The NCl₃ is liquid at room temperature but NH₃ is gas at room temperature because NH₃ has the intermolecular hydrogen bonding , it hold thew ammonia very tightly.
The NCl₃ is liquid at room temperature but NH₃ is gas at room temperature because NH₃ has the intermolecular hydrogen bonding , it hold thew ammonia very tightly. the van der waal force is the weak force ads compared to the hydrogen bonding. NCl₃ partly dissociates to form ions and nh3nh3 does not. therefore, ion-dipole interactions are present in NCl₃ but not in NH₃
Thus, NH₃ is the gas at the room temperature and the NCl₃ is liquid at room temperature.
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when determining the absolute age of a rock, scientists measure the radioactive decay of isotope to isotope. this process is called dating.
i) Absolute dating method is used to measure absolute age of a rock using radioactive decay of isotope.
ii) The working of this Absolute dating was discussed below:
Working of absolute datingBy monitoring the radioactive decay of isotopes or the effects of radiation on the crystal structure of minerals, absolute dating techniques estimate the amount of time since rocks first formed. To help establish the age of rocks, paleomagnetism measures the ancient orientation of the Earth's magnetic field.
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Complete question:
To determining the absolute age of a rock, scientists measure the radioactive decay of isotope
i) What is name of this method?
ii) How this method works?
Based on valence bond theory, which statement best describes the electron geometry, bonding and hybridization of the central atom in carbon tetrachloride? The electron geometry of carbon in carbon tetrachloride is tetrahedral with a sp3 hybridization.
Based on valence bond theory, which statement best describes the electron geometry, bonding and hybridization of the central atom in carbon tetrachloride? The electron geometry of carbon in carbon tetrachloride is tetrahedral with a sp3 hybridization.
The bonding in carbon tetrachloride involves the overlap of the valence orbitals on the carbon atom with the valence orbitals on the four chlorine atoms. The hybridization of the carbon atom in carbon tetrachloride is sp3, meaning that the four valence orbitals on the carbon atom are mixed together to form four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are used to form the four bonds with the chlorine atoms. Therefore, the statement "The electron geometry of carbon in carbon tetrachloride is tetrahedral with a sp3 hybridization" accurately describes the electron geometry, bonding, and hybridization of the central atom in carbon tetrachloride.
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Question 4
How many moles of CuSO4 are there in 7.87 x 1024 molecules of CuSO4?
Answer:
8058.88
Explanation:
7.87 x 1024=8058.88
you got this bro!
Predict the Diels-Alder product for each reaction below. Make sure to show both Endo- and Exo-products if two are possible. If enantiomers are formed, you only need to show one. (1 points): (a) (0.25 points) ÇO2Me heat = A CO Me (b) (0.25 points) CN El heat = A CO2Me CN (c) (0.25 points) ÇO Me IN heat = A CO Me (d) (0.25 points) Hint: Cyclopentadiene can dimerize via Diels-Alder reaction: heat = A + Chemical Formula: C10H12 2
Answer:
The Diels-Alder products for each reaction are as follows:
(a) CO2Me + heat = A CO Me
In this reaction, the Diels-Alder product is a cyclohexene derivative. This can be either the endo-product or the exo-product, depending on the orientation of the substituents on the diene and dienophile.
(b) CN + El heat = A CO2Me CN
In this reaction, the Diels-Alder product is a cyclohexene derivative. This can be either the endo-product or the exo-product, depending on the orientation of the substituents on the diene and dienophile.
(c) CO Me + IN heat = A CO Me
In this reaction, the Diels-Alder product is a cyclohexene derivative. This can be either the endo-product or the exo-product, depending on the orientation of the substituents on the diene and dienophile.
(d) Cyclopentadiene can dimerize via Diels-Alder reaction: heat = A + Chemical Formula: C10H12
In this reaction, the Diels-Alder product is a dimer of cyclopentadiene. This is a cyclodecadiene derivative, which can be either the endo-product or the exo-product, depending on the orientation of the substituents on the diene and dienophile.
