5 gram of nitrogen P1=3 atm T=293k V2=3V1, a) gas volume after the expansion is 4.29L. , b) the gas temperature after the expansion is 606 degree celcius, c) the gas pressure after the decrease is 1 atm, d) final gas pressure is 3 atm.
calculations are a-p1*v1=nRT1= 3*V1 = (5/28) *(0.0821)*293 V1=1.431L so V2 =3V1=3*1.43=4.29L. B- V1/T1=V2/T2=T2=V2/V2 *T1,T2=3*293=879K=606 degree celcius. )P1/T1=P2/T2=3/879 = P2/293= P2=1 atm . d-P1V1=P2V2= 1*4.29=P2*1.43 SO p2=3 atm.The quantity of a system is an essential extensive measurement for describing its thermodynamic state in thermodynamics. gas volume The specific volume, an intensive property, is the volume of the system per unit of mass. The pressure acts perpendicular to the wall (normal); the tangential (shear) component of the force is proportional to the viscosity of the gas. When gas molecules collide with the walls, they produce a force that is perpendicular to the walls. The Gas Pressure is defined as the sum of all such forces divided by the surface area of the container walls. The average linear momentum of the gas molecules is measured by the gas pressure.
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calculate the ph and % association of a 0.005427 m solution of triethylamine [a monoprotic weak base, n(ch2ch3)3
The ph and % association of a 0.005427 m solution of triethylamine [a monoprotic weak base, n(ch2ch3)3 is 11.92
Given trimethyl amine as B
B + H2O \Leftrightarrow BH+ + OH-
I 0.005427 0 0
C -X + X + X
E 0.005427 -X +X +X
pKa = 10.72
-logKa = 10.72 ; Ka = 10-10.72 = 1. 905 x 10-11
We know Ka x Kb = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14
Kb = Kw/Ka = 1.0 x 10-14 / 1.905 x 10-11 = 0.5249 x 10-3
From the equation Kb = [BH+] [OH-]/[B]
0.5249 x 10-3 = X x X / 0.005427-x
From the above equation X = 0.1687 x 10-2M
[OH-] = 0.1687 x 10-2 M
pOH = -log [0.1687 x 10-2 ] = 2 + 0.773 = 2.0773
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14-pOH = 14-2.0773 = 11.92
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ibuprofen has the following mass percent composition: c 75.69 % , h 8.80 % , o 15.51 % . what is the empirical formula of ibuprofen? express your answer as a chemical formula.
The empirical formula of ibuprofen is C13H18O2.
Solution:
We have a mass of each element as:
C: 75.69 g
H: 8.8 g
O: 15.52 g
Divide by molar mass to get the number of moles of each:
C: 75.69/12.01 = 6.3022
H: 8.8/1.008 = 8.7302
O: 15.52/16.0 = 0.97
Divide by smallest:
C: 6.3022/0.97 = 6.5
H: 8.7302/0.97 = 9
O: 0.97/0.97 = 1
Multiply by 2 to get the simplest whole number ratio:
C : 6.5*2 = 13
H : 9*2 = 18
o : 1*2 = 2
So the empirical formula is C13H18O2.
An empirical formula is the chemical formula of a compound that indicates the proportion of elements present in the compound but does not indicate the actual number or arrangement of atoms. This will be the smallest integer ratio of the elements in the compound.
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arrange the organic compounds from most soluble in water to least soluble in water.
The increasing and decreasing order of solubility in water is C₆H₅NH₂<(C₂H₅)NH<C₂H₅NH₂ .
What is solubility, for instance?A typical illustration of a solution is the addition of sugar cubes to a coffee or tea drink. Solubility is a quality that aids in the dissolution of sugar molecules. Thus, the ability of a material (solute) to dissolves in a certain solvent may be characterized as solubility.
Briefing :They can establish hydrogen bonds with water, the lower alkyl alkenes are soluble in water. However, because the hydrophobic alkyl portion of amines grows larger, their solubility diminishes as their molar mass increases.
Compared to primary amines, secondary alcohols have less hydrogen bonding than primary amines do.
In light of this, secondary amines are less soluble than primary amines.
