Facilitated diffusion refers to the movement of solutes across the plasma membrane by transport proteins. Transport proteins of three types aid diffusion: channel protein, gated channel protein, and carrier protein.
define plasma membrane ?
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane (PM), cytoplasmic membrane, or plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the inside of all cells from the outside world (the extracellular space). The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer composed of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, which maintains adequate membrane fluidity at different temperatures. Membranes also contain membrane proteins, which include integral proteins that span the membrane and act as membrane transporters, as well as peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the cell membrane's outer (peripheral) side and act as enzymes to facilitate interaction with the cell's environment. Glycolipids found in the outer lipid layer perform a similar function.
Transport proteins of three types aid diffusion: channel protein, gated channel protein, and carrier protein. A Channel Protein, a kind of transport protein, acts as a channel in the membrane, enabling water molecules or small ions to move through fast.
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Masses of lymphatic tissue are found along the digestive system and protect the body against infection. They include _____ tonsils found at the root of the tongue, _____ tonsils found at the back of the soft palate and _____ tonsils also known as adenoids.lingual
palatine
pharyngeal
Masses of lymphatic tissue are found along the digestive system and protect body against infection. They include lingual tonsils found at root of tongue, palatine tonsils found at back of the soft palate and pharyngeal tonsils also known as adenoids.
What are lymphoid tissues?The lymphatic system is a network of delicate tubes in the body. It drains fluid which is called lymph that has leaked from the blood vessels in the tissues and then empties it back in bloodstream through the lymph nodes.
Tonsils are lymphoid tissues that are found at back of the throat and also helps in fighting infection. The tonsils are the ones on the sides of the throat that can be seen when you look at your throat in mirror and are called palatine tonsils.
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which of the following is typical correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?
sepals, petals, stamens, carpels are correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower.
The four primary whorls of a typical flower are the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. The flower's outermost whorl is composed of sepals, which are green, leafy structures. The calyx, which is made up of the sepals, serves to shield the closed bud. The corolla, or collection of petals in the second whorl, are typically brilliantly colored. Whether a plant is a monocot or a dicot affects how many sepals and petals it has. Petal counts in dicots are typically four or five, or multiples of four and five, whereas they are typically three or multiples of three in monocots.
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peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and bone marrow samples are isolated from a patient, and then analyzed using flow cytometry. which of the following disorders could be diagnosed using this technique?
O B cell leukemia O Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) O Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) O Leukemia and SCID O Leukemia, SCID, and CGD
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and bone marrow samples are isolated from a patient, and then analyzed using flow cytometry. Disorders could be diagnosed using this technique is Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
Any peripheral blood cell with a rounded nucleus is referred to be a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) and monocytes make up these cells, whereas erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) lack nuclei and contain multilobed nuclei, respectively. The bulk of PBMCs in humans are lymphocytes, followed by monocytes and just a minor proportion are dendritic cells.The gut tissue is maintained by a variety of cell types. The immune system and epithelium lining cells, however, are the key players. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are utilized to study how different immune cells are impacted by food bioactive. These cells can be easily extracted from buffy coats or healthy donor blood (leukocyte concentrates, a by-product from hospital Blood Banks in the manufacturing of red blood cell and thrombocyte concentrates from anti-coagulated whole blood).To know more about lymphocytes check the below link:
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(q037) in mammals, individuals with two x chromosomes are female, and individuals with an x and a y chromosome are male. it had long been known that a gene located on the y chromosome was sufficient to induce the gonads to form testes, which is the main male-determining factor in development, and researchers sought the product of this gene, the so-called testes-determining factor (tdf). for several years, the tdf was incorrectly thought to be a zinc finger protein encoded by a gene called boy. which of the following observations would most strongly suggest that boy might not be the tdf?
The discovery that would most strongly imply that BoY might not be the TDF is that some XY people who mature into females have mutations in a separate gene, SRY, but are normal at BoY.
Mammals are a group of vertebrate creatures that make up the class Mammalia. They are distinguished from other vertebrate animals by the presence of three cavum bones, a pallium, and exocrine gland glands in the females that provide milk for the young.
