A cell remember which gene it needs to express (turn on) and which gene does from one generation to the next Methylation of cytosine bases and heritable chromatin structure. The correct option is c. both of the abve.
A cell can remember which gene it needs to express and which gene it does from one generation to the next through two main mechanisms:
1. Methylation of cytosine bases: Methylation is a chemical modification where a methyl group is added to cytosine bases in DNA. This process usually leads to the silencing of gene expression. Methylation patterns are passed on to the next generation through cell division, ensuring that the same genes are expressed or silenced in the daughter cells.
2. Heritable chromatin structure: Chromatin structure refers to the organization of DNA and proteins (histones) in the nucleus. Specific patterns of histone modifications, such as acetylation and methylation, can regulate gene expression. These patterns are also inherited during cell division, maintaining the same gene expression profiles in the offspring cells.
By combining both methylation of cytosine bases and heritable chromatin structure, cells can effectively "remember" and maintain gene expression patterns across generations. The correct option is c. both of the abve.
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why water are essential fr the plants?
Answer: Water serves as a solvent for the minerals and nutrients that plants absorb through their roots. This allows these nutrients to be transported throughout the plant, providing it with the resources it needs to grow and thrive. Secondly, water is a crucial component of photosynthesis, the process by which plants produce energy from sunlight. Without water, plants cannot produce energy and will eventually die. Thirdly, water helps regulate the temperature of plants, preventing them from overheating in hot conditions.
how many possible protein sequences of average length are there?
On average, a protein sequence is composed of around 300 amino acids. Each amino acid can be one of 20 different types, meaning that there are 20^300 (approximately 1.07 x 10^390) possible protein sequences of average length.
There are an immense number of possible protein sequences of average length. Proteins are made up of amino acids, and there are 20 different amino acids that can be combined in various ways. The average length of a protein is about 300-500 amino acids. To calculate the number of possible protein sequences, you would use the formula:
Number of possibilities = (number of amino acids)^(sequence length)
Considering an average protein length of 300 amino acids, the number of possible sequences would be:
20^300 ≈ 2.04 x 10^390
This is an incredibly large number, highlighting the vast diversity of potential protein sequences of average length.
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these hormones are made by the granulosa cells and corpus luteum: (select all that apply.)
1. FSH
2. Relaxin
3. Progesterone
4. Estrogens
5. GnRH
6. Inhibiin
Granulosa cells and corpus luteum are both structures found in the ovaries of females and play essential roles in the reproductive system. The hormones made by the granulosa cells and corpus luteum include:
Progesterone
Estrogens
Inhibin.
Granulosa cells are somatic cells that surround and support developing egg cells (oocytes) within the ovarian follicles. These cells are located in the follicular wall and communicate with the oocyte through gap junctions. Granulosa cells are responsible for providing essential nutrients, growth factors, and hormones to support the development and maturation of the oocyte.
The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure that forms from the remains of the ovarian follicle after the release of the mature egg during ovulation. It secretes progesterone, a hormone essential for preparing and maintaining the uterus for the potential implantation of a fertilized egg. Progesterone helps to thicken the uterine lining (endometrium) and maintain a suitable environment for embryo development.
Therefore, options 3, 4, and 6 are correct. FSH (option 1), Relaxin (option 2), and GnRH (option 5) are not specifically produced by the granulosa cells and corpus luteum.
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Food webs and energy transfer mystery activity worksheet
Introduction:
most deep water fish are not considered commercially important, because their flesh lacks protein and has a watery consistency, making them unattractive as a food source. This is partly due to the challenge of finding food in deep water, since there is not much phytoplankton or zooplankton after about 100 m of depth. But in the 1980s, fisherman discovered large populations of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) living at depths between 700-1200 meters. The population of orange roughy and other similar fish were concentrated around seamounts (undersea mountains formed by volcanic processes) around Australia and New Zealand. These fish are large, muscular, and have firm flesh with a high concentration of proteins, making them very commercially attractive. But why are these populations thriving in such deep waters? What are they eating?
Clues:
•Primary production at the sea surface above seamounts, where orange roughy are found is approximately 200 g of carbon per square meter per year.
•Compared to the surrounding ocean waters, seamounts, have high biological productivity, and provide habitats for a variety of plants, animals, and microbial species.
