Court process that determines probable cause is -
The standard by which police authorities have justification for making an arrest of a person or obtaining a search warrant in American criminal law is known as probable cause. Probable cause does not have a standard meaning or wording. When "at [the moment of the arrest] the facts and circumstances within [an officer's] knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information [are] sufficient to warrant a prudent [person] in believing that [a suspect] had committed or was committing an offence," according to a traditional definition from the 1964 Beck v. Ohio ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Additionally, it serves as the benchmark for indictments of criminals by grand juries. The standard's guiding idea is to restrict the ability of authorities to conduct arbitrary or abusive searches (illegal search and seizure) and to encourage the collection of legal evidence and proper procedure during criminal detention and prosecution. The same rules apply to searches of people or property.
It is important to distinguish between probable cause and reasonable suspicion when determining whether to conduct a terry stop in the United States of America. Probable cause is a higher criterion than reasonable suspicion. In this context, "probable" might refer to statistical probability or to a broader norm of accepted practises.
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One negative effect of interest groups is that politicians today cater to the wants and needs of interest groups instead of to the needs of the public. This effect is called __________. A. Hyperpluralism b. Pluralism c. Electioneering d. Lobbying please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d.
One negative effect of interest groups is that politicians today cater to the wants and needs of interest groups instead of to the needs of the public. This effect is called Pluralism.
Pluralism as a political philosophy is the recognition and affirmation of diversity within a political body, which is seen to permit the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions, and lifestyles. While not all political pluralists advocate for a pluralist democracy, this is most common as democracy is often viewed as the most fair and effective way to moderate between the discrete values. As put by arch-pluralist Isaiah Berlin, "let us have the courage of our admitted ignorance, of our doubts and uncertainties. At least we can try to discover what others ... require, by ... making it possible for ourselves to know men as they truly are, by listening to them carefully and sympathetically, and understanding them and their lives and their needs... . Pluralism thus tries to encourage members of society to accommodate their differences by avoiding extremism (adhering solely to one value, or at the very least refusing to recognise others as legitimate) and engaging in good faith dialogue.
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Answer: b. Pluralism
Explanation:
A reporter who refuses to obey a court order and give the plaintiff critical information in a libel suit faces a _____ _____ _____ charge and potentially a fine and a jail sentence.
A reporter who refuses to obey a court order and give the plaintiff critical information in a libel suit faces a Contempt of court charge and potentially a fine and a jail sentence.
About Contempt of court
The crime of disobedience to or disrespect toward a court of justice and its officers, also referred to as "contempt," includes actions that challenge or defy the legitimacy, justice, or integrity of the court. Similar behaviour toward a legislative body is known as contempt of Congress or of Parliament. A person who violates a court order is known as a contemnor, and the verb "to contemn" means to "commit contempt."
Being rude to the court's officials or wilfully disobeying an order of the court are the two main types of contempt. Injunctions and other equitable remedies are frequently enforced through contempt actions.
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Broker Amanda hires Jake to be an assistant at her firm in Sarasota. She would like to compensate Jake on a completed-transaction basis. For this to be permissible, Jake must ______.
Broker Amanda hires Jake to be an assistant at her firm in Sarasota. She would like to compensate Jake on a completed-transaction basis. For this to be permissible, Jake must be licensed.
A broker is an individual or firm that acts as a negotiator between a financier and a bond exchange. A broker can likewise concern with the function of a firm when it acts as a power for a consumer and charges the consumer a commission for allure aids. You need a Broker to cause stock exchanges to demand that those they kill trades on the exchange be authorized.
A Complete Transaction is two reverse undertakings on a business principle (buying an advantage before auctioning it on or transferring an advantage and therefore purchasing it) utilizing anything amount of funds. In other words, a complete undertaking is the hole and closing of a position.
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100 POINTS!!!!!!!!
What does it mean that private security personnel are not bound by the Fourteenth Amendment in the same way as law enforcement officials?
Write a brief paragraph about how this fact can create abuses of the civil and Constitutional rights of some citizens.
andy hired a lawyer to defend him in a criminal case of stealing a car. andy was found guilty after a four day jury trial, during which his lawyer cross-examined every state witness and direct examined ten witnesses for andy. the lawyer routinely made objections during the trial, and filed a motion to produce evidence, requesting the court to order the prosecutor to provide to the defendant a copy of all witness statements who had any knowledge about the case. andy is unhappy with the result and with his lawyer. to prove ineffective assistance of counsel, the andy must:
Andy must prove that his lawyer's performance was ineffective and that this ineffectiveness resulted in prejudice to his case.