A chromosome is a lengthy desoxyribonucleic acid molecule that contains all or part of an organism's genetic code. The packing proteins in most chromosomes coat the extremely long, thin deoxyribonucleic acid fibers; in eukaryotic cells, the histones are the most essential of these proteins.
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in response to chemical signals, prokaryotes can carry out which of the following activities? in response to chemical signals, prokaryotes can carry out which of the following activities? inactivate their mrna molecules increase the number and responsiveness of their ribosomes alter the level of production of various enzymes turn off translation of their mrna
alter the level of production of various enzymes.
What are the possible reactions of prokaryotes to chemical signals?A catabolite activator protein (CAP) interacts to DNA to promote transcription in a number of operons involved in sugar metabolism.
How Does Gene Expression Change as a Result of Environmental Change?The availability of nutrients frequently affects the regulation of regulatory proteins in prokaryotes.As a result, organisms like bacteria can quickly modify their transcription patterns is response to their environment.
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You have sequenced the genome of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium, and you are using BL.AST analysis to identify similarities within the S. typhimurium genome to known proteins. You find a protein that is 100 percent identical in the bacterium Escherichia coli When you compare nucleotide sequences of the
S. typhimurium and coli genes, you find that their nucleotide sequences are only 87 percent identical.
a. Explain this observation.
b. What do these observations tell you about the merits of nucleotide- versus protein-similarity searches in identifying related genes?
The percentage of similarity between nucleotides and proteins will be the same.
The fundamental tenet of biology holds that PROTEINS are created according to the instructions found in the nucleotide sequences of genes. In other words, nucleotide sequences found in genes include the data necessary to build proteins. This implies that each protein is encoded by a gene's nucleotides.This statement implies that the expression of genes will result in the formation of GAPDH protein sequences from its nucleotide sequences. Since GAPDH nucleotide sequences result in GAPDH protein sequences, the percentage of similarity between nucleotides and proteins will be same.To know more about nucleotides
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peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and bone marrow samples are isolated from a patient, and then analyzed using flow cytometry. which of the following disorders could be diagnosed using this technique?
O B cell leukemia O Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) O Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) O Leukemia and SCID O Leukemia, SCID, and CGD
peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and bone marrow samples are isolated from a patient, and then analyzed using flow cytometry. Leukemia, SCID, and CGD disorders could be diagnosed using this technique.
A type of blood malignancies known as leukemia generally start in the bone marrow and are characterized by abnormally high blood cell production. Blasts or leukemia cells are the terms used to describe these immature blood cells. An elevated risk of infections, bone discomfort, fatigue, bleeding, and bruising are a few of the warning signs. The absence of healthy blood cells is what makes this illness distinct. Blood testing and bone marrow biopsies are frequently used in the diagnosis procedure. Leukemia's exact origin is not known. Both genetic and environmental (non-inherited) variables are thought to be involved. Smoking, ionizing radiation, petrochemicals (including benzene), previous chemotherapy, and Down syndrome are risk factors. People with a family history of the illness form another category.
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Pitch depends on which of the following?
a. Amplitude of a sound wave
b. Number of hair cells stimulated
c. Strength of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory
nerve
d. Number of sound waves that reach the ear in a given
time
e. Decibels of a sound wave
D
Frequency affects the pitch. The quantity of sound waves that reach the ear in a specific amount of time is known as frequency. According to the text, the pitch relies on frequency. Option (d) is correct.
The frequency of the sound waves affects pitch. The pitch increases as the frequency increases. While the loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude of sound waves, the pitch of a sound depends on its frequency. Sound wave size is determined by amplitude. It depends on how much energy created the initial waves. Waves with a larger amplitude produce louder sounds because they are more energetic and intense.
The energy of sound waves disperses more as they move away from their source. According to the data, pitch perception is influenced by tone strength; below 1000 Hz, pitch tends to decrease with increasing loudness, and beyond 1000 Hz, pitch tends to increase. If a tone is not long enough for pitch to be assigned, it is heard as a CLICK. The relationship between pitch and sound frequency is straightforward. Higher the frequency,higher will be the pitch and vice-versa.