Due to the greater hydrocarbon constituent, which helps to slow down hydrogen bond formation, aromatic amines are insoluble in water.
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identify the stage in star life cycle in which hydrogen is the primary fuel for nuclear fusion?
The stage in star life cycle in which hydrogen is the primary fuel for nuclear fusion is Main sequence.
The same natural cycles that apply to living things also apply to stars. This cycle starts with birth, develops over the course of a lifespan marked by change and growth, and culminates in death. The life cycle of a star, which lasts for billions of years, is completely different from the life cycle of a living thing.
What is Main sequence stage of the star life cycle ?When the core temperature reaches the necessary level, fusion can start during the main sequence phase of development. The hydrogen protons undergo this transformation into helium atoms. An enormous quantity of energy is released from the core of a main-sequence star as a result of this exothermic reaction, which produces more heat than it consumes.
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This data table shows how quickly rope will rot away in freshwater and saltwater. what can you conclude about the rates of the rotting reaction?
A. The reaction occurs more slowly when the concentration of salt is higher.
B. The reaction occurs more quickly when the concentration of salt is higher.
C. The reaction occurs at the same rate, regardless of the concentration salt.
D. There is not enough information to conclude anything about the reaction rates.
The conclusion about the rates of the rotting reaction from the table would be that the reaction occurs more quickly when the concentration of salt is higher—option B.
What is the reaction rate?The rate of reaction, or reaction rate, is the time it takes for a reaction to occur. In other words, it is the time it takes for the reactants of a reaction to become products.
In this case, the reactant is the rope and the product is the rotten product of the rope. From the table, it took 10 years for the rope to decay in a lake. On the other hand, it took the same rope just 4 years to decay in an ocean.
The difference between the two water bodies is the presence of salt. The lake has almost zero salt while the conentration of salt in the ocean water is high.
Thus, the conclusion about the rate of rotting reaction would be that the reaction is hastened by the presence of salt in the ocean water.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the most likely reason for colloidal dispersion is ________________.
The most likely reason for colloidal dispersion is electrostatic repulsion.
When two charged particles, whether positively or negatively, approach one another, they repel one another. Electrostatic repulsion is the term used in the case.
The interaction of the electrical double layers around the particles or droplet causes electrostatic repulsion. Repulsion happens when charged colloidal particles in a dispersion become close to one another and the double layers start to overlap (the particle separation is now less than twice the double-layer extension). Since there isn't enough room for complete potential decay, the individual double layers can no longer evolve without restriction.
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Good luck on your finals!
write the chemical equation that describes the reaction of room temperature titanium tetrachloride with water vapor to produce a titanium dioxide smokescreen. include phases.
To shed light on the process by which titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are formed, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) hydrolysis has been investigated.
What takes place when TiCl4 is dissolved in water?Hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas, which is extremely caustic and hazardous, is known to be released violently when TiCl4 reacts with water. The estimate of the scope and gravity of the effects of large accidents that have been identified, such as an unintentional spill of TiCl4, is, however, not shared by the industry.
Why is room temperature titanium chloride liquid?An alternative strategy (which is the opposite of the solution above) would be to assert that since metal chlorides are often ionic, titanium chloride must be a tiny (covalent) molecule with weak molecular interactions if it is a liquid at room temperature.
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predict the charges of the monatomic (single-atom) ions formed by these main-group elements.
Magnesium, Aluminum, Strontium, and Nitrogen's monatomic ions have respective charges of +2, +3, +2, and -3.
How are the ions of the magnesium, aluminium, strontium, and nitrogen atoms charged?The valency of the atom is what determines how charged an ion is.
The amount of electrons the atom gained or lost during the process of forming an ion is indicated by the charge on the ion.
The group an element belongs to determines the charge of an ion.
As a result, the monatomic ions of magnesium, aluminium, strontium, and nitrogen have respective charges of +2, +3, +2, and -3.
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Complete Question
Predict the charge on the monatomic ions formed from the following atoms in binary ionic compounds in the following order: Magnesium, Aluminum, Strontium, and Nitrogen.
what is the condition produced when a foot is exposed to water or mud that is very cold, but above freezing tempuratures?