•Orange Roughy are typically found in densities that are equivalent to 5 g of carbon per square meter per year.
•Orange Roughy consume approximately 1% of their body weight daily.
•Most photosynthesis in the ocean takes place in the upper 100 m of the water column. A portion of this primary production is consumed by zooplankton. Some zooplankton are consumed by planktivores, and a portion of the planktivores are in turn consumed by carnivores. Each stage is called a trophic level.
•Orange Roughy seed, primarily on small fishes, and squid, which pray on small crustaceans, primarily zooplankton, making them in the fourth trophic level.
•In general, the amount of energy available at a given trophic level is about 1/10 of the energy supplied by the previous trophic level.
Questions:
1. Estimate the amount of food (in grams of carbon per square meter per year) available to the orange roughy populations.
Hint: orange roughy are feeding at the fourth trophic level. So, the amount of food available is the amount provided by primary production, multiplied by 1/10 available from the second trophic level, multiplied by 1/10 available from the third trophic level.
2. Estimate the amount of food required by these populations (in grams of carbon per square meter per year).
Hint: orange roughy, consume 1% of their body weight daily, so in one year they consume 1% times 365 of their body weight. If the density of orange roughy is 5 g of carbon per square meter, then they require (5 g carbon per square meter) times 365%.
3. What are some possible sources of food, other than the primary production in the water directly around the orange roughy?
Hint: seamounts greatly alter current patterns, causing upwellings and circulation cells.
The amount of food available to the orange roughy populations is approximately 2 g of carbon per square meter per year.
Seamounts can play an important role in supporting the food web in deep waters and sustaining the orange roughy populations.
What is the amount of food available to the orange roughy populations?To estimate the amount of food available to the orange roughy populations, we can start with the primary production at the sea surface above seamounts, which is approximately 200 g of carbon per square meter per year.
However, since the orange roughy are feeding at the fourth trophic level, we need to multiply this value by 1/10 available from the second trophic level (zooplankton), and then by another 1/10 available from the third trophic level (planktivores).
Therefore, the amount of food available to the orange roughy populations is approximately 2 g of carbon per square meter per year (200 x 0.1 x 0.1).
To estimate the amount of food required by these populations,
The density of orange roughy is 5 g of carbon per square meter.
If we assume that the average weight of an orange roughy is 1 kg, then the number of orange roughy per square meter is 200 (since 1 kg = 1000 g and 5 g carbon per square meter = 0.005 kg).
Therefore, the amount of food required by these populations is approximately 36.5 g of carbon per square meter per year (5 x 200 x 0.01 x 365).
Seamounts alter current patterns, causing upwellings and circulation cells. These upwellings can bring nutrients from deeper waters to the surface, which can increase primary productivity in the water column. In addition, seamounts can provide habitats for a variety of plants, animals, and microbial species, which can serve as food sources for the orange roughy populations.
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in the natural selection simulation we set the fitness of rr individuals to 0. why does the r allele persist in the population? what would happen if selection was less extreme?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In a ribbon model of a polypeptide, broad arrows indicate:
All of these choices are correct.
β-sheets.
α-helices.
disulfide linkages.
β-sheets and α-helices.
In a ribbon model of a polypeptide, broad arrows indicate β-sheets.
In a ribbon model of a polypeptide, the arrows indicate the direction of the β-strands that make up a β-sheet. β-sheets are formed when two or more β-strands align and hydrogen bonds form between them. The broadness of the arrow represents the width or depth of the β-sheet, which can vary depending on the number of β-strands in the sheet. In a ribbon model, the β-sheets are often depicted as flat, planar structures that extend outward from the polypeptide backbone. These β-sheets are an important component of protein structure, contributing to the stability and function of many proteins, including enzymes and structural proteins.
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xplain why synthesis of a dipeptide from two individual amino acids is energetically unfavorable. explain how this unfavorable synthesis occurs in biological systems
The synthesis of a dipeptide from two individual amino acids is energetically unfavorable due to the formation of a peptide bond, which involves a condensation reaction.
During a condensation reaction, a molecule of water (H2O) is released as a byproduct, and this process requires energy.
