to heated debates about the morality of gene insertion and its potential implications for generations to come.
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external factors, such as stress or smoking, may influence gene expression, i.e., whether a specific gene is turned on or off. changes in gene expression may be inherited or passed from parent to child. the scientific study of heritable changes in gene expression is called . a. genomics b. epigenetics c. molecular genetics d. behavioral genetics
Option b , Epigenetics is the scientific study of heritable changes in gene expression. This term refers to the study of the changes in gene activity that can occur without any changes to the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can be caused by a variety of external factors, such as stress, smoking, and environmental toxins.
Epigenetic changes can be inherited or passed from parent to child. For example, if a parent has experienced high levels of stress, their offspring may inherit this epigenetic change. Similarly, if a parent smokes, their offspring may inherit an epigenetic change that affects their gene expression. This could result in increased risk of certain diseases or disorders.
In addition to being passed from parent to child, epigenetic changes can also be acquired during an individual’s lifetime. For instance, smoking or exposure to environmental toxins can cause epigenetic changes that may increase an individual’s risk of certain diseases.
The study of epigenetics has allowed researchers to gain a better understanding of how environmental factors can influence gene expression and how these changes can be passed from parent to child. This knowledge has the potential to improve our understanding of certain diseases and disorders, and may lead to more effective treatments.
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ap bio what is the difference between eukaryotic dna replication and prokaryotic dna replication frq
DNA replication in prokaryotes takes place in the cytoplasm, whereas in eukaryotes it takes place in the nucleus. This is the main distinction between the two types of replication.
What two forms of DNA replication are there?Conservative replication and semiconservative replication are the two fundamental forms of replication. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA have quite different replication mechanisms. Prokaryotes have a single circular DNA strand, in contrast to eukaryotes. The origin of replication is where the bacterial chromosome replicates.
How does DNA replication function and what is it?The process of making two identical copies of a DNA from the original DNA strand is known as DNA replication. Before cell division, the DNA is replicated.
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Name 2 tropophyte plants
Answer: Rose plants, Santan plant
Explanation:
I learned this in AP Biology class! I hope you find it helpful!
Answer:
Pineapple.
Oleander.
Explanation:
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rotation of parts of the atp synthase depends upon protonation of an aspartate residue located in which subunit?
ATP is formed in the F 1 sector of the enzyme, synthesis is driven by rotation of the γ subunit between three alternating catalytic sites.
The rotational catalytic process used by F1F0 ATP synthases to produce ATP involves the coupling of H+ transport and rotation of an oligomeric ring of c subunits that extends through the membrane. At the membrane's core, protons bind to and subsequently are released from the aspartyl-61 residue of subunit c. It is believed that subunit an of the F0 sector offers proton access routes to and from aspartyl-61. Here, we provide a summary of recent findings regarding the second, fourth, and fifth transmembrane helices' aqueous accessibility and the structural layout of Escherichia coli subunit a. (TMHs). These helices have aqueous-accessible areas that reach the cytoplasmic and periplasmic surfaces. We suggest that during the proton transport cycle, aTMH4 rotates to alternatively expose the periplasmic or cytoplasmic half-channels to aspartyl-61 of subunit c. According to a mechanism resembling mesh gears, it is proposed that the mechanical force driving rotation of the c-rotor is the coordinated rotation of interacting helices in subunits a and c.
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what cortical region is represented by the area at d? what cortical region is represented by the area at d? primary visual cortex visual association area primary olfactory cortex multimodal association area
The area marked “D” in the diagram represents the Primary Visual Cortex, also known as V1. This area is an important part of the brain located in the occipital lobe and is responsible for processing visual information. The Primary Visual Cortex receives input from the eyes, processes it, and then sends signals to other parts of the brain to create a visual representation.
It is the first area of the brain to receive visual information and is involved in a wide range of visual functions, including recognizing patterns, discerning shapes and colors, and recognizing movement.
The area marked “D” is also part of a larger region known as the Visual Association Area. This region, located in the temporal and parietal lobes, is responsible for the recognition and interpretation of visual information. The Visual Association Area is involved in higher-level visual processes, such as facial recognition, object recognition, and spatial awareness. It is also responsible for the integration of visual information with other senses to create a more complex representation of the environment.
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During splicing, which molecular component of the spliceosome catalyzes the excision reaction?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Protein
D. Lipid
E. Carbohydrate
The elimination reaction is triggered by the RNA molecule component of a spliceosome during splicing.
What is RNA and why is it important?Most biological cells contain ribonucleic acid (RNA), a crucial biological macromolecule. It plays a major role in the production of proteins by acting as a messenger to DNA, which in turn carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth and maintenance of life.