Trench foot is the condition produced when a foot is exposed to water or mud that is very cold, but above freezing temperatures.
What is trench foot?Trench foot (sometimes also called immersion foot) is prolonged exposure to moist or wet environments can cause tissue damage in the soles of the feet.
Tissue damage in the trench foot does not cause the foot tissue to freeze, so it is referred to as a non-freezing injury. Trench foot can occur when the soles of the feet are wet and exposed to temperatures of 0°C to 15°C for a long time.
Trench foot is characterized by swelling of the feet, pallor, tingling, numbness, patches on the skin and itching. This happens because in the trench foot there is damage to the nerves, blood flow, muscles, and skin on the soles of the feet. The soles of the feet can also blister or form bubbles filled with water which is very at risk of causing infection.
Trench foot is generally treated by warming the soles of the feet, such as holding them close to a fire or drying them. However, it can cause redness, pain, and sometimes very light sensitivity which can last six to ten weeks.
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do you think the specific concentrations that you were made were adequate to determine the concentration in question 2? why do you think is it necessary to spread the points out over the entire range
The quantity of solute in a given amount of solution is referred to as a solution's concentration, and a suitable concentration must be maintained to regulate reaction activity.
When researching chemical processes, a solute's concentration is crucial because it affects how frequently molecules collide in solution, concentration which indirectly affects the speeds of reactions and the conditions at equilibrium. One of three methods can be used to calculate the concentration percentage: (1) dividing the solute's mass by the solution's mass; (2) dividing the solute's volume by the solution; or (3) dividing the solute's mass by the solution's volume.
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The name of the compound TiS2
Answer: Titanium disulfide
Explanation:
I remember learning this in class. The TiS2 name is Titanium disulfide. If I am wrong, I am sorry it has been a long time since I learned this.
Answer: titanium disulfide
Explanation:
2. In the reaction NO+NO₂ N₂O3, an experiment finds equilibrium concentrations of [NO] = 3.8 M, [NO₂] = 3.9 M, and [N203] = 1.3 M. What is the equilibrium
constant K K for this reaction?
The equilibrium concentration, Kc for the reaction is: 0.088.
What is equilibrium concentration?A chemical reaction is considered to be in a state of chemical equilibrium when both the reactants and the products are in a concentration that does not change over time anymore. The forward response rate and the backward reaction rate are equal in this condition.
The presence of the chemicals in equal proportions is not a requirement for equilibrium. The fact that both the forward and backward reactions proceed at the same pace indicates that the reaction has progressed to a stage where the concentrations of the reactant and product remain constant throughout time.
Kc= concentration of product divided by concentration of reactant
NO + NO₂ → N₂O₃
or, Kc = N₂O₃ / (No) (NO₂)
or, Kc= ( 1.3 )/{ (3.9) ×(3.8) }
or, Kc=0.088
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what is the sequence of a peptide based on the following mrna sequence? 5' . . . uuuucuuauugucuu 3'
The sequence of a peptide based on the following mrna sequence, 5' . . . uuuucuuauugucuu 3' is phe-ser-tyr-cys-leu.
'What is peptide sequencing?'
The process of identifying the amino acids that make up a peptide chain's structural sequence is known as peptide sequencing. This knowledge must be made public in order to understand a protein's structure and function in a cell, which is important for biomedical research applications.
The nucleotide sequence of entire genomes or tiny, targeted genomic sections can be determined through sequencing. With the help of Illumina sequencing, a wide range of scientific questions about the genome, transcriptome, or epigenome of any organism can be answered. The preparation of the DNA or RNA samples and the data analysis choices used are the main differences between next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches.
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calculate the number of moles of magnesium, chlorine, and oxygen atoms in 2.70 moles of magnesium perchlorate, mg(clo4)2 .
The number of moles of magnesium, chlorine, and oxygen atoms in 2.70 moles of magnesium perchlorate is 2.70, 5.40, 21.60.
The formula of the compound is Mg(ClO4)2.
From the formula, we can see that 1 molecule of Mg(ClO4)2 contains 1 atom of Mg, 2 atoms of Cl and 8 atoms of O.