In order to do this, Andy must show that his lawyer's performance was below the standard of care that a reasonable lawyer would have provided and that, but for this below-standard performance, the outcome of his case would have been different.
In order to prove ineffective assistance of counsel, the Andy must show that his lawyer's performance was deficient and that this deficient performance actually prejudiced his defense. The Andy must show that, but for his lawyer's errors, the result of his trial would have been different.
To show that his lawyer's performance was deficient, the Andy must demonstrate that his lawyer did not provide him with the level of skill and knowledge that a reasonably competent lawyer would have in his particular circumstances. The Andy must also show that his lawyer's errors were so serious that they deprived him of a fair trial.
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identify elements of article ii of the code of conduct. (select all that apply)
The elements of article ii of the code of conduct: 1 ,Military members are never authorized to surrender. 2 ,During military operations outside declared hostilities you may delay contact with local authorities
What are the elements of Article 2 of the code of conduct?Military members are never authorized to surrender.During military operations outside declared hostilities you may delay contact with local authoritiesMainly, Article II is the following: I can never give up on my personal free will. If in command, I will in no way give up the contributors of my command whilst they nonetheless have the way to resist. What this means is contributors to the militia may also in no way surrender voluntarily.In 1977, President Jimmy Carter amended Article V of the Code and in March 1988, President Ronald Reagan amended Articles I, II, and VI of the Code. There are six articles within the U.S. navy Code of behavior.Article III - If I'm captured I'm able to retain to withstand via all means to be had. I will make every attempt to get away and to aid others to get away. I will take delivery of neither parole nor unique favors from the enemy.To learn more about Article 2 code of conduct refer
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which of the following focuses on whether the recipient of a fear appeal can personally carry out the recommendation that is made?
According to Bandura (1977, 1986, and 1997), self-efficacy is an individual's belief in his or her capacity to carry out the actions required to achieve particular performance goals. Confidence in one's ability to control one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment is self-efficacy.
Examples of self-efficacy?Strong self-efficacy includes the following: A person with a chronic illness who is having trouble managing it feels as though they can get back on track and improve their health by working hard and following their doctor's advice.
Which of the four kinds of self-efficacy is it?According to Bandura (1997), there are four types of self-efficacy: vicarious experiences, mastery experiences, verbal persuasion, and physiological and emotional states are all examples.
What exactly is self-efficacy and why is it so crucial?Self-adequacy is the conviction that we can accomplish impact over the circumstances that influence our lives. People with Parkinson's disease are increasingly employing this idea as a means of assisting us in taking control of our condition.
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subrogation refers to an agreement in which a third party agrees to pay the debt owed by another party if that other party fails to pay his or her debt. True or False
In an arrangement known as subrogation, a third party promises to cover another party's debt in the event that the other party is unable to do so. False
A suretyship agreement is one in which a third party consents to cover another party's debt in the event that the other party defaults on their obligation.
Subrogation is the legal term meaning when one party has the authority to file a lawsuit on behalf of another party to recover damages from a negligent third party.
Subrogation prevents you and your insurance from having to pay for losses that weren't your responsibility, to put it simply. It is frequently found in homeowners', vehicle, and health insurance plans. It enables your insurance to take legal action against the responsible party to recoup the money spent for a claim that wasn't your fault.
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match each amendment with its purpose. sixth amendment fourth amendment fifth amendment eighth amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures press space to open protects citizens from being tried twice for the same alleged crime (double jeopardy) press space to open protects citizens by giving the right to receive counsel for defense of a crime press space to open protects citizens from being tortured or excessively threatened
4th Amendment- Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. 5th Amendment- Protects citizens form being tried twice for the same alleged crime ( double jeopardy).
6th Amendment- Protects citizens by giving the right to receive counsel for defense of a crime. 8th Amendment- guards against excessive threat or torture of citizens.
About Amendments
Since the US Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789, the United States Congress has suggested 33 amendments that have been forwarded to the states for ratification. 27 of them have been incorporated into the Constitution after receiving the necessary number of state ratifications. The first ten amendments, generally referred to as the Bill of Rights, were ratified and adopted at the same time. The Reconstruction Amendments are the collective name for the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. Six amendments that Congress approved and forwarded to the states haven't yet received the necessary number of ratifications.