What is difference between RNA and DNA?The double molecule with a lengthy chain of nucleotides is called DNA. The single-stranded molecule called RNA has a shorter nucleotide chain than other molecules. DNA is self-replicating; it reproduces itself. RNA cannot duplicate itself.
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a conservation biologist is studying the variation that occurs in the species composition of ponds in a region. this scientist is studying which level of biodiversity?
A conservation biologist is studying the variation that occurs in the species composition of ponds in a region of genetic diversity.
Conservation Biology. To speedy recap: a conservation biologist researches ecosystems, habitats, and animal lifestyles with the purpose to broaden potential answers and advocacy.
Turning into a wildlife biologist isn't as easy as many different professions. you will need lots of schooling and enjoy in just the proper areas with a purpose to prevail. plenty of your success will rely upon your place of know-how and connections.
The Earth's natural resources are vital now extra than ever as human populations continue to grow and have an effect on animals and their ecosystems. career fields within conservation biology are predicted to grow by way of up to nine% in the next decade, with hundreds of jobs projected to be delivered over that time.
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Which table best compares the events that occur during different stages of the cell cycle?.
S phase/DNA replication and M phase/Nuclear division Option A is best compares the events that occur during different stages of the cell cycle.
What is the cell cycle, and what are its phases?The cell cycle is a four-step process in which the cell grows in size (gap 1, or G1, stage), duplicates its DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), gets ready to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides (gap 3, or S, stage) (mitosis, or M, stage). The period between cell divisions is represented by the phases G1, S, and G2, which together make up interphase.
What are the cell cycle's four primary phases?There are four distinct stages of the cell cycle in eukaryotes: G1, S, G2, and M. DNA replication takes place during the S phase, also known as synthesis, whereas cell division takes place during the M phase, also known as mitosis. Less spectacular but no less significant are the other two phases, G1 and G2, sometimes known as the "gap phases."
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The complete question is,
Which table best compares the events that occur during different stages of the cell cycle? A Phase. event. S. Phase. DNA replication. M. Phase. Nuclear division. B Phase. Event. S. Phase. Nuclear division. M. Phase. Cytoplasm division. C phase. event. S. Phase. cytoplasm division. M. phase. cell growth. D phase. event. s. phase. cell growth. m. phase. DNA replication.
when a leopard captured and ate a juvenile paranthropus robustus, its lower canine teeth punctured the back of the individual's skull. where did the upper canine teeth bite down?
When a leopard captured and ate a juvenile paranthropus robustus, its lower canine teeth punctured the back of the individual's skull, the upper canine teeth bite down into its eyes.
The leopard is one amongst the 5 living species within the mammal genus, a member of the cat family, Felidae. It happens in an exceedingly big selection in geographic region, in some elements of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and on the Indian landmass to Southeast and East Asia.
Canines are the four long and pointed teeth on either aspect of a leopard's mouth. These are concerning two inches (5 centimeters) long. Canine teeth are used in the main for biting and piercing. sharp teeth are the teeth situated on the perimeters of its jaws.
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what are potential outcomes when a plant's stomata close in response to heat and water stress? select all that apply.
Ion- and water-transport mechanisms across membranes work to regulate changes in guard cell turgor pressure and promote stomatal closure in response to a water deficit stress.
What are stomata and what do they do?On the epidermis of the leaves, there are tiny openings called stomata. Under a light microscope, stomata can be seen. On the stems and other parts of different plants, stomata can be seen.
What eucatrioid elements make up stomata?The pore, which is located in the centre of the kidney-shaped epidermal cell, is what makes up the stomata. The stomata are surrounded by two guard cells, specialised parenchyma. These are responsible for regulating the size of their.
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Complete question:
What are potential outcomes when a plant's stomata close in response to heat and water stress? Select all that apply.
CO2 and O2 may compete for the active site of rubisco.Photorespiration is more likely to occur. Photosynthesis is more efficient. Gas exchange comes to a halt.
ollowing a biopsy, a 54-year-old man has been diagnosed as having a benign neoplastic tumor. which characteristic most likely applies to his tumor?
His tumor exhibits the characteristic of well-differentiated, cancerous cells grouped together into a single mass.
How does a pathologist identify a malignant tumor?The fact that they are uniformly spherical, with sharp edges and distinct centers, enables pathologists to identify them as normal. The cells are becoming more oblong and then irregular as the malignancy spreads.
What do all the result of such a biopsy mean?Twelve samples of your prostate tissue have just been examined under the microscope by the pathologist. What is inside? There are healthy cells first. The fact that they are uniformly spherical, with sharp edges and distinct centers, enables pathologists to identify them as normal.
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