So 2.70 mol Mg(ClO4)2 contains
1 * 2.70 mol Mg = 2.70 mol Mg
2 * 2.70 mol Cl = 5.40 mol Cl
8 * 2.70 mol O = 21.60 mol O
So, the required answer is 2.70, 5.40, 21.60.
Therefore, the number of moles of magnesium, chlorine, and oxygen atoms in 2.70 moles of magnesium perchlorate is 2.70, 5.40, 21.60.
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what is the [oh−], [h+], ph, poh of 0.75 m ba(oh)2?
There will be twice quite so many OH ions as Ba(OH)2 molecules, with an OH- concentration of 1.5 M near the end.
Barium hydroxide, also known as baryta, has the formula Ba(OH)2. There is no odour to this clear white powder. It is naturally poisonous. It is ionic in nature; for example, in aqueous solution, Ba(OH)2 could provide two hydroxide ions for every molecule.
Given,
[Ba(OH)2] = 0.75 M
To find,
[H⁺] = ?
[OH⁻] = ?
pH = ?
pOH = ?
1. Identify the [H+]
If [H+] equals [Ba(OH)2, then [H+] = 10^13.8 = 1.58 M.
2. Calculate the pOH
pOH = - log[OH]
Substitution
pOH = - log(1.5)
Result
pOH = 0.17
3.- Calculate the pH
Formula
pH + pOH = 14
Find a solution for pH
pH = 14 - 0.17
Result
pH = 13.8.
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what is the mass (g) of 8.52 x 1022 molecules of nh3? enter your answer with 2 decimal places and no units.
The mass of 8.50 × 10²² NH₃ molecules is ≈ 1.84 g.
Solution:
Number of molecules = 8.50 × 10²² = 8687
Number of molecules = Number of moles × Avogadro's Number
8687 = Number of moles × 6.02×10^23
Number of moles = 8687\ 6.02×10^23 = 1443×10^-23 moles
Mass = Number of moles × Molar Mass = 1443×10^-23 × 17.031 = 24576×10^-23 = 2.4576×10^-18 g.
A quantitative measure of inertia, a fundamental property of all matter. In effect, it is the resistance that an object offers to changes in velocity or position when a force is applied. The greater the mass of an object, the smaller the change caused by an applied force.
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Write balanced net ionic equation for the following reaction: Fe(OH)3(s) + H2SO4(aq) +? Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer
The balanced net ionic equation is as follows;
Fe(OH)₃ + H₂SO₄---> Fe₂(SO₄)₃+ H₂O
The transformations that take place as a result of a chemical reaction are represented by an equation called a chemical equation. The following is the standard format for a chemical equation:
Reactants -----> Products
One example of a straightforward chemical reaction is the formation of water through the combination of hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) in the atmosphere (H₂O). Hydrogen and oxygen are the reactants in this reaction, and the result of the reaction is water. In order to create the chemical equation for this reaction, you would first start by writing the reactants on the left and the product on the right, with an arrow connecting the two to represent the direction in which the reaction occurs.
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which theory was proposed by kurt lewin and emphasizes the reaction of an object is the result of all the forces acting upon said object?
Kurt Lewin's theory that emphasizes the reaction of an object is the result of the forces acting upon it is the field theory.
The field theory is a psychological theory that examines the patterns of interaction between the individual and their environment. The concept was developed by Kurt Lewin in the 1940s. According to the theory, an action of the person or a change in the environment that resulted by said action can be considered behavior.
The field theory emphasized the importance of individual personalities, situational variables, and interpersonal conflict. An object's reaction is the result of all the forces that has been acting upon said object.
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2. if 3.45 g of sodium hydroxide is being reacted with 5.23 g of iron (iii) chloride, how many grams of iron (iii) hydroxide would be produced? show all calculations. (8 pts)
If 3.45 g of sodium hydroxide is being reacted with 5.23 g of iron (iii) chloride, grams of iron (iii) hydroxide produced is 3.44 g.
The reaction is given as :
FeCl₃ + 3NaOH ---> Fe(OH)₃ + 3NaCl
mass of NaOH = 3.45 g
mass of FeCl₃ = 5.23 g
moles of NaOH = mass / molar mass
= 3.45 / 40
= 0.086 mol
moles of FeCl₃ = 5.23 / 162
= 0.0322 mol
FeCl₃ is the limiting reactant and depends on the production of the Fe(OH)₃ .
