During photosynthesis, photocenters in chlorophyll capture energy from photons to excite electrons. The energized electrons are then moved through a series of redox reactions to capture energy in carbon-hydrogen chemical bonds. The graph shows the energy stored in the electron as it moves through these redox reactions. Using the data in the graph, construct a claim about how the changes that occur to electrons during photosynthesis support or do not support the laws of thermodynamics. Include evidence from text you have read or assets you have viewed to support your claim.

Answer: 1.14 × 10^20 platinum atoms

Explaination:

$1,500/oz ÷ 28.35 g/oz = $52.96/g

$0.01 ÷ $52.96/g = 0.000189 moles

use Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10^23 atoms/mole) to calculate the number of platinum atoms in 0.000189 moles:

0.000189 moles × 6.022 × 10^23 atoms/mole = 1.14 × 10^20 atoms

The correct answer is A) BF₃ bond angles > SO₂ bond angle.

BF₃ has a trigonal planar molecular geometry with bond angles of approximately 120 degrees. This is due to the three electron pairs surrounding the central boron atom, which repel each other and arrange themselves as far apart as possible.

SO₂ has a bent molecular geometry with bond angles of approximately 119 degrees. This is due to the two electron pairs surrounding the central sulfur atom, which repel each other and arrange themselves as far apart as possible while also accounting for the lone pairs on the sulfur atom.

Therefore, the bond angles in BF₃ are larger than the bond angles in SO₂, making option A the correct answer.

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The formal potential for the given reaction is 1.34 V.

The Nernst equation relates the standard potential, E∘′, to the actual cell potential, E, and the reaction quotient, Q:

E = E∘′ - (RT/nF)ln(Q)

where R is the gas constant, T is temperature, n is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the reaction, F is the Faraday constant, and ln is the natural logarithm.

At equilibrium, the reaction quotient Q is equal to the equilibrium constant K:

K = [HNO2][H2O]/[NO-3][H+]^3

The relationship between K and the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for the reaction HNO2 + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + NO2- is:

K = [H3O+][NO2-]/[HNO2] = Ka/[HNO2]

Substituting the expression for K into the equation for Q gives:

Q = [HNO2]/Ka[HNO2] = 1/Ka

Substituting the values given in the problem into the Nernst equation and solving for E∘′ gives:

E = 0.940 V = E∘′ - (0.0257 V/K)(298 K)/(2 mol)(96485 C/mol)ln(1/Ka)
E∘′ = 0.940 V + (0.0257 V/K)(298 K)/(2 mol)(96485 C/mol)ln(1/Ka)
E∘′ = 0.940 V + (0.0592 V)ln(1/7.1×10^-4)
E∘′ = 0.940 V + 0.0592(7.09)
E∘′ = 1.34 V

Therefore, the formal potential for the given reaction is 1.34 V.

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The gas will exert a pressure of 0.0062 torr when transferred to a container with a volume of 18.5 L.

The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional, according to Boyle's law. Therefore, we can use the formula P1V1 = P2V2 to solve this problem, where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, and P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume.

Substituting the given values, we get:

P1 = 215 torr

V1 = 51.0 mL = 0.051 L

V2 = 18.5 L

Solving for P2, we get:

P2 = P1V1/V2 = 215 torr x 0.0510 L / 18.5 L = 0.595 torr

As a result, when transferred to an 18.5 L container, the gas will impose a pressure of 0.595 torr. It is important to note that the units of volume must be consistent (either both in mL or both in L) in order to obtain the correct answer.

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The student's observation is consistent with the experimental evidence of a decrease in temperature over time.

Temperature is a physical property of matter, and is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material. It is a measure of how hot or cold something is. Temperature is measured in units such as degrees Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K). The temperature of a system determines its state, such as solid, liquid, or gas. Temperature affects the rate of physical and chemical processes, and thus has an impact on the environment.