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In 4-6 sentences, would you like to do undercover work like the jobs stated earlier? Why or why not? What skills do you think it takes to be that kind of person? Is there someone you think that could do that job?
I'll like to do an undercover work.
The skills that are important include a required educational level, intelligence and problem solving skills.
The person that I think that could do that job is my brother as he loves solving puzzles.
What is an undercover operation?Undercover operations are investigations in which investigators infiltrate criminal networks or pose as offenders in order to uncover organized crime activity. Undercover police work entails the use of deception by a police agent in order to obtain information and evidence that can be used to build a criminal case against those targeted by the undercover activity.
To become an undercover cop, you must first be hired as a police officer, gain several years of experience, and advance through the ranks. A high school diploma is required at the very least, but some police departments prefer candidates with some college experience or a degree in criminal justice.
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What is the purpose of a conference committee?
What is the government agency that makes the rules for raising campaign money?
The Federal Election Commission (FEC) is the government agency that makes the rules for raising campaign money.
What is the role of the Federal Election Commission (FEC) ?The independent regulatory body tasked with overseeing and upholding the federal campaign finance legislation is the Federal Election Commission (FEC). The financing of campaigns for the U.S. House, Senate, Presidency, and Vice Presidency is under the purview of the FEC.
In the United States, campaign finance refers to the funding of political campaigns at the municipal, state, and federal levels.
The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA, et seq.) is a federal law in the United States that required greater transparency of payments made to federal campaigns. It was later revised in 1974 to set legal limits on those contributions. The Federal Election Commission was also established under the legislation (FEC).
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when a reporter refuses to disclose information, government agents may get a(n) to search a newsroom or a reporter's home to find the information they want.
Government officials may get a warrant to search a reporter's home or newsroom when the reporter refuses to provide information.
What is it called when the government restricts the topics that news reporters can cover?
Journalists are permitted by shield laws to withhold sources and information. Although California's act has been understood to create immunity from a finding of contempt rather than a privilege per se, shield laws typically offer either an absolute or qualified privilege.
What does the term "reporter's privilege" mean?
A reporter's privilege, or the ability to decline to testify, is a legal protection that allows journalists to keep their sources private in the majority of states and federal circuits.
What qualifies as a reporter's privilege?
The government must first establish that there is a reasonable suspicion that the reporter is in possession of information pertinent to a particular legal infraction. Second, there is no other way to get the information requested.
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what did carr argue in baker v carr
After a census, a process called "aportionment" is used to plan up legislative districts with an equitable population distribution.
What is an example of apportionment?For instance, if a property is damaged, three insurers who each provide $60,000 in coverage are each given 50% of the claim. Real estate, workers' insurance, and the range of financial advantages are further examples of allocation.
How does apportionment work?The process of distributing the 435 membership, or seats, across the 50 states is known as "apportionment." Every ten years, the Census conducts a census. The results of each census are used to determine the number pf House seats that each state is eligible for.
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$65,400 annually or $31 per hour is the average salary for which position?
A.
Loss prevention officer
B.
Public police officer
C.
Secret Service agent
D.
Private bodyguard
$65,400 annually or $31 per hour is the average salary for Public police officer position. The correct option is (B).
What do you mean by Public police officer?In the United States, Indiana, or any of its political subdivisions, a public police officer is a peace officer acting in the course of their official duties.
The primary responsibility of the police is to prevent crime and disorder, and they must understand that this is how effectively they are doing, not by showing outward signs that they have taken action.
As of January 26, 2023, the average income for a police officer in the United States is $61,800; however, this figure frequently ranges between $57,700 and $67,300.
Therefore, $65,400 annually or $31 per hour is the average salary for Public police officer position.
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Which of the following statements regarding the Terrorism Insurance Program is correct?
The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA), passed by Congress in 2002, operates as a federal safety net for certain insured losses resulting from large-scale terrorist activities for selected property and casualty insurance lines, including workers' compensation.
In response, the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) was approved by the US Congress in 2002. To allow the federal government to split financial losses with insurers on commercial property/casualty (P/C) losses brought on by a terrorist attack, TRIA was first developed as a temporary, three-year federal program.