Starting with a primary alkyl bromide, which of the following results in an overall decrease in the length of the carbon skeleton by one carbon? a) substitute bromide with methoxide b) eliminate hydrogen bromide to produce an alkene, then cleave the double bond c) substitute bromide with acetylide, then reduce the alkyne to an alkene d) substitute bromide with acetylide, then cleave the triple bond
The number of carbons that are immediately surrounding the carbon to which the halide group is connected determines whether alkyl halides are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Therefore, the correct option is option B.
What is alkyl halide?Haloalkanes are another name for alkyl halides. Alkyl halides are substances in which halogen atoms have taken the place of hydrogen atoms in an alkane. The halogens can be chlorine, bromine, fluorine etc.
Starting with a primary alkyl bromide, if we want to reduce the length of the carbon skeleton by one carbon then we need to eliminate hydrogen bromide to produce an alkene, then cleave the double bond.
Therefore, the correct option is option B.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. in 1963, the united states passed the___, which sets a maximum amount for emissions of pollutants or the presence of pollutants in ambient air.
In 1963, the united states passed the clean air act which sets a maximum amount for emissions of pollutants or the presence of pollutants in ambient air.
The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first piece of federal law to address "regulating" air pollution. This was done by the 1963 legislation, which authorized research into methods for monitoring and regulating air pollution and established a government program inside the U.S. Public Health Service. To reduce air pollution in the United States, significant legislation known as the Clean Air Act was passed. less air pollution overall. The overall amount of pollutants generated may be decreased in a number of methods, including smaller automobiles, the removal of sulfur from coal, and lower combustion temperatures.
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Jack suggests that substances burn because they contain a fiery liquid substance he calls phlogiston. His __ explains why there are visible flames around a burning substance (that's the phlogiston escaping) and also why most burning substances lose weight when they burn (the phlogiston escapes).hypothesis
His hypothesis explains why there are visible flames around a burning substance (that's the phlogiston escaping) and also why most burning substances lose weight when they burn (the phlogiston escapes).
What is hypothesis?Hypothesis is defined as the statement that is being made by a researcher between two or more variables which can further be tested using experimentation.
The characteristics of hypothesis include the following:
It should be a clear statement without bias.It should bear scope that allows further testing.It should specify variables between which the relationship is to be established.The hypothesis of Jack can be said to contain two variables and their relationship, such as visible flames and phlogiston.
His hypothesis gave room for further testing to prove that there are visible flames around a burning substance (that's the phlogiston escaping) and also why most burning substances lose weight when they burn (the phlogiston escapes).
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How many grams are equivalent to 6.25 moles of Ag
Answer: 675 grams
Explanation:
Carbonated beverages are infused withnitrogen gascarbon dioxide gasoxygen gasxenon gas
Drinks that have carbon dioxide dissolved in the water are referred to as carbonated beverages. The presence of this gas causes the liquid to froth and bubble.
Carbonation can happen underground naturally or artificially by applying pressure. Spring water, beer and soda, and pop are a few examples of carbonated beverages. Additionally, when carbon dioxide gas is absorbed in a liquid, such as spring water, which absorbs CO2 from the subsurface, carbonation can happen naturally. Beer is another naturally carbonated beverage because the brewing process produces carbon dioxide. soda with carbonation. There are several reasons why beverages are carbonated.
The carbon dioxide that the carbonated beverage is made up of is primarily taken into account while evaluating its qualities. Between myth and reality: carbonated beverages and the gastrointestinal system.
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Conducting rod Wil be given positive charge 4, procedure that uses some or all of the following steps in an appropriate order: Step W: Rod A is connected t0 ground: Step X: Negatively charged rod B is brought near, but does not touch rod Step Y: The connection between ground and rod IS removed Step Z: Rod B is moved away- Which of the following lists sufficient steps in an order that will give rod A positive charge? Select two answers. (A) WXY (B) WXZ W,XYZ (D) W,XZ Y Which of the following accurately describe how the kinetic energy of atoms in sample 20. ,of monatomic ideal gas changes when the temperature is increased? Select two answers __ Thc kinctic encrgy of euch individual atom in the gas increases: (B) The kinetic energy of each individual atom in the gas may increase Or decrease_ (C) The average kinetic energy of the whole sample of atoms increases- (D) The kinetic energy of some individual atoms increases, but the average kinetic energy of the whole sample of atoms does not change.