This indicates that a endothermic reaction has occurred, releasing energy in the form of heat, which has been absorbed by the beaker and its contents, thus cooling them down. This provides evidence that the dissolution of NaC₂H₃O₂(s) is an endothermic reaction, with a positive value for ΔHosoln.

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The given reaction represents a combustion reaction.

In this reaction, the hydrocarbon compound C6H14 reacts with oxygen gas (O2) to form carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). The reactants are a hydrocarbon and oxygen, and the products are carbon dioxide and water.

Combustion reactions are exothermic reactions that involve the reaction of a fuel with oxygen, resulting in the release of heat and light energy.

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The volume of water in milliliters containing 135 mg of Pb (lead) with a density of 1.0 g/mL is 0.135 ml.

To calculate the volume of water in milliliters containing 135 mg of Pb, we need to use the density of the solution which is 1.0 g/ml. First, we need to convert 135 mg to grams.

135 mg = 0.135 g

Next, we can use the formula:

density = mass/volume

We know the density is 1.0 g/ml and the mass is 0.135 g, so we can rearrange the formula to solve for volume:

volume = mass/density

volume = 0.135 g ÷ 1.0 g/ml

volume = 0.135 ml

Therefore, the volume of water in milliliters containing 135 mg of pb is 0.135 ml.

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The beryllium atom has four electrons. The electron configuration can be written as:

Using NOBLE GAS notation, the electron configuration of magnesium can be written as follows:

Electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in its various atomic orbitals. In other words, it describes how the electrons are arranged in the shells and subshells around the nucleus of an atom.

The electron configuration of an atom can be represented by a series of numbers and letters, where the numbers indicate the energy level (or shell) of the electrons, and the letters indicate the type of orbital (s, p, d, or f) that the electrons occupy within that energy level.

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There are approximately 1.79 x 10²² formula units of CaO in 1.67 g of CaO.

Avogadro's constant, also known as Avogadro's number (N_A), is a fundamental physical constant that represents the number of constituent particles (usually atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance.

The value of Avogadro's constant is approximately 6.022 x 10²³ particles per mole. This means that one mole of any substance contains 6.022 x 10²³ particles. For example, one mole of oxygen gas (O2) contains 6.022 x 10²³ oxygen molecules, and one mole of sodium chloride (NaCl) contains 6.022 x 10²³ sodium ions and 6.022 x 10²³ chloride ions.

To determine the number of formula units of CaO in 1.67 g of CaO, we need to use the molar mass of CaO and Avogadro's number.

The molar mass of CaO is:

CaO = 40.08 g/mol (Ca) + 16.00 g/mol (O) = 56.08 g/mol

Using the molar mass, we can calculate the number of moles of CaO:

n = m/M = 1.67 g / 56.08 g/mol = 0.0298 mol

Finally, we can use Avogadro's number, which is 6.022 x 10²³ formula units/mol, to calculate the number of formula units of CaO:

number of formula units = n x N_A = 0.0298 mol x 6.022 x 10²³ formula units/mol = 1.79 x 10²² formula units.

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In ATP formation from the oxidation of carbon compounds, the reaction that does not occur is "reduction."

ATP is formed through oxidative phosphorylation, where carbon compounds are oxidized to release energy, which is then used to generate ATP.

During oxidative phosphorylation, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from NADH and FADH2, which are produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is the final step in the process of ATP formation. During this process, the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 is used to generate a proton gradient across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This gradient is then used to drive the production of ATP through a process known as ATP synthase.

As electrons pass through the electron transport chain, protons are pumped across the mitochondrial inner membrane, generating a proton gradient. This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase.

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To ionize an electron from the ground level, it typically takes around 10 electron volts of energy.

we first need to know the ionization energy of the specific atom or element you're referring to, as this value varies for different elements. Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the ground level of an atom.

Once you have the ionization energy in joules, you can convert it to electron volts (eV) using the following conversion factor: 1 electron volt (eV) = 1.602 x 10^-19 joules (J).