When two amino acids come together to form a dipeptide, the carboxyl group (-COOH) of one amino acid reacts with the amino group (-NH2) of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide bond (-CO-NH-).
This peptide bond formation requires the removal of a water molecule through a dehydration or condensation reaction, which consumes energy.
In biological systems, the synthesis of dipeptides and polypeptides occurs in cells through the process of translation, which is carried out by ribosomes using information from mRNA templates.
Ribosomes facilitate the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids, but this process requires energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to drive condensation reactions.
Additionally, cells have specific enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that attach amino acids to tRNA molecules, which then transport the amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
This step also requires energy in the form of ATP to activate the amino acids, making them suitable for peptide bond formation.
Overall, the synthesis of dipeptides from individual amino acids is energetically unfavorable due to the need to overcome the thermodynamic barrier of peptide bond formation and the requirement of ATP energy to drive the process in biological systems.
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Blocking the function of cholecystokinin (CCK) would result in: (Select all that)
a. Decreased motility in the stomach. b. The release of bile from the gallbladder. c. All answers are true.
d. The release of pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) does not have a significant effect on stomach motility, so blocking its function would not result in decreased motility in the stomach. Therefore, the correct answer is d) The release of pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone produced in the small intestine that plays a role in the digestion and absorption of fats and proteins. CCK is released in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the small intestine and has several effects on the digestive system. One of the main functions of CCK is to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. These enzymes, including lipase and proteases, are essential for the breakdown of fats and proteins in the small intestine.
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Which starch molecules has the greatest ability to thicken? dextrin Modified Starch amylose amylopectinPrevious question
Modified starch has the greatest ability to thicken.
The correct option is B .
In general , Modified starch is starch that has undergone chemical or physical modifications to alter its properties. The modification can affect the ability of the starch to thicken, depending on the specific modification that has been made. Starch is a polysaccharide made up of glucose units linked together by glycosidic bonds. There are two types of glucose polymers in starch amylose and amylopectin.
Dextrin is a type of carbohydrate that is produced from the hydrolysis of starch. It is a shorter chain of glucose units than amylose and amylopectin and is less likely to form helices. Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose molecules linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds. It has a high tendency to form helices.
Hence , B is the correct option
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Suppose that you are viewing star A at 11:32 PM on September 2. You note where the star is in the sky at this time. Your friend visits you on September 13. At what time should you both look for this star in the same spot in the sky?Explain.
You and your friend should look for star A in the same spot in the sky at 10:48 PM on September 13.
To answer your question about viewing star A in the same spot in the sky, let's consider the following terms: sidereal day, Earth's rotation, and time difference.
1. Sidereal day: A sidereal day is the time it takes for Earth to complete one rotation with respect to the stars, which is approximately 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds.
2. Earth's rotation: Earth rotates on its axis, causing stars to appear to move across the sky. Because Earth's rotation is slightly less than 24 hours, stars appear to shift about 4 minutes earlier each day.
3. Time difference: There are 11 days between September 2 and September 13 (13 - 2 = 11).
Now, let's calculate the time you and your friend should look for star A in the same spot in the sky:
Step 1: Multiply the time difference (11 days) by the 4 minutes difference in Earth's rotation for each day: 11 * 4 = 44 minutes.
Step 2: Subtract 44 minutes from the original time of 11:32 PM on September 2: 11:32 PM - 44 minutes = 10:48 PM.
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Secondary structures called hairpins may form between palindromic sequences in single strands of either RNA or DNA. The fully base‑paired portions of hairpins form helices. How do RNA hairpins differ from DNA hairpins?
a)Helices in RNA hairpins assume a B conformation, whereas helices in DNA hairpins assume a Z conformation.
b)Helices in RNA hairpins are left‑handed, whereas helices in DNA hairpins are right‑handed.
c)Helices in RNA hairpins only contain pyrimidines, whereas helices in DNA hairpins contain only purines.
d)Helices in RNA hairpins assume an A conformation, whereas helices in DNA hairpins generally assume a B conformation.
Helices in RNA hairpins assume an A conformation, whereas helices in DNA hairpins generally assume a B conformation.
The conformation of the helix in RNA and DNA hairpins refers to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbone and the orientation of the bases with respect to the axis of the helix.