The steps in order that will give rod A positive charge are W,XYZ and WXZY. The correct option to this question is C and D.
The average kinetic energy of the whole sample of atoms increases when there is increase in temperature. The correct option to this question is C.
When the temperature of monotonic gases rises, the kinetic energy of the entire sample of the gas rises in a direct proportion to the temperature at which the sample is moving. We can infer that the temperature increases and has a direct proportional effect on the entire sample of gas. Additionally, kinetic energy rises.
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Draw the products for the following chemical reactions, clearly indicating stereochemistry wherever applicable. For reactions that involve nucleophilic substitution at a tetrahedral carbon, indicate if the reaction proceeds via SN1 or SN2 mechanism (18 points)
The carbocation intermediate in step 1 of the SN1 mechanism is an sp2 hybridized carbon is the 2-ol -3 Methyl hexene formed ftom the 2cholro 3 Methyl hexene in the presence of methanol.
Its molecular geometry is trigonal planar, consequently taking into consideration unique factors of nucleophilic attack, left and rightbranch of chemistry that offers with the spatial association of atoms and organizations in molecules. : the spatial association of atoms and organizations in a compound and its relation to the residences of the compound.
Stereochemistry is the department of chemistry that involves “the have a look at of the unique spatial preparations of atoms in molecules”. Stereochemistry is the systematic presentation of a particular subject of technological know-how and generation that historically calls for a quick initial tour into history.
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codeine is usually produced as a. slight chemical modification of opium. b. slight chemical modification of morphine. c. completely synthetic drug. d. slight chemical modification of cocaine.
codeine is usually produced as option B . slight chemical modification of morphine.
Codeine is an opioid painkiller that is used to manage mild to moderate pain in the near term. It is not typically recommended again for treatment of long-term (long-term) pain. Codeine is only available with the a prescription from a doctor. Codeine is a painkiller with alternate uses to morphine, but it is significantly less potent as a pain reliever and only has mild soothing properties. It is also used to treat coughs and diarrhoea. Codeine is a sympathomimetic weak analgesic. Drugs are a class of natural and synthetic compounds which are widely used to relieve pain. There are 3 kinds of opioid drugs: found naturally, synthetic, and illicit. Naturally occurring: This is made from the liquid extracted from of the unpeeled pods of the poppy plants flower.
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The following drawing is a representation of the exothermic reaction in which ozone forms dioxygen.
This reaction is likely to be nonspontaneous at all temperatures. nonspontaneous at low temperatures and spontaneous at high temperatures. spontaneous at low temperatures and nonspontaneous at high temperatures. spontaneous at all
The exothermic reaction is spontaneous at all temperature. That means at low temperature and also at high temperature the reaction is spontaneous.
In ozone layer when UV light passes, oxygen molecules are split up into their constituent oxygen atoms. These single atoms are then able to react with other oxygen molecules, forming ozone. It needs to absorb energy in order to occur. This also happens in reverse because ozone is so unstable and each ozone molecule soon splits into an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom. This is an exothermic reaction. This means that ozone splitting results in heat which causes an increase in atmospheric temperature. Here solid is also getting converted to gas
So, spontaneity is increasing
ΔSo is positive
ΔHo is negative
ΔGo = ΔHo - T*ΔSo
Since ΔHo is negative and ΔSo is positive, ΔGo is always negative.
So, this reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures.
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based on the diagram, how many unpaired electrons are there and what is the bond order for cn ? group of answer choices bond order 1, 0 unpaired electrons bond order 2, 1 unpaired electron bond order 2, 2 unpaired electrons bond order 0, 1 unpaired electron bond order 3, 2 unpaired electron bond order 1, 2 unpaired electrons
Based on the diagram the bond order of CN is 2.5 and there is 1 unpaired electron.