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In an insightful experiment performed in the 1960 s, chloroplasts were first soaked in an acidic solution at pH4 so that the stroma and thylakoid space became acidified (Figure Q!4-17). They were then transferred to a basic solution (Ph8). This quickly increased the pH of the stroma to 8 while the thylakoid space temporarily remained at pH4 A burst of ATP synthesis was observed, and the pH difference between the thylakoid and the stroma then disappeared.
A. Explain why these conditions lead to ATP synthesis.
B. Is light needed for the experiment to work?
C. What would happen if the solutions were switched so that the first incubation is in the pH 8 solution and the second one in the pH 4 solution?
D. Does the experiment support or question the chemiosmotic model?
Explain your answers.
Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain membrane-bound compartments called thylakoids. They serve as the location of the photosynthetic reactions that depend on light. A thylakoid membrane surrounds a thylakoid lumen in thylakoids.
Chlorophyll pigments are present in bundles called quantasomes in thylakoid membranes. Between 230 to 250 chlorophyll molecules make up each quantasome.
The light-dependent photosynthesis reactions take place on the thylakoid membrane, where the photosynthetic pigments are physically incorporated into the membrane. It is made up of 1 nanometer-wide bands of light and dark material that alternate. The inner chloroplast membrane and prokaryotic membranes both share characteristics with the lipid bilayer that makes up the thylakoid cell.
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Discuss how horticulture will create job opportunities or green business in your community
The production and processing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, aromatic and medicinal plants are all part of the burgeoning field of horticulture in agriculture.
Landscapers and horticulturists are employed by hotels, health farms, and vacation resorts to enhance their surroundings, while managers of nurseries and florists run successful businesses, particularly in major cities, in the horticulture sector. In horticulture-related fields, horticulturists work as gardeners, growers, therapists, designers, and technical advisors.
Due to the abundance of work opportunities in the academic, research, and development fields in both the commercial and public sectors in India and overseas, horticulture has emerged as one of the greatest career possibilities.
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1) Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of
A) insulin. B) secretin. C) oxytocin. D) glucagon. E) glucose.
Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of option D) glucagon.
A blood sample is an quantity of a personality's blood taken from their body to be used in medical tests. Collection blood samples is a oftentimes used technique to diagnose and monitor diseases, and because of blood samples, long and generally painful examinations will typically be avoided. Blood condition says one thing regarding the patient's overall health condition and divulges additional specific diseases and conditions.
Glucagon is a internal secretion that your exocrine gland makes to assist regulate your blood sugar (sugar) levels. endocrine will increase your glucose level and prevents it from dropping too low, whereas hypoglycemic agent, another internal secretion, decreases glucose levels.
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Tasha is a 26-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who is treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Which of the following vaccines should be avoided for Tasha? a. HPV b. MenACWY c. MMR Herpes zoster d. (RZV)
Tasha should not receive any of the following vaccines: HPV, MenACWY, and MMR. The only vaccine that can be given safely to her is the herpes zoster (RZV) vaccine. So the correct options are a , b and c.
Tasha is a 26-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who is treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy is a type of medication that suppresses the immune system, which is responsible for fighting off infection and illness. Because of this, Tasha should not receive certain vaccines in order to avoid potential complications.
The following vaccines should be avoided for Tasha: HPV, MenACWY, and MMR. The HPV vaccine, or human papillomavirus vaccine, is a preventative vaccine that helps protect against certain types of HPV-related cancers, including cervical cancer. The MenACWY vaccine is used to protect against meningococcal infection. The MMR vaccine, or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, is used to prevent measles, mumps, and rubella. All of these vaccines contain live, weakened viruses, which can cause infections and other complications in people with a weakened immune system.
The only vaccine that can be given safely to Tasha is the herpes zoster (RZV) vaccine. This vaccine is used to prevent shingles, a painful skin rash caused by the varicella zoster virus. Unlike the other vaccines, the herpes zoster (RZV) vaccine does not contain live viruses, and is therefore safe for people with weakened immune systems.
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a venous reflux study provides important information to help determine if venous ablation would be a viable treatment option for venous reflux. which of the following factors is least important for a successful outcome? caliber and depth of the vein, duration of reflux, presence of venous stasis changes, course of the vessel
When evaluating whether venous ablation would be a viable treatment option for venous reflux, the caliber and depth of the vein, duration of reflux, and presence of venous stasis changes are all important factors for a successful outcome. The course of the vessel is the least important factor.