The A conformation, also known as the "RNA-like" conformation, is characterized by a more tilted and compressed helix with a wider major groove compared to the B conformation, which is the standard conformation for DNA.
In RNA hairpins, the fully base-paired portions of the hairpin typically assume an A conformation, whereas, in DNA hairpins, the helices generally assume a B conformation. Option (d) is correct.
Option (a) is incorrect because helices in RNA hairpins assume an A conformation, not a B conformation as stated.
Option (b) is incorrect because the handedness of helices in RNA and DNA hairpins is not related to palindromic sequences, but rather to the conformation of the helix, and it can vary in both RNA and DNA hairpins.
Option (c) is incorrect because both RNA and DNA hairpins can contain a mix of pyrimidines and purines in their base-paired regions, and there is no strict rule that helices in RNA hairpins only contain pyrimidines, or that helices in DNA hairpins only contain purines.
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Organisms are limited to reproducing only after their own kind by what two things?
Organisms are limited to reproducing only after their own kind by two things: genetics and biology.
Genetics play a crucial role in determining the characteristics of an organism and passing them down to the next generation. The genetic code of an organism is unique and specific to that species, meaning that offspring will inherit traits and characteristics that are similar to those of their parents. Genetic variation can occur through mutations, but these mutations still occur within the boundaries of the species' genetic code.
Biology also plays a role in limiting reproduction between different species. For example, different species may have different mating behaviors, reproductive systems, and anatomies that prevent interbreeding. Even if two species are genetically similar, they may be unable to mate and produce offspring because of these biological differences. This is known as reproductive isolation, and it is an important factor in the evolution and diversification of species.
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Population/Quantitative Genetics) Worldwide, about 1/3 of all marriages occur between people who were born fewer than ten miles apart. This is an example of A. natural selection. B. genetic drift. C. nonrandom mating. D. migration
The given scenario is an example of nonrandom mating. Nonrandom mating is a type of mating in which individuals tend to mate with those who are geographically or socially closer to them rather than selecting partners randomly. The correct answer is option C
In this case, people who were born within ten miles of each other are more likely to meet and mate with each other, leading to a higher frequency of marriages between them.
Nonrandom mating can lead to an increase in homozygosity and a deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, affecting the frequency of alleles in the population.
The other options, natural selection, genetic drift, and migration, are different mechanisms of evolution that can also affect the frequency of alleles in a population, but they are not applicable to the given scenario.
Natural selection involves the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with advantageous traits, genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies due to chance events, and migration involves the movement of individuals between populations. Therefore correct answer is option C
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the tapetum lucidum, a reflective layer in the back of the eye, helps tarsiers hunt their insect prey at night. group of answer choices true false
The tapetum lucidum, a reflective layer in the back of the eye, helps tarsiers hunt their insect prey at night is True. The tapetum lucidum is a reflective layer present in the eyes of many nocturnal animals, including tarsiers.
The tapetum lucidum is a layer of tissue found in the eyes of some animals, including cats, dogs, and many nocturnal animals. It is located behind the retina and reflects light back through the retina, increasing the amount of light available to the photoreceptor cells in low-light conditions. This helps to enhance an animal's night vision and ability to see in dimly lit environments. The tapetum lucidum is responsible for the reflective "glow" often seen in the eyes of animals, such as when light is shone on them at night.
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form a hypothesis about photosynthetic activity in leaf cells covered by different colored filters. predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).
Hypothesis: If leaf cells are covered with different colored filters, then the photosynthetic activity will vary because different colors of light will have different effects on the process of photosynthesis.
Experiment: To test this hypothesis, you can conduct an experiment where you cover leaf cells (e.g., from spinach or another suitable plant) with colored filters such as red, blue, green, and clear (as a control). Measure the rate of photosynthesis by monitoring oxygen production or the rate of carbon dioxide consumption in a controlled environment, keeping all other factors constant (e.g., temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, etc.).
Prediction: Based on the hypothesis, the prediction would be that leaves covered with blue and red filters will show higher photosynthetic activity than those covered with green filters. This is because blue and red light wavelengths are most effective in driving photosynthesis, whereas green light is less effective as plants primarily reflect it, giving them their green color. The clear filter will serve as a control to compare the effects of different colors on photosynthesis rates.