We know that In CN molecule:
The atomic number of C = 6
No of electrons present in C atom = 6
The atomic number of N = 7
No of electrons present in N atom = 7
Total number of electrons present in CN molecule = 6 +7
Total number of electrons = 13
Molecular orbital configuration for CN molecule is as follows
σ1s² < σ*1s² < σ2s² < σ*2s² < σ2pₓ² < π2p²ₓ~ π2P¹y
Then, the No of bonding electrons = 9
Therefore, No of antibonding electrons = 4
The bond order is given by the following formula:
Bond order = (no of bonding electrons - no of antibonding electrons) / 2
= (9-4)/2
Bond order= 2.5
Therefore, the bond order of the CN molecule is 2.5 and there is 1 unpaired electron.
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Water (H20), methyl alcohol (CH3OH), ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH), ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH), and sucrose (C12H22011) are commonly classified as A) acids. B) nonelectrolytes. C) weak electrolytes. D) strong electrolytes.
The term "nonelectrolytes" is frequently used to describe substances like water (H20), methyl alcohol (CH3OH), ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH), ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH), and sucrose (C12H22011). (Select B)
The location of ethyleneNatural gas and petroleum products constitute two alternative materials of methane. It also occurs naturally in plants as a hormone that limits growth and encourages leaf fall, as well as in fruits as a hormone that encourages ripening. An essential organic chemical used in industry is ethylene.
Which foods have a high ethylene content?Among the foods that create ethylene are apples, bananas, melons, pears, and peaches. The ethylene production of tomatoes is average. Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and other vegetables are ethylene sensitive. As a general guideline, it is best to keep ethylene-producing fruits separate from ethylene-absorbing ones while keeping them.
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26. In Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment, a few of the alpha particles aimed at a thin gold foil bounced back because
A. The positively charged alpha particles were repelled by a negatively charged nucleus in the gold atom.
B. The positively charged alpha particles were repelled by a positively charged nucleus in the gold atom.
C. The negatively charged alpha particles were repelled by a negatively charged nucleus in the gold atom.
D. The negatively charged alpha particles were attracted to a positively charged nucleus in the gold atom.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The positively charged alpha particles were repelled by a negatively charged nucleus in the gold atom.
Place the following compounds in order of decreasing strength of intermolecular forces. I. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 II. (CH3)3CCH3 IIL (CH3)3CCH2CH3 1) C) II >III> I 2) Identify the compound with the lowest boiling point. A) CH3CN B) CH3CHO C) CH3CH2CH3 D) (CH3)20 E) CH3OCH3 2) 3) Place the following substances in order of increasing vapor pressure at a given temperature SF6 SiH4 SF4 3) A) SiH4
The following compounds are listed in decreasing order of intermolecular force strength:
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ > (CH₃)₃CCH₂CH₃ > (CH₃)₃CCH₃
1) The following compounds are listed in decreasing order of intermolecular force strength: as branching grows, intermolecular force falls, or as surface area reduces, intermolecular force increases.
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ > (CH₃)₃CCH₂CH₃ > (CH₃)₃CCH₃
2) The lowest boiling point and weakest van der wall forces are seen in the combination CH3CH2CH3.
3) The compounds listed below, in ascending sequence of increasing vapour pressure at a specific temperature, are as follows:
SF₄ < SF₆ < SiH₄
The most polar molecule and one with the lowest vapour pressure is SF4.
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consider carbon balance in the citric acid cycle. how many co2 molecules leave the cycle for each acetic acid molecule that enters? for this question, assume that carbon only enters as acetic acid and exits as co2 . note that acetic acid has two carbon atoms. you can determine the number of carbon atoms in carbon dioxide from its formula, co2 .
Two carbon dioxide molecules are formed during citric acid cycle. Two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the cycle, and each has two carbon atoms, so four carbon dioxide molecules will form.