The caliber and depth of the vein is an important factor for a successful outcome because the reflux must be treated through ablation of the entire involved vein segment. The duration of reflux is important because it gives a measure of how long the patient has been experiencing the symptoms of reflux and can provide valuable insight into how severe the reflux is. The presence of venous stasis changes gives an indication of the severity of the reflux and how much damage has been done to the veins.
The course of the vessel is the least important factor when considering whether venous ablation would be a viable treatment option because the ablation procedure is designed to treat the entire vein segment, regardless of its course. The course of the vessel may be important in determining the exact location of the ablation procedure but it is not necessary for a successful outcome.
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Where does DNA polymerization start?
Group of answer choices 3' end of the template NONE OF THESE are good answers at a random location 5' end of the template ALL OF THESE are good answers
DNA Polymerization starts at the 3' end of the DNA strand and ends at the 5' end of the strand, which means option A is the right answer.
DNA Polymerization is the process of production of similar strand of DNA (also called as DNA polymers) by the help of enzyme DNA Polymerase which helps in replication of DNA strand and also helps in proofreading so as to repair any wrongly replicated nucleotide. DNA polymerase moves along the template strand in a 3'–5' direction and the daughter strand is formed in a 5'–3' direction. DNA polymerases' basic function is to accurately and efficiently replicate the genome and to ensure flow of genetic information and viability of species.
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a 22-year-old man presents with an asthma exacerbation. which of the following is true regarding treatment modalities
Beta-2-agonists promote bronchodilation by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
A chronic inflammatory illness of the airways known as bronchial asthma is characterized by bronchial hyperreactivity and varying degrees of airway blockage. Clinical history, physical exam, and pulmonary function tests, such as reversibility testing and bronchial reactivity assessment, are used to make the diagnosis. The aim of treatment is to successfully and permanently manage the disease's symptoms. Asthma is often treated with a combination of long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy, patient education, and preventative measures. When an attack is acute, bronchodilators such beta2 sympathomimetics are utilized to quickly relieve symptoms.
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the arrangement of erythrocytes on this peripheral blood smear may be seen in each of the following conditions except?
The arrangement of erythrocytes on this peripheral blood smear may be seen in each of the following conditions except Cold agglutinin disorders
What is the main function of erythrocyte?Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are the functional part of blood that transport gases & nutrients throughout the body. These specialized cells can perform their critical jobs due to their particular structure and makeup.
What is erythrocytes in blood?A particular blood cell type that is produced as in bone marrow and is present in the blood. Hemoglobin, a protein found in erythrocytes, is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body from the lungs. The most prevalent form of blood cell and the vertebrate's primary method of supplying oxygen to the body tissues through blood flow through the circulatory system are red blood cells, also known as red cell lines, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythropoiesis cells, or erythrocytes.
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menstrual cramps are caused by prostaglandins which are both produced by and affect the uterus. because they are produced by and affect the same area of the body they are considered hormones.
The answer is Local. Prostaglandins, which are produced by and have an impact on the uterus, are what cause menstrual cramps. They are regarded as local hormones since they originate from and have an impact on the same region of the body.
The endometrial cells, also known as the cells that line the uterus, start to degrade and release many inflammatory prostaglandins before a period even starts. These substances cause the muscular layer to spasm and the blood arteries in the uterus to constrict, which results in excruciating cramps.
Prostaglandins cause the muscles in your uterus to contract during your menstruation. These contractions aid in the uterine lining's removal. Prostaglandin levels can make period cramps worse, and hard contractions can narrow the blood arteries surrounding the uterus.
Since prostaglandins originate in and have an effect on the same area of the body, we may conclude that they are thought of as local hormones.