1 mole of FeCl₃ = 1 mole of Fe(OH)₃
0.0322 mol of FeCl₃ = 0.0322 mol of Fe(OH)₃
mass of Fe(OH)₃ = moles × molar mass
= 0.0322 × 107
= 3.44 g
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The electronegativitie of the period-3 element are lited on the tranparency. Calculate the
electronegativity difference for the following pair of bonded period-3 atom. D. Si and Cl _______________________
b. Mg and S_______________________
e. Si and S ________________________
c. Al and P ______________________
The electronegativitie of the period-3 element are lited on the tranparency.. Si and Cl is 0.7, . Mg and S is 1.3, Si and S is 1.7, Al and P is 1.6.
The electronegativity of the atoms that make up the bond determines whether it is nonpolar or polar covalent. An atom's propensity to draw electrons (or electron density) in its direction is measured by its electronegativity. It controls how the shared electrons between the two atoms in a bond are distributed. The more an atom's electronegativity, the more strongly the electrons in its bonds are drawn to it. In a polar covalent bond, electrons are pushed in the direction of the more electronegative atom; as a result, the atom with the partial negative charge is the more electronegative atom. The electron distribution becomes increasingly polarised and the atoms' partial charges increase with increasing electronegativity differences.
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what volume of bromine is required to react with 165 liters of chlorine gas according to the following reaction? (all gases are at the same temperature and pressure.)
The volume of bromine that is required to react with 165 liters of chlorine gas is 49.8 L.
(1) volume of chlorine=33.8 liters
Given reaction equation: Br2(g)+Cl2(g) -> 2BCl(g)
In case of gases, molar ratio can be expressed in terms of volume occupied by each gas at constant temperature and pressure.(volume is directly proportional to number of moles of gas).
According to the balanced reaction, moles of bromine =moles of chlorine=33.8 L
Hence volume of bromine required = 33.8 litres
(2)according to given reaction:
2BrF3 (g) -> Br2(g)+3F2(g)
total moles of product =4
reactant=2
Hence ratio of moles of reactant: product=2:4 i.e., 1:2.
so, total volume of product = 2 * volume of reactant(BrF3)=2*24.9L = 49.8 liters
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The reaction mechanism shown below is suggested for an industrial process.
1: A2 = 2A (Slow)
2: 2A + B = C+ D (fast)
3: D + G = DG (fast)
4: DG = F + G (fast)
What is the overall reaction?
What is the rate determining step?
Two different changes to the reaction to increase the rate of reaction.
The overall reaction for given chemical equations is A₂ + B[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] C+ F ,the rate determining step is equation 1 as its is slow step and rate of reaction is increased by increasing the temperature or adding a catalyst.
What is chemical equation?
Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.
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what is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that consists of 4.5 wt% pb and 95.5 wt% sn? the atomic weights for pb and sn are 207.19 g/mol and 118.71 g/mol, respectively
The correct answer is 2.6 at% Pb(lead) and 97.4 at% Sn(Tin). is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that consists of 4.5 wt% pb and 95.5 wt% sn
We are given:
4.5 wt % of Pb means that 4.5 grams of lead is present in 100 g of alloy.
95.5 wt % of Sn means that 95.5 grams of tin is present in 100 g of alloy.
To calculate the atom percent of any compound in a mixture, we use the equation:
where,
Avogadro's number = 6.0221408e+23
Moles of a compound is given by the formula:
For Lead:
Given mass of lead = 4.5 g
Molar mass of lead = 207.19 g/mol
For Tin:
Given mass of tin = 95.5 g
Molar mass of tin = 118.71 g/mol
therefore the composition in alloy is 2.6 at% Pb(lead) and 97.4 at% Sn(Tin).
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Question 4
Write the name and formula of the compound made of magnesium and fluorine.
The compound made of magnesium and fluorine is magnesium fluoride and the chemical formula is MgF₂.