So, to calculate the energy required to ionize an electron from the ground level in electron volts, follow these steps:

1. Find the ionization energy of the element in joules (J).
2. Convert the ionization energy to electron volts (eV) using the conversion factor mentioned above.

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The initial concentrations of Ag^+ and Cl^- ions are 0 M, as they have not yet dissociated from the solid AgCl. Therefore, [Ag^+]o = 0 M and [Cl^-]o = 0 M.

In this problem, we are given the solubility of silver chloride (AgCl) as 1.1x10^-5 mol/L. The Ksp value can be calculated using the solubility information.
Since the balanced dissolution reaction is:
AgCl (s) <=> Ag^+ (aq) + Cl^- (aq)
The solubility of AgCl is equal to the concentration of Ag^+ and Cl^- ions in the solution at equilibrium. Thus,
[Ag^+] = [Cl^-] = 1.1x10^-5 mol/L
To calculate the Ksp value, we use the formula:
Ksp = [Ag^+] [Cl^-]
Substituting the concentrations of Ag^+ and Cl^- ions:
Ksp = (1.1x10^-5) (1.1x10^-5) = 1.21x10^-10
Before any reaction occurs, the initial concentrations of Ag^+ and Cl^- ions are 0 M, as they have not yet dissociated from the solid AgCl.
Therefore, [Ag^+]o = 0 M and [Cl^-]o = 0 M.

To calculate the Ksp value of silver chloride, we need to use the formula: Ksp = [Ag^+] [Cl^-].
Since the solubility of silver chloride is given as 1.1x10^-5 mol/L, we can assume that the initial concentration of both Ag+ and Cl- ions is also 1.1x10^-5 mol/L.
Therefore, [Ag+]o = 1.1x10^-5 M and [Cl-]o = 1.1x10^-5 M.
Note that the solubility of silver chloride is affected by the temperature and the concentration of other ions present in the solution. If the concentration of Cl- ions is increased, for example, the solubility of silver chloride would decrease, and vice versa.

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Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) cannot exist together in their pure form because they react with each other to form a highly exothermic reaction that generates a large amount of heat and releases hydrogen gas.

This reaction is known as a neutralization reaction, where the sodium ions (Na⁺) from the NaOH combine with the chloride ions (Cl⁻) from the HCl to form sodium chloride (NaCl), which is a salt.

The hydrogen ions (H⁺) from the HCl combine with the hydroxide ions (OH⁻) from the NaOH to form water (H₂O).

This reaction is so powerful that it can cause an explosion or fire if not handled carefully. Therefore, NaOH and HCl are stored separately and only mixed in controlled conditions.

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There are 0.465 moles of neon in 9.4 g of neon.

A mole is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to express amounts of a substance. One mole of a substance is defined as the amount of that substance that contains the same number of entities, such as atoms, molecules, or ions, as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. This number is known as Avogadro's number and is approximately 6.022 x 10²³ entities per mole.

To calculate the number of moles of neon in 9.4 g of neon, we need to use the atomic mass of neon. The atomic mass of neon is 20.18 g/mol.
9.4 g Neon / 20.18 g/mol Neon = x moles Neon
Solving for x, we get:

x = (9.4 g Neon) / (20.18 g/mol Neon)
x = 0.465 moles Neon

Therefore, the number of moles of neon in 9.4 g of neon is 0.465 moles (rounded to three significant figures).

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The para-nitro phenyl substituent causes a higher λmax value than the meta-nitro phenyl substituent because it has a greater electron-withdrawing effect due to its position relative to the benzene ring.

The nitro group contains both electron-withdrawing (NO₂) and electron-donating (O) groups, which can affect the electron density of the benzene ring through resonance.

In the para-nitro phenyl substituent, the nitro group is positioned directly opposite to the hydrogen on the carbon that is attached to the ring. This allows for maximum overlap between the nitro group's electron-withdrawing pi-system and the pi-system of the benzene ring, resulting in a greater degree of electron withdrawal from the ring. This reduces the electron density of the ring and causes the λmax value to shift to a higher wavelength.