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the following text applies to questions 47-49. over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines and some species have become extinct. scientists suspected that local human activities, such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation, were the main reasons for these losses. however, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. these global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. in switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. q47. some biologists urge the collection of the few remaining individuals of some of the most threatened amphibian species, to preserve them in captivity if they become extinct in the wild. if these captive breeding programs could produce thousands of individuals from just a few of the remaining survivors, the species may actually still be threatened because of . group of answer choices mutations a bottleneck effect a founder effect artificial selection
The species may actually still be threatened because of a (b) bottleneck effect.
A kind of genetic drift is the bottleneck effect. Genetic drift is the process through which a population's allele frequencies shift as a result of random occurrences. There is no pressure favoring any one allele over others, and the shift in frequency is completely random.
Natural selection, in contrast to genetic drift, is a process through which a population gradually adapts to its surroundings. In contrast to genetic drift, which is a random process, natural selection promotes the fittest genes. The following are the stages of a bottle-neck effect:
Before it happens: Genetic variety exists in the population before a random event happens.Unexpected occurrence: A random occurrence of some type triggers the impact.Less genetic variety exists: because only a small portion of the population, including their alleles, survives.Learn more about genetic drift and natural selection here:
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given the following generic metal carbonyl complex with phosphine ligand, order the compounds in increasing co stretching frequency. give a rationale for your ordering.
The electron donating or withdrawing ability of phosphines can be correlated with the CO stretching frequency of monophosphine metal carbonyls.
A few of the physical processes that rely on electron are gravity, electromagnetic interactions, weak interactions, electricity, magnetism, chemistry, and thermal conductivity. An observer monitoring an electron will produce a magnetic field since the electron has an electric field surrounding it because of its charge. According to the Lorentz force law, magnetic fields generated by external sources will alter the velocities of electrons. When electrons are accelerated, photons are either released or absorbed as energy.
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Reducing greenhouse gas emissions involves making changes to one's current activities. Arrange the changes to activities by their impact in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Greatest reduction in emissions Switch from driving 20,000 miles per year in a gas-powered pickup truck that gets 13 mpg to driving the same distance in a car that gets 26 mpg. Commute 30 miles a day, five days a week using public transportation instead of driving alone in a car that gets 26 mpe Replace four incundescent 100 watt lightbulbs with equally bright energy-efficient bulbs in a house supplied with electricity generated with fossil fuel. Replace an old refrigerator and washing machine with energy-efficient models, assuming electricity is generated with fossil fuels. Smallest reduction in emissions
The changes to activities by their impact in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. is Greatest Reduction in emissions.
Commute 30 miles a day, five days a week wing public Transportation instead of driving alone in a car that gets 26mpg.
↓
Replace four incandescent 100-watt lightbulbs with equally bright energy-efficient bulbs in a house supplied with electricity generated with fossil fuel.
↓
Replace an old Refrigerator & washing machine with energy-efficient models, assuming electricity is generated with fossil fuels.
↓
Switch from driving 20,000 miles per year. gas in a powered pickup Truck that gets 13 mpg to driving the same distance in a car that gets 26 mpg.
The smallest Reduction in emissions.
Human activities are responsible for the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. Over the past century, the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil has increased the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This increase occurs because the process of burning coal or oil combines oxygen and carbon from the air to produce CO2.
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a type of localized signaling in which a cell secretes a signal molecule that affects neighboring cells is best described as which of the following?
The paracrine signaling, type of localized signaling in which a cell secretes a signal molecule that affects neighboring cells is best.
What is paracrine signaling ?
By releasing signaling molecules that bind to and activate neighboring cells, a process known as "paracrine signaling" enables cells to communicate with one another.
What is signal molecule ?
Many times, molecules that transmit signals are referred to as ligands, a broad term for molecules that particularly attach to other molecules (such as receptors). A series of chemical messengers within the cell frequently relay the message carried by a ligand.
In paracrine signaling, a molecule released by one cell acts on neighboring target cells.
Therefore, paracrine signaling, type of localized signaling in which a cell secretes a signal molecule that affects neighboring cells is best.