With each turn of the citric acid cycle, two carbon atoms from the acetyl group of acetyl CoA join with the four-carbon oxaloacetate, the last intermediate in the citric acid cycle to form citrate, a six-carbon acid.
Each turn of the cycle forms three NADH molecules and one FADH2 molecule. These carriers will connect with the last portion of aerobic respiration to produce ATP molecules. One GTP or ATP is also made in each cycle.
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Question 3 (6 points)
Magnesium metal reacts quantitatively with oxygen to give magnesium oxide, MgO. If 5.00 g of Mg and 5.00 g of O2 are allowed to react, what weight of MgO is formed, and what weight of which reactant is left in excess?
Question 4 (6 points)
Mr.T thinks the windows need cleaning (instead of preparing his lesson), (What a mistake!). So instead he starts cleaning his office because it is a disaster. He pulls out the ammonia (NH3) and gets to work. It takes him 5 hours!! During that time he decides to do a little chemistry, because he doesn't want to fall behind. He weighs his bottle of ammonia before (32.3g) and after (30.7g) he cleans. Using this information, he calculates how many atoms are present in the ammonia he used during cleaning.
Question 5 (6 points)
Mr.T keeps getting in trouble for not cleaning his plate completely after supper every night. He argues that it is because there is water-insoluble compounds on his plate so the water won't clean it. Being the cheeky chemist that he is he comes up with a method to make carbon disulfide, a natural solvent for water-insoluble compounds like fats, oils, and waxes. He is going to make millions!! The unbalanced reaction is shown below. When 27.5 g of carbon reacts with 235 g of sulfur dioxide, what mass of carbon disulfide can Mr.T make? Balance the following equation and use it to determine the limiting reagent in order to answer the problem.
To produce MgO, two moles of Mg are required for one mole of oxygen gas. The number of moles of O₂ in 5 g is 0.15 and needs 0.31 moles of Mg. But there is only 0.20 moles of Mg in 5 g. Hence, 0.11 mole of oxygen goes excess.
What is magnesium oxide?Magnesium oxide is formed by the reaction of Mg metal with oxygen gas as written below:
[tex]\rm 2Mg + O_{2} \rightarrow 2 MgO[/tex]
Mass of Mg = 24 g/mol
number of moles in 5 g = 5/24 = 0.20
mass of oxygen = 32 g/mol
number of moles in 5 g = 5 /32 = 0.156
one mole of oxygen gas needs 2 moles of Mg. Hence, 0.15 moles needs 0.31 moles. There is only 0.20 moles. Hence Mg is the limiting reactant. And oxygen goes excess by 0.11 moles.
Two moles of Mg produces 2 moles of MgO. Hence, 0.208 moles produces 0.20 moles or 8.32 g of MgO (molar mass- 40 g/mol).
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in an oxide of tungsten, the oxygen anions (o2-) are located halfway along all of the edges of the cubic unit cell, and the tungsten cations occupy positions at each corner of the unit cell. the density of the oxide is 6.013 g/cm3. the molar mass of w is 183.80 g/mol and the molar mass of o is 16.00 g/mol. (a) Provide the empirical formula of the oxide.
(b) Calculate the lattice parameter of the cubic unit cell.
The Edge length of unit cell is 4*10⁻⁸ cm.
What is tungsten?
Chemical element tungsten (W), often known as wolfram, is a Group 6 (VIb) refractory metal that is incredibly strong and is used to make lamp filaments and to boost the hardness and strength of steels.
What is cations ?
A positively charged cation is an atom or molecule with more protons than electrons. Eg: Na+ 3. An anion is an atom or molecule that is negatively charged, meaning it contains more electrons than protons.