In the meta-nitro phenyl substituent, the nitro group is positioned one carbon away from the hydrogen on the carbon that is attached to the ring. This results in less efficient overlap between the pi-systems of the nitro group and the benzene ring, resulting in a weaker electron-withdrawing effect on the ring. This leads to a smaller shift in λmax compared to the para-nitro phenyl substituent.

Below are the structures and resonance contributors for para-nitro phenyl substituent and meta-nitro phenyl substituent.

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The order of the reaction is 1.

The given information implies that the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of A, i.e., Rate ∝ [A]¹. This indicates that the reaction is a first-order reaction with respect to A. In a first-order reaction, the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of a single reactant.

When the concentration of this reactant is doubled, the rate of the reaction also doubles, as observed in the given information. Therefore, the order of the reaction with respect to A is 1.

The overall order of the reaction may be different if there are other reactants involved, but based on the given information, we can conclude that the order of the reaction with respect to A is 1.

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Approximately 109.7 liters of O₂ are required to completely react with 56.0 L of CH4 gas at STP to produce CO₂ and H₂O. This is calculated using the balanced chemical equation and the ideal gas law to determine the number of moles and volume of O₂ needed for the reaction.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O

According to the equation, 1 mole of CH₄ reacts with 2 moles of O₂. At STP, 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L. Therefore, 56.0 L of CH₄ at STP is equal to 56.0/22.4 = 2.50 moles of CH₄.

Since 1 mole of CH₄ requires 2 moles of O₂, then 2.50 moles of CH₄ will require 2.50 x 2 = 5.00 moles of O₂.

Using the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, we can calculate the amount of O₂ required in liters at STP:

n(O₂) = PV/RT = (1 atm)(5.00 mol)(22.4 L/mol)/(0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)(273 K) ≈ 109.7 L

Therefore, approximately 109.7 liters of O₂ gas are needed to react completely with 56.0 liters of CH₄ gas at STP to produce CO₂ and H₂O.

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Reaction between Li2SO4(aq) and Co(NO3)2(aq):

First, let's write the balanced molecular equation for the reaction:

Li2SO4(aq) + Co(NO3)2(aq) → 2 LiNO3(aq) + CoSO4(aq)

Now, we'll write the complete ionic equation by separating all the soluble ionic compounds into their respective ions:

2 Li⁺(aq) + SO₄²⁻(aq) + Co²⁺(aq) + 2 NO₃⁻(aq) → 2 Li⁺(aq) + 2 NO₃⁻(aq) + Co²⁺(aq) + SO₄²⁻(aq)

As you can see, some ions remain unchanged throughout the reaction. These are called spectator ions, and we can remove them to obtain the net ionic equation:

There are no ions that react to form a product, so the net ionic equation is:

No reaction.

This means that all the ions in this reaction are spectator ions, and there is no net ionic reaction between Li2SO4(aq) and Co(NO3)2(aq).

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The only empirical formula among the given choices is e) HNF2.

The empirical formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. Therefore, to determine which of the given options is the empirical formula, we need to simplify each formula to its simplest ratio.

To find the empirical formula, we need to check which of these choices have the elements in their simplest ratio:

a) N2F2: This can be reduced to NF, so it's not the empirical formula.
b) N2F4: This can be reduced to NF2, so it's not the empirical formula.
c) H2C2: This can be reduced to HC, so it's not the empirical formula.
d) H2N2: This can be reduced to HN, so it's not the empirical formula.
e) HNF2: This formula is already in its simplest whole-number ratio, so it is the empirical formula.