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Classify each of the following traits depending on the method by which the influenza virus changes its genetic information.OPTIONS: -Antigenic Drift Only- Antigenic Shift Only-Similarities Between Antigenic Drift and Shifta. Mutation of the virus itselfb. Small changes to the genetic makeup of influenza strainsc. After the flu strain mutates, the immune system recognizes as a new virusd. Results in the virus evading the immune systeme. The reassembly of viral genomes derived from various strainsf. Makes the annual flu vaccine ineffectiveg. After the flu strain mutates, the immune system may recognize the virus but at a reduced level of efficiencyh. Major changes to the genetic makeup of influenza strainsi. Greater consequence for humansj. Changes are noted on the surface spikes H and N of the influenza virus
Only Antigenic Shift: Similarities Between Shift and Antigenic Drift. viral mutation on its own. Small genetic modifications to influenza strains.
What does the genetic alteration in the flu virus mean?"Antigenic shift" is another term for a change. Shift is a rapid, significant alteration in an influenza A virus that causes the human-infecting flu viruses to produce new HA and/or new HA and NA proteins. A novel influenza A subtype could arise due to an antigenic change.
The influenza virus's main target is what?The main target of the human adaptive immune response to the influenza virus is the HA protein, which is also the main ingredient in influenza virus vaccines. Each monomer of the homotrimer protein HA contains a globular head (HA1) and a stalk (HA2) domain..
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describe, in detail, the complete auditory transmission to transduction process (chain of events) beginning with the transmission of a sound wave through the air and ending with the stimulation of the hair cells. in your answer, explain exactly when the transduction occurs.
It happens when a sensory receptor transforms a particular stimulus energy (such as a photon or sound wave) into an electrical impulse that the brain can understand.
Where does transduction take place, and what is it?Genes from one host cell (a bacterium) are incorporated into the genome of a bacterial virus (a bacteriophage), which is then transferred to another host cell when the bacteriophage starts a new cycle of infection. This process is known as transduction in bacteria.
Where in the cell does transduction take place?The organ of Corti contains the transduction site (spiral organ). It is made up of short, hair-like stereocilia that are exposed and held in place above the basilar membrane like flowers emerging from the ground.
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Of the following events that occur during meiosis, which contributes most to genetic diversity in the human population?
The genetic diversity in the human population is mainly due to recombination or crossing over of DNA, during Prophase 1 of meiotic cell division.
During prophase 1 of meiotic cell division, the copied chromosomes condense to form X shaped structure by combining two sister chromatids. During this stage, the non-sister chromatids exchange bits of DNA. This process is called recombination or crossing over.
During the process of recombination the chromosomes exchange alleles, which results in the variation of gametes. This is one of the reasons siblings don't look alike. This process prevents the creation of copies of the same chromosomes.
So Recombination results in genetic diversity.
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Consider the following two sequences:
Sp1 GGG GGG GGC GGG GGC GGG GGG GGG
Sp2 GGA GGG GGG GGC GGG GGA GGT GGT
Which species shows stronger codon bias?
A. Species 1
B. Species2
Option A Species 1 shows a stronger codon bias.Numerous biological activities, including transcription, mRNA stability, translation accuracy, and efficiency as well as the structure, expression, and function of proteins, depending on codon bias.
Codon bias is thought to result from genome adaptation to both transcription and translation machinery because it influences chromatin architecture, mRNA folding, and translation efficiency by adjusting the rate of translation elongation. In the study of the molecular evolution of genes, a selection that is applied to gene sequences without amino acid modifications has significant ramifications.
Since closely related organisms share patterns of codon usage, codon bias analysis can show horizontal gene transfers and evolutionary links between organisms [6]. Most genes with largely ideal codons encode highly expressed proteins. Therefore, genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology is where CUB is most commonly used. Here, codon optimization of genes from foreign sources is done to improve the production of heterologous genes' proteins.
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Answer:
2
Explanation:
when a stem cell differentiates and changes in size and shape, specific genes are being(1 point) responses spliced. spliced. copied. copied. transcribed. transcribed. expressed.
When a stem cell differentiates and changes in size and shape, specific genes are being (d) expressed.
Gene expression is the process by which genetic data travels from genes (DNA) to RNA and proteins. Genes are initially translated into messenger RNAs (mRNAs) during differentiation, and then these mRNAs are translated into proteins.
A DNA segment known as a "gene" serves as a template for the production of an mRNA in the cell nucleus during the process of gene transcription.