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is there a free version of this website
also i just clicked biology bc it was close to the subject i was looking for yet this website doesn't have it
Answer:
i don't know if there are any other websites like this that are free. i'm currently using a school computer and this website is available and free for me so that's why i use this website.
Explanation:
___ sedimentary rock found on continents is marine in origin.
a. some
b. little
c. most
d. all
new world monkeys are group of answer choices all arboreal and some have prehensile tails. generally all the same small body size. all arboreal and diurnal. almost exclusively terrestrial.
New world monkeys are primarily arboreal, meaning they spend most of their time in trees. Some species have prehensile tails, which are adapted to grasp and hold onto branches while moving through the trees.
They are also diurnal, which means they are active during the day. Unlike old world monkeys, they are generally small in body size. However, they are not almost exclusively terrestrial, as they rely on trees for their survival.
New World monkeys are a group of primates that are all arboreal and some have prehensile tails. They are also generally diurnal, meaning they are active during the day. These characteristics set them apart from other primates and allow them to thrive in their forest habitats.
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how many reactive sites are on coenzyme A?A. 2B. 5C. 1D. 3E. 2
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a molecule that plays a crucial role in various metabolic pathways in the body. It is composed of several subunits including a nucleotide,
a pantothenic acid, and a thiol group. The thiol group, also known as the reactive site, is the part of CoA that is involved in many biochemical reactions, including the transfer of acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle and the synthesis of fatty acids. Therefore, n the body. It is composed of several subunits including a nucleotide, there is only one reactive site on Coenzyme A, which is the thiol group, and it is responsible for the molecule's ability to carry and transfer acetyl groups between different molecules during metabolic processes.
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Young children hear the song and look forward to summer days.
Which of the following would be MOST useful in supporting this statement?
O A. examples of the warmest months of summer
OB. examples of other fun summertime activities
OC. a true story about children who like to eat ice cream
OD. a true story about children enjoying the song
The option that would be MOST useful in supporting this statement is examples of other fun summertime activities.
option B.
How does option B support the statement?Option B would be the most useful in supporting the statement as it provides additional information about the enjoyment of summer days beyond just the song. It suggests that there are other fun summertime activities that young children look forward to, which reinforces the idea that they anticipate and enjoy summer days.
This option provides broader context and strengthens the statement by implying that the children's excitement is not solely dependent on the song, but also extends to other activities associated with summer.
Thus, by providing a broader context of other fun summertime activities, Option B strengthens the statement by implying that children have a positive association with summer as a whole, and not solely dependent on the song. It adds more depth to the statement and provides additional evidence of children's enthusiasm for summer days beyond just the mention of the song.
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please helpp 5 star for the first answer
Answer: Wrote the answer below
Explanation: The result of the 2 purple flowers mating results in 25% of the offspring having the genotype (pp) indicates that this flower is homozygous recessive. The p allele is recessive and 'homo' in homozygous means the same.
This results in the genotype being pp and the phenotype being white.
Phenotype are the physical traits. Genotype is the entire genetic material of an organism.
What is the only known host of the trichomonas vaginalis?
The only known host of Trichomonas vaginalis is humans. This protozoan parasite infects the urogenital tract of both men and women and is transmitted through sexual contact. T. vaginalis can cause trichomoniasis, which is a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
It is estimated that about 3.7 million people in the United States are infected with T. vaginalis, and many of them do not experience any symptoms. However, some people may experience symptoms such as itching, burning, and discharge from the genitals. Trichomoniasis can be easily treated with antibiotics, but it is important to get tested and treated as soon as possible to avoid complications and further spread of the infection. It is also important to practice safe sex by using condoms and getting tested regularly for STIs.
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you are studying life-forms in extreme environments, and you have discovered a mircroorganism with cardiolipin, hopanoids, and ester linkages in the membrame
As a biologist studying life-forms in extreme environments, the discovery of a microorganism with cardiolipin, hopanoids, and ester linkages in the membrane is mycobacteria. For that reason, the correct option is the last.
These unique features suggest that this microorganism has adapted to survive in demanding conditions, such as high temperatures or extreme pH levels. Understanding how microorganisms adapt to their environments is crucial for maintaining biodiversity and understanding the health of our planet.