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a. pOH of 0.014 M KOH at 25°c is 1.85 and PH of 0.014 M KOH is 12.15.

b. pOH of 1.65 M NaOH is 0.18 and pH of 1.65 M KOH is 13.82.

c. pOH of 0.084 M Ba(OH)₂ is 0.77 and pH of 0.084 M Ba(OH)₂ is 13.23.

a. 0.014 M KOH:
Since KOH is a strong base, its pOH can be calculated as the negative logarithm of its concentration:

pOH = -log(0.014) ≈ 1.85

To find the pH, use the formula: pH = 14 - pOH

pH = 14 - 1.85 ≈ 12.15

b. 1.65 M NaOH:
NaOH is also a strong base, so follow the same process:

pOH = -log(1.65) ≈ 0.18

pH = 14 - 0.18 ≈ 13.82

c. 0.084 M Ba(OH)₂:

Since each Ba(OH)₂ molecule releases 2 OH⁻ ions when it dissociates, the concentration of OH⁻ ions is 2 × 0.084 = 0.168 M.

pOH = -log(0.168) ≈ 0.77

pH = 14 - 0.77 ≈ 13.23

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The rate limiting step is calcium phosphide, 4.86g of calcium oxide is formed, 1.49g of phosphate is formed and 2.05 g of water is unrected.

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The mass/volume percent of the NaCl solution is 59.6%.

To calculate the mass percent of a solution, we need to divide the mass of the solute by the total mass of the solution and multiply by 100%. In this case, the solute is NaOH and the solvent is H2O.

total mass of solution = mass of NaOH + mass of H2O = 61.3 g + 492 g = 553.3 g

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After 0.190 moles of NaOH have been added the pH of the solution is 9.37.

This result is calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which shows that the pH of a buffer solution is determined by the ratio of the concentration of the conjugate acid and conjugate base.

In this case, the conjugate acid is NH₄+ and the conjugate base is NH₃. When NaOH is added, the amount of NH₃ increases, shifting the ratio and thus resulting in a lower pH.

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The graph that best represents the strength of the gravitational force between the planets and the star is D. Z.

The greater the mass of an object, the greater its gravitational force on other objects. This is because mass determines the strength of an object's gravitational field.

The more massive an object is, the more space it curves around itself, and the more it attracts other objects towards it. This is why planets with larger masses have stronger gravitational forces than smaller objects like asteroids or comets. This is shown in Graph Z.

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The statement that there are unpaired electrons on the central atom in the Lewis structure for PBrg is FALSE. This is because the Lewis structure for PBrg has a central atom, P, bonded to five Br atoms, and each Br atom has six valence electrons.

The total number of valence electrons in the structure is 40, which is the sum of the valence electrons of P and Br atoms. The central atom, P, has five electron domains, which include the lone pair of electrons on the P atom and the five P-Br bonds.

The formal charge on each atom in the structure is zero. Therefore, the only statement that is false regarding the Lewis structure for PBrg is that there are unpaired electrons on the central atom.

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The ranking from highest to lowest pH at the equivalence point would be: a > b > c.

To rank the solutions from highest to lowest pH at the equivalence point, we need to consider the acid-base reactions involved in each titration.
a. In the first titration, NaOH (a strong base) reacts with acetic acid (a weak acid) to form sodium acetate and water. At the equivalence point, all of the acetic acid has been neutralized by NaOH, and we are left with a solution of sodium acetate. Sodium acetate is the conjugate base of acetic acid, and because acetic acid is a weak acid, its conjugate base is a relatively strong base. Therefore, the pH of the solution will be relatively high at the equivalence point.
b. In the second titration, NaOH reacts with chloroacetic acid (a stronger acid than acetic acid) to form sodium chloroacetate and water. At the equivalence point, all of the chloroacetic acid has been neutralized by NaOH, and we are left with a solution of sodium chloroacetate. Like sodium acetate, sodium chloroacetate is the conjugate base of a weak acid, so the pH of the solution will be relatively high at the equivalence point, but slightly lower than in the first titration because chloroacetic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid.
c. In the third titration, NaOH (a strong base) reacts with HCl (a strong acid) to form sodium chloride and water. At the equivalence point, all of the HCl has been neutralized by NaOH, and we are left with a solution of sodium chloride. Because both HCl and NaCl are strong acids/bases, there will be no residual acidity/basicity in the solution, and the pH will be neutral (around 7) at the equivalence point.