After that, this mRNA moves to the cytoplasm where it is translated into a protein by using it as a template. In conclusion, some genes are expressed when a stem cell develops and alters in size and structure.
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Determine whether the following phrases describe type I topoisomerases, type II topoisomerases, or both type I and type II topoisomerases. Type I Topoisomerases Type II topoisomerases Bothcleave one strand of DNA cleave both DNA strands couples energy from ATP hydrolysis to the introduction of negative supercoils change the linking number (Lk)by a multiple of 2 change the linking number (Lk)by 1 or a multiple of 1 regulate DNA supercoiling
The correct option is C ; Both type I and type II topoisomerases. A type I topoisomerase only breaks one strand of DNA, but a type II topoisomerase breaks both strands. Because of this mechanistic variation, the linking number of DNA, L, varies by 1 or 2 for type I and type II topoisomerases, respectively.
Type II topoisomerases function by causing a brief double-stranded DNA break, which is followed by a double-stranded DNA passage event As a result, these enzymes may remove superhelical twists from DNA and untangle knotted or tangled duplex molecules.
Negative supercoiling serves an essential biological purpose by promoting local- and global-strand separation of DNA molecules during transcription and replication.
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this biome is cool (5 to 25 c) and wet. it receives more than 200 cm (78 in) of rain per year and is usually found along coasts.
This biome is cool (5° to 25° C /41° to 77° F) and wet. It receives more than 200 cm (78 in) of rain per year and is usually found along coasts and temperate rainforests.
What is a biome?
A biome is described as a biogeographical unit consisting of a biological community that has formed in response to the physical environment in which they are found and a shared regional climate.
A Biome is a broader term than habitat and can comprise a variety of habitats.
The seven main Biomes of the World includes:
Tropical Rainforest.Temperate Forest.Desert.Tundra.Taiga (Boreal Forest)Grassland.Savanna.The Tundra is characterized by a short intense growing season and is cold with summers ranging 3-12° C (37° to 54° F) and winter averaging -32° C (26 below 0° F.
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A review of research supports that there may be an ergogenic effect associated with the use of ______ supplementation. a) glutamine b) tryptophan c) glycine
A review of research supports that there may be an ergogenic effect associated with the use of creatine supplementation.
Scientists first learned that supplementing with creatine could improve physical performance in the 1970s. Creatine gained popularity as a sports supplement in the 1990s as sportsmen began to take notice. High school, college, and professional athletes, particularly football and hockey players, wrestlers, and gymnasts, are particularly fond of the supplement.
A slight improvement in contractile function is shown in sports involving frequent high-intensity exercise sessions due to the higher muscle creatine concentration. When paired with several weeks of training, creatine should have greater long-term ergogenic effects.
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The complete question is:
A review of research supports that there may be an ergogenic effect associated with the use of ______ supplementation.
A. glutamine
B. tryptophan
C. glycine
D. creatine
label the functional areas of the brain by clicking and dragging the labels to the correct location.
The functional areas of the brain First-order somatosensory cortex Central Guslatooy Sulas - (7 Cin insulas) The Somatosensory Association in Primary Motor Cortex. Prefrontal context in Motar Association area 7 Lateral Sulces. -> Primary visual cortex Wernicke's Area Area of the Olfactory Association, or Booas.
On the medial surface of the brain, the precentral gyrus and anterior paracentral lobule are home to the primary motor cortex, or M1. The main motor cortex, out of the three motor cortex regions, takes the least electrical current to stimulate a movement.
The motor cortex's main job is to provide signals that control how the body moves. It is anterior to the central sulcus and a portion of the frontal lobe. The primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area make up this region.
The motor cortex generates signals that are particular to movements and sends them to the muscles via spinal cord circuits and motoneurons to regulate motor behavior. For the execution of movements to be precise, coordinated muscle activation patterns are required.
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Label the functional areas of the brain by clicking and dragging the labels to the correct location. Broca’s area Prefrontal cortex Primary motor cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Olfactory association Visual association area area Primary somato- sensory cortex Cerebellum Lateral Motor association area sulcus Central sulcus Primary visual cortex Somatosensory association area Wernicke’s area Reset Zoom ?