O⁻²⇒ mid of all edges
no.of ion shared from 1 edge = 1/4
total edges = 12
total o⁻² ions = 12*1/4
total o⁻² ions = 3
tungsten caution ⇒ each corner
no.of ions shared from corner = 1/8
total corner = 8
total tungsten ion = 8*1/8
total tungsten ion = 1
empirical formula = wo₃
b) density = Z*M/Na * a³
Here, Z= 1( number of molecule in 1 Unit cell)
M= molar mass of WO₃= 231.84 gm / mole
Na = Avogadro number = 6.022*10²³
a= edge length
6.013= 1*231.84/ 6.022*10²³ *a³
a³= 231.84 * 10⁻²³ / 6.013 * 6.022
a³= 6.403 * 10⁻²³
a³= 6.403 * 10⁻²⁴
a= 4*10⁻⁸ cm
Therefore, the Edge length of unit cell is 4*10⁻⁸ cm.
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When aqueous solutions of ki (aq) and pb(no3)2(aq) are mixed, an insoluble salt forms. which one of the following is the net ionic equation which describes this reaction?
Lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) and potassium iodide (KI) two solutions react to form soluble potassium nitrate (KNO3) and insoluble lead iodide (PbI2). This manifests itself in the solution as a yellow precipitate. This is Precipitation Reaction.
What is Precipitation Reaction?
Burning, corrosion, food preparation, and digestion are typical examples of these reactions. Precipitation reactions are a significant family of chemical reactions. Two distinct soluble salts that are in aqueous solutions mix in these reactions to create two products. One of these products, which is referred to as the "precipitate," is insoluble in the solution and precipitates out.
In The term "precipitation reaction" refers to a "chemical process occurring in an aqueous solution when two ionic bonds join, resulting in the production of an insoluble salt." The insoluble salts produced by precipitation processes are known as precipitates.
The creation of insoluble salts that precipitate out of the solution results from these reactions when two or more solutions with various salt concentrations are mixed.
The chemical reaction between potassium chloride and silver nitrate, in which solid silver chloride is precipitated out, is one of the greatest examples of precipitation reactions.
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pollution concentration is group of answer choices always higher during the day than at night. determined solely by the wind speed.
Daytime pollution levels are always higher than nighttime levels. the amount of a contaminant contained in a certain amount of air.
Does pollution increase at night?
This is because as the temperature drops at night, the atmosphere traps pollutants such as CO2 from cars and other sources in the home and close to the ground. If the home's interior areas are inadequately ventilated, the effect is even more pronounced.
How does wind speed affect air pollution?
Air pollutants spread when the wind moves them away from their source. In general, the more contaminants are spread and the lower their concentration, the higher the wind speed.
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the (partial) pressures of nitrogen (n2) and hydrogen (h2) that are left at the end of the reaction. *hint: one of these amounts is readily determined.
The partial pressure of nitrogen N2 and hydrogen H2 that are left at the end of the reaction is 5 atm and 1 atm respectively.
Each gas in a mixture of gases has a partial pressure, which is the pressure that would exist if that gas alone filled the entire volume of the original combination at the same temperature. Dalton's Law states that the overall pressure of a perfect gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its constituent gases. The partial pressure of a gas serves to measure its molecules thermodynamic activity. Instead of their concentrations in liquids or other gas mixtures, gases react, distribute, and dissolve according to their partial pressures. In interactions between gases and biological chemicals, this property of gases generally holds true. As a result, volume, rather than weight or mass, is used to describe mixture ratios, such as those of breathing 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen. This is true for a very broad range of varying oxygen concentrations found in different inhaled breathing gases or dissolved in blood. [3] Additionally, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide are important considerations in arterial blood gas measurement. However, identical pressures can also be found in other fluids, such as cerebral fluid.
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choose the most appropriate reagent(s) for conversion of 1-methylcyclohexene to 2-methylcyclohexanol.
H2SO4 in conc. Hint: In accordance with anti-Markovnikov law, we must add $H 2O$ to 1-methylcyclohexene in order to convert it to 2-methylcyclohexanol. You can accomplish this by causing it to react with diborane, which will result in the formation of trialkyl borane, and then oxidizing the trialkyl borane to produce alcohol.