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The mass of the electron is approximately 5.69 × 10⁻³⁵ kg.

We can use the Einstein's famous equation relating energy and mass to solve for the mass of the electron:

E = mc²

where E is the energy of the electron, m is its mass, and c is the speed of light.

First, we can find the energy of the incident radiation using Planck's equation:

E = hf

where h is Planck's constant and f is the frequency of the radiation.

E = (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J s) × (1.68 × 10^¹⁵ s⁻¹) = 1.11 × 10⁻¹⁸ J

Next, we can find the kinetic energy of the electron using the formula:

KE = 1/2 mv²

where KE is the kinetic energy of the electron, m is its mass, and v is its velocity.

KE = 1/2 × m × v²

We know that the energy of the incident radiation is equal to the work function plus the kinetic energy of the emitted electron:

E = Φ + KE

where Φ is the work function of the metal.

Solving for KE and substituting the given values, we get:

KE = E - Φ = (1.11 × 10⁻¹⁸ J) - h(f0) = (1.11 ×10⁻¹⁸J) - h(1.39 × 10¹⁵ s⁻¹)

KE = 5.11 × 10⁻¹⁹ J

Now, we can solve for the mass of the electron using the formula:

m = KE/c²

m = (5.11 × 10⁻¹⁹ J)/(3.00 × 10⁸ m/s)² = 5.69 × 10⁻³⁵ kg

Therefore, the mass of the electron is approximately 5.69 × 10⁻³⁵ kg.

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Silver chloride has a molar solubility of 2.5 x 10-8 M in the specified solution.

(B) 2.5 x 10-8 M is the right answer.

Let s denote the solubility of AgCl.

The concentrations of Ag+ and Cl- ions in solution will thereafter be reduced.

The solubility product (Ksp) of AgCl is expressed as: The AgNO₃ injected will dissociate to create Ag+ and NO₃- ions.

However, because the concentration of AgNO₃ is significantly more than the solubility of AgCl, we may infer that the concentration of Ag+ ions in solution is basically equivalent to the initial concentration of AgNO₃, which is 6.5 x 10-3 M.

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In the given species, the central atom that is an exception to the octet rule is found in BCl4-. In this species, boron (B) is the central atom and has only 6 electrons around it, which is an exception to the octet rule that states atoms generally aim to have 8 electrons in their valence shell.

Boron, the central atom, only has six valence electrons in this compound, instead of the usual eight electrons that would fill its valence shell according to the octet rule. This is because boron is a member of group 3A of the periodic table, and as such, it has only three valence electrons available for bonding. In BCl4-, boron forms four covalent bonds with chlorine atoms, resulting in a stable compound with an incomplete octet around the boron atom. The other species mentioned (water, I2, and hydronium ion) follow the octet rule for their central atoms.

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You would need 1,125 pounds of alum per day for a 45 MGD water treatment plant with an optimum coagulation dosage of 25 ppm Al3.

To determine the amount of alum required for a 45 mgd water treatment plant at an optimum dosage of 25 ppm Al3, we need to use a conversion factor. One pound of alum contains 0.553 pounds of Al3. Therefore, we can calculate the amount of alum required as follows:

Alum required (lbs/day) = (Optimum dosage in ppm * Flow rate in MGD * 8.34) / (Al3 content in alum * 1000)

Substituting the values, we get:

Alum required (lbs/day) = (25 * 45 * 8.34) / (0.553 * 1000) = 77.7 lbs/day

Therefore, approximately 77.7 lbs of alum are required per day for a 45 mgd water treatment plant at an optimum dosage of 25 ppm Al3.

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