Microbiology plays a critical role in many fields, including medicine. The ability to observe and study microorganisms under a microscope has led to significant advancements in our understanding of how diseases spread and how to treat them.
Overall, the study of life-forms in extreme environments is essential for understanding the diversity of life and how organisms adapt to their surroundings. The discovery of this microorganism with unique features highlights the importance of continued research in microbiology and the impact it can have on our health and the world around us.
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What is the order that oxygen reaches
the following structures in the
respiratory system, from first to last?
A. nose -> trachea -> pharynx
B. trachea -> nose -> pharynx
C. nose -> pharynx -> trachea
D. pharynx -> trachea -> nose
Answer:
Explanation:
The sequence of air passage during inhalation is as follows:
⇒ Nostrils→pharynx→larynx→trachea→alveoli.
Hi dearest!
A Robertsonian translocation is considered non-reciprocal because _______. A Robertsonian translocation is considered non-reciprocal because _______. an uneven number of gametes is produced in each meiosis the smaller of the two reciprocal products of translocated chromosomes is lost for every viable gamete formed, there are two inviable gametes formed trisomies of chromosome 21 are viable, whereas monosomies of the same chromosome are no
A Robertsonian translocation is considered non-reciprocal because the smaller of the two reciprocal products of translocated chromosomes is lost.
This results in an uneven number of gametes being produced in each meiosis. While trisomies of chromosome 21 are viable, monosomies of the same chromosome are not. In addition to viable gametes, there are two inviable gametes formed in a Robertsonian translocation.
A Robertsonian translocation is considered non-reciprocal because the smaller of the two reciprocal products of translocated chromosomes is lost. This results in an uneven number of gametes produced in each meiosis, and for every viable gamete formed, there are two inviable gametes formed. Additionally, trisomies of chromosome 21 are viable, whereas monosomies of the same chromosome are not.
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What do we call the set of genes that is found within the collection of species present in a particular environment?
Group of answer choices: CHOOSE ONE
Pan-genome
Core genome
Metagenome
Transgenome
Pathogenome
Answer:
correct answer is Metagenome
A)
Acetyl coA is made from pyruvate in the [ Select ] ["mitochondrial matrix", "cytoplasm", "", ""] by [ Select ] ["pyruvate dehydrogenase", "succinate dehydrogenase"] complex. In this process, the acetyl group is moved between enzymes within the complex by the [ Select ] ["lipoamide", "TPP"] . The [ Select ] ["dihydrolipoyl transacetylase", "pyruvate dehydrogenase component"] is the enzyme in which acetyl coA is actually formed. The [ Select ] ["FADH2", "lipoamide"] in the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase donates two electrons to NADH, which then goes on to the electron transport chain.
B)
In the citric acid cycle, [ Select ] ["acetyl coA", "pyruvate"] joins with [ Select ] ["oxaloacetate", "glucose"] to make citrate. Citrate possesses [ Select ] ["six", "three"] carbons. During the cycle, [ Select ] ["two", "three"] carbons are lost as CO2. The importance of the cycle is not to generate ATP, but to generate [ Select ] ["reduced electron carriers", "oxidized electron carriers"] , which then go on to the electron transport chain.
The importance of the cycle is not to generate ATP, but to generate reduced electron carriers, which then go on to the electron transport chain.
A) Acetyl coA is made from pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. In this process, the acetyl group is moved between enzymes within the complex by the lipoamide. The dihydrolipoyl transacetylase is the enzyme in which acetyl coA is actually formed. The lipoamide in the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase donates two electrons to NADH, which then goes on to the electron transport chain.
B) In the citric acid cycle, acetyl coA joins with oxaloacetate to make citrate. Citrate possesses six carbons. During the cycle, two carbons are lost as CO2.
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(DNA structure/Function) In PCR, how is the segment of DNA that is to be amplified determined? O A. By the activity of the polymerase B. By the extension of the annealed primers O c. By using primers that flank the target sequence D. By denaturation of the entire genome Reset Selection
c. By using primers that flank the target sequence.