Which chemicals are necessary for the transformation of 1-methylcyclohexene into 1-methylcyclohexanol?
Make 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane from 1-methylcyclohexene (optional). In order to complete this synthesis, an alkene with Markovnikov orientation must be added to. HBr is added ionically to produce the desired result.
Why is 1-methylcyclohexene the predominant product?
Since there is only one H substituent on the double-bonded carbons, 1-methylcyclohexene is the more strongly substituted alkene. This is the main item. Methylenecyclohexane, which has two H substituents on the double-bonded carbons, is the minor product.
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This data table shows how quickly rope will rot away in freshwater and saltwater. what can you conclude about the rates of the rotting reaction?
A. The reaction occurs more slowly when the concentration of salt is higher.
B. The reaction occurs more quickly when the concentration of salt is higher.
C. The reaction occurs at the same rater, regardless of the concentration salt.
D. There is not enough information to conclude anything about the reaction rates.
From the available data in the table provided, we can conclude that high salt concentration caused the rope to rot more quickly—option B.
Factors affecting reaction ratesThe rate at which the reactants of a reaction become products is influenced by various factors. Some of the factors include:
pressureconcentration of reactantspresence of catalyststhe surface area of reactantsIn the provided table, it took the rope 10 years to decay in lake water while the same rope decayed in just 4 years in ocean water.
Assuming that all other factors have been considered and kept constant, the only difference between the two water bodies is the salt concentration. While the lake had almost zero salt concentration on average, the ocean water had a very high salt concentration on average.
Thus, one can logically conclude that the difference in the amount of time it took for the rope to rot is due to the difference in salt concentration between the two water bodies.
In other words, the conclusion would be that the reaction occurs more quickly when the concentration of salt is higher.
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Which of the following amino acids would most likely be found on the exterior of a protein molecule, interacting with an aqueous environment?A. valineB. serineC. alanineD. prolineE. leucine
(Option B.) Serine is an amino acid that is found on the exterior of a protein molecule, interacting with an aqueous environment. This is because serine has a non-polar side chain that is hydrophilic, allowing it to interact with the aqueous environment.
Amino Acids Found on the Exterior of a Protein Molecule Interacting with an Aqueous EnvironmentOption B. SerineSerine is an amino acid that is found on the exterior of a protein molecule and interacts with an aqueous environment due to its non-polar side chain that is hydrophilic. This allows it to bind with water molecules, giving it an affinity for aqueous environments. As a result, Serine is the most likely amino acid to be found on the exterior of a protein molecule, interacting with an aqueous environment. It is also important in many biological processes, such as protein synthesis, as it is essential for the formation of peptide bonds.
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The equilibrium constant, K, determines the position of equilibrium in an esterification reaction. Which of these K values describes the most efficient reaction?
a) K = 0.0056
b) K = 5.4
c) K = 0.079
d) K = 1
Answer:
The correct answer is "d) K = 1."
Explanation:
This is because a value of K = 1 indicates that the reaction has reached equilibrium, meaning that the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the concentration of reactants and products is not changing. This is the most efficient state for the reaction because it means that the maximum amount of product has been produced with the least amount of reactant consumed. By contrast, values of K less than 1 indicate that the reaction has not yet reached equilibrium, and the concentration of reactants and products is still changing. This means that the reaction is not yet efficient, and more reactants will be needed to produce the same amount of product. Finally, values of K greater than 1 indicate that the reaction has passed equilibrium, and the concentration of products is starting to decrease. This means that the reaction is no longer efficient, and the excess products will be wasted.
Draw the structure(s) of the major organic product(s) of the following reaction. 5 Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) THF Include counter-ions, e.g., Na, I, in your submission, but draw them in their own separate sketcher. Omit products derived from the acidic or basic reagent itself, e.g. HN(i-Pr)2 derived from N(i-Pr)2 If substantial starting material is present at the end of the reaction, include it in the products. If no reaction occurs, draw the organic starting material opy asto ChemDoodle
LDA is a Base which will abstracts alpha acidic proton to carbonyl carbon.