What is a chemical compound?Chemical compound in chemistry is any substance formed by the union of two or more chemical elements in a fixed ratio, the union being a chemical bond.
According to this question, magnesium and fluorine are two chemical elements. When they combine via a chemical bond, the compound formed is termed magnesium fluoride.
Magnesium fluoride is a chemical compound with chemical formula, MgF₂.
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consider the titration of 100.0 ml of 0.016 m hocl (ka=3.5×10−8) with 0.0400 m naoh.
40.0 mL NaOH required to reach equivalent point.
Milli moles of HOCl = 100 x 0.016 = 1.6
We need 1.6 milli moles of NaOH
1.6 = V x 0.04
V = 1.6 / 0.04 40 mL
Titration is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of identified analytes. Reagents, called titrants or titrators, are prepared as standard solutions of known concentration and volume. The purpose of titration is to establish the equivalence point, the point at which chemically equal amounts of the reactants are mixed.
The indicator used depends on the nature of the reaction. For example: Phenolphthalein or methyl orange can be used for acid and base titrations. The indicator marks the end point by changing color at the end point. One of the reactants may itself act as an indicator.
The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equal amounts of reactants are mixed. In an acid-base reaction, the equivalence point is where a mole of acid and a mole of base neutralize each other according to a chemical reaction.
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What is the relationship between the concentration and the rate of the reaction?
Positive
Negative
Neutral
The relationship between the concentration and the rate of the reaction is positive (option A).
What is rate of reaction?Rate of reaction or reaction rate is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time.
According to the collision theory, the rate of reaction increases with the increase in the concentration of the reactants.
The reaction rate is said to be increased when the formation of products is favoured.
In a positive relationship both variables tend to move in the same direction: If one variable increases, the other tends to also increase. If one decreases, the other tends to also.
Therefore, concentration and rate of reaction can be said to be in a positive relationship with one another.
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to change a temputure from celcius to farenheit you ultiply the celciues tep by 9/5 and add 32 to the product if the temp is 40 what is the farenheit temp?
Answer:
Explanation:
104
the heat of vaporization of water is 40.66 kj/mol. how much heat is absorbed when 3.22 g of water boils at atmospheric pressure? heat:
Heat energy is absorbed to boil the water at atmospheric pressure is 6.506kJ.
Atmospheric pressure, also known as barometric pressure, is the force per unit area exerted by an atmospheric pressure column (that is, the total mass of air over a given area). Atmospheric pressure can be measured with a mercury barometer . This gives the height of the mercury column exactly in balance with the weight of the atmospheric column above the barometer.
Atmospheric pressure is also measured using an aneroid barometer. In this case, the sensing element is one or more hollow, partially evacuated, corrugated metal discs supported against collapse by internal or external springs. Changes in the shape of the disc due to changes in pressure can be recorded with a pen arm and a clock-driven rotating drum.
Calculation :
Step : 1
Calculate the number of moles of water as follows :
[tex]Number of moles of water = \frac{mass}{molar mass}[/tex]
[tex]= \frac{2.88g}{18.0g/mol}[/tex]
[tex]= 0.16mol[/tex]
Step 2 :
Now, calculate the heat energy absorbed to boil the water at atmospheric pressure is as follows :
[tex]Q = n*[/tex]Δ[tex]H_{vap}[/tex]
[tex]= 0.16 mol * 40.66 kJ/mol[/tex]
[tex]= 6.506 kJ[/tex]
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What is the electrical charge of an electron in coulombs (C)?
The electrical charge of an electron in coulombs is -1.602176634 x 10^-19
A negatively charged subatomic particle known as an electron can either be free or attached to an atom which is not bound. The coulomb (C) is the unit of electric charge in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the charge transported by a constant current of one ampere in one second. The charge of an electron is a fundamental matter property and it is responsible for various electrical and magnetic phenomena observed in the world around us.
The magnitude of the charge of an electron is very small, but it is the fundamental unit of electric charge in the SI system. The charge of an electron is a fixed, invariant property of the electron, and it is one of the fundamental constants of nature. The electrical charge of an electron is -1.602176634 x 10^-19 coulombs (C), which is a fundamental constant in physics, and it is the same for all electrons.
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