How do you choose which DNA section has to be amplified?In PCR, a section of the genome to be amplified is chosen using short synthetic DNA fragments called primers, and the segment is subsequently amplified through numerous rounds of DNA synthesis.
PCR amplifies DNA in what way?The sample is heated so that the DNA denatures, or separates into two pieces of single-stranded DNA, prior to utilizing PCR to amplify a section of DNA. Following that, an enzyme known as "Taq polymerase" creates or constructs two new DNA strands using the old strands as templates.
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Some operons have both a positive and negative control mechanism built into the DNA sequence of the operon. That means both an activator protein and a repressor protein are present simultaneously. Consider a system that has both positive and repressible negative controls. a. Describe the four combinations of active or inactive regulatory proteins that could be present at any time in the cell. b. Draw diagrams similar to those in Models 1–3 to show each of the combinations in part a. (Divide the work among group members so that each member is drawing one diagram.) c. Label each of the combinations in part b as "operon on" or "operon off." d. Describe in complete sentences the cellular environment(s) that would turn the operon "on."
Four possible combinations are: (1) active activator and inactive repressor, (2) inactive activator and active repressor, (3) active activator and active repressor, and (4) inactive activator and inactive repressor. The operon would be turned "on" in a cellular environment where the activator is active and the repressor is inactive.
a. The four combinations of active or inactive regulatory proteins that could be present at any time in the cell are:
Activator protein is active, and repressor protein is inactive.Activator protein is inactive, and repressor protein is active.Both activator and repressor proteins are active.Both activator and repressor proteins are inactive.b. Diagrams for each combination are as follows:
Activator protein is active, and repressor protein is inactive.
+-----+
| ACT |
+-----+
|
v
+-----+
| REP |
+-----+
|
v
Operon ON
2. Activator protein is inactive, and repressor protein is active.
+-----+
| REP |
+-----+
|
v
+-----+
| ACT |
+-----+
|
v
Operon OFF
3. Both activator and repressor proteins are active.
+-----+
| ACT |
+-----+
|
v
+-------+
| REP |
+-------+
|
v
Operon OFF
4. Both activator and repressor proteins are inactive.
+-----+
| ACT |
+-----+
|
v
+-------+
| REP |
+-------+
|
v
Operon ON
c. The combinations labeled as "operon on" are combinations 1 and 4. The combinations labeled as "operon off" are combinations 2 and 3.
d. The operon can be turned "on" in a cellular environment where the activator protein is active and the repressor protein is inactive. This could happen in response to a specific signal or condition, such as the presence of a particular molecule or nutrient. The operon can be turned "off" in a cellular environment where the repressor protein is active, either alone or in combination with an inactive activator protein. This could happen in response to a lack of a specific signal or condition, such as a nutrient or growth factor.
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A Medium containing 5g of beef extract, 3g, NaCI, 1g yeast extract, and 1g of glucose is what type of medium? a. Chemically defined/ synthetic b. Complex/non-synthetic c. Good food
A Medium containing 5g of beef extract, 3g, of NaCI, 1g of yeast extract, and 1g of glucose a. Chemically defined/ synthetic type of medium.
A synthetic medium consists of a culture medium made up entirely of recognized chemical substances such as salts and sugars. It can be liquid (broth) or solid by compounds such as agar. Synthetic media are frequently used for autotrophic cultivation and are also useful.
A culture medium caters to a gel or liquid containing nutrients that are used to grow bacteria or microorganisms. It establishes an environment that is solely for microbial growth. Different sorts of cells are cultivated on varied media.
The most common microorganism growth media are nutrient broths with agar plates. Some germs or bacteria require specialized media to grow. Nutrient broths are among the more common microorganism growth media. They are nutrient-rich liquid culture mediums.
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A Medium containing 5g of beef extract, 3g, NaCI, 1g yeast extract, and 1g of glucose is a Complex/non-synthetic medium.
Non-synthetic medium, also known as complex medium, is a type of culture medium used in microbiology that contains nutrients derived from natural sources such as animal or plant products, and whose exact composition may not be known or easily defined. Examples of non-synthetic media include nutrient agar, tryptic soy agar, and blood agar. These types of media are often used to support the growth of a wide variety of microorganisms, including those that may have complex nutritional requirements that cannot be met by synthetic media.
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