What is Alpha Acidic Proton?
When a proton source is present, the result can either transform back into the initial ketone or aldehyde or generate a brand-new substance called an enol. "Keto-enol tautomerism" refers to the equilibrium reaction between the ketone or aldehyde and the enol form. In this reaction, the ketone or aldehyde is often significantly preferred.
The carbon and oxygen both have unhybridized p orbitals that can overlap to create the C=O bond since carbonyl groups are sp2 hybridised.
Hydrogens on carbons next to carbonyls have unique features because of the existence of these overlapping p orbitals. Because the conjugate base, an enolate, is stabilised by conjugation with the orbitals of the carbonyl, in particular, hydrogens are weakly acidic.
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Consider the reaction: 2H20l^2H2(g) +02(g) Using standard thermodynamic data at 298K, calculate the free energy change when 2.47 moles of H20) react at standard conditions. xn
The free energy change when 2.47 moles of H20) react at standard conditions is -585.884 KJ/mol.
[tex]\Delta G reaction = \Delta G of product - \Delta G of reactant[/tex]
[tex]\Delta G of H2 (g) = 0 kJ/mol , \Delta G of O2(g) = 0 KJ/mol , \Delta G of H2O(l) = -237.2 KJ/mol[/tex]
[tex]\Delta G of reaction[/tex] = (2 x 0+ 0) + ( 2 * -237.2)
= 0 + (- 474.4)
= -474.4 KJ/Mol
[tex]\Delta[/tex]G of reaction for 2 moles of water = -474.4 KJ/mol
[tex]\Delta[/tex]G of reaction for 2.47 moles water = -474.4 * 2.47/2
= -585.884 KJ/mol
As there are 2 moles of hydrogen gas and 1 mole of oxygen gas in the product but only 2 moles of liquid in the reactant. Therefore the entropy of the reaction is increasing in the product. Hence the reaction is Product favored.
[tex]\Delta G of reaction = \Delta H - T\Delta S[/tex]
485 KJ = 571.6 KJ - 265 [tex]\Delta S[/tex]
485 - 571.6 = -265[tex]\Delta S[/tex]
-86.6 = -265[tex]\Delta S[/tex]
-86.6/-265 = [tex]\Delta S[/tex]
0.32679 KJ/mol =[tex]\Delta S[/tex]
0.32679 *1000 =[tex]\Delta S[/tex]
326.79 J/K = [tex]\Delta S[/tex]
[tex]\Delta[/tex]S for 2 moles of water is =326.79 J/K
[tex]\Delta[/tex]S for 2.47 moles of water = 326.79 * 2.47/ 2
[tex]\Delta S[/tex] = 403.58 J/ K
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Arrange the compounds below in decreasing order of the ionic character of the bonds in them. That is, pick 1 for the compound with the most ionic bonds, pick 2 for the compound with the next most ionic bonds, and so on. PC13 (Choose one) Cl2 (Choose one) Cscl (Choose one) SCI4 (Choose one)
According to the ionic character of the bonds in the given compound, The descending order is CsCl > PCl3 > SCl4 > Cl2 .
Ionic character is the measurement of polarity of the bond which can be calculated using the electronegativity of the cation and anions in the compound by substracting electronegativity of anion with electronegativity of cation.
Greater the difference between electronegativity of cations and anions then greater the polarity and greater the ionic character.
As the anion is chloride which is common in all the above molecules like PCl3, Cl2, CsCl and SCl4. Hence the smaller the electronegativity value of cation greater the polarity i.e. large the difference of electronegativity between cations and anions.
Ionic character of PCl3 = Electronegativity of chlorine - Electronegativity of Phosphorous = 3.0 - 2.1 = 0.9
Ionic character of Cl2 = 3-3 = 0
Ionic character of CsCl = 3-0.7 = 2.3
Ionic character of SCl4 = 3-2.5 = 0.5
From above calculations we can say that :
CsCl > PCl3 > SCl4 > Cl2 ( decreasing order of ionic character)
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