The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) established a temporary government program that offers a clear mechanism of shared public and private compensation for some insured damages brought on by a certified act of terrorism.
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The question was incomplete. Kindly refer here:
Which of the following statements regarding the Terrorism Insurance Program is correct?
1. TRIA was passed in the year 2002.
2. TRIA was developed as a permanent plan.
3. As a result of a terrorist attack, this statute prohibits the federal government from sharing financial losses with insurers for commercial property and casualty (P/C) losses.
If you _____ and it results in a crash, six additional license points will be added to your offense.
If you Text while driving and it results in a crash, six additional license points will be added to your offense.
What is the Point system ?Courts and state motor vehicle licensing agencies use the points system as a tool to punish offenders who repeatedly commit the same traffic infractions. Although not all states use it, this system first became popular in the US in the 1970s. Points make it easier for law enforcement to spot repeat offenders and discourage motorists from committing the same crime in the future.Having points assessed to your license can have serious and unpleasant repercussions, including:Increased expenses for car insuranceA license that is revoked or suspendedLarge fines, fees, and penaltiesTo Learn more About Point system refer to:
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What is the main reason someone would want to have—and need to have—renters insurance?.
After losing property due to many different sorts of damage or theft, renters insurance can assist you in replacing or repairing it. It may also offer protection in event of accident on your property. Premiums for policies are fairly reasonable each year.
Only if your landlord or property management firm mandates it, will you need to purchase renters insurance. Renters insurance may be required by landlords to reduce the likelihood that tenants may sue them for liability or personal property damage.
Renters insurance is frequently required by landlords, but fortunately, the top renters insurance providers make it simple to compare estimates online and buy a policy.
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ly'ana is an fbi agent who has recently been called to a local police department to assist in investigating a theft of approximately $50,000. ly'ana assisted the local department in solving the case and is preparing to go to court when the prosecutor informs her that the defense attorney has offered a deal. the defendant is willing to admit guilt and serve 18 months in prison. what government entity passed the law, called a statute, that allowed ly'ana, a federal law enforcer, to assist local law enforcement?
The federal government passed the law that allowed Ly'ana, a federal law enforcer, to assist local law enforcement. The reason the federal government was able to pass this law is because of the commerce clause in the Constitution.
The commerce clause gives the federal government the power to regulate interstate commerce. This means that the federal government has the ability to pass laws that regulate business activities that cross state lines. In this case, the federal government passed a law that allows the federal law enforcement officers to assist local law enforcement in investigating crimes that involved the interstate commerce.
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the characteristics that help determine which court has jurisdiction over a case include all of the following except:
Except for the president's stated objectives, the characteristics that help determine whether a court has jurisdiction over a case include all of the following.
What best determines the federal courts' jurisdiction?The federal courts' jurisdiction is decided by the President. With the advice and approval of the Senate, the President appoints federal judges. The judicial branch has the authority to declare unconstitutional the actions of the other branches of government.
What are the four justifications for the federal court's initial jurisdiction?Disputes involving maritime law, United States law, cases involving citizens of different states, cases involving different state governments, disputes to which the United States is a party, and disputes between foreign nations and ambassadors are all subject to the original jurisdiction of federal courts.
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The principle of _________ _________ states that athletes are responsible for everything that goes into or on their bodies, whether the ingestion of a prohibited substance is intentional or not.
The principle of Strict Liability states that athletes are responsible for everything that goes into or on their bodies, whether the ingestion of a prohibited substance is intentional or not.
About Strict liability principle
Strict liability occurs when a defendant is held accountable for an activity regardless of his or her purpose or state of mind at the time the action was committed in both tort and criminal law. Strict liability offences in criminal law include crimes of possession and statutory ra-pe.
Under the tort system, the strict liability principle is a crucial idea. The intrinsic harm that particular behaviours can cause serves as the fundamental underpinning of this principle.
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George claimed withholding allowances on Form W-4 that reduced the amount of tax withheld without having a reasonable basis for them. For what penalty could he be liable if convicted of doing so?
As George claimed withholding allowances on Form W-4 reduced the amount of tax withheld without having a reasonable basis for them, this could constitute a tax evasion and the penalty he could suffer could be up to 2-3 years in jail.
What is the condition surrounding tax evasion in U.S.?A tax evasion refers to an illegal activity in which a person or entity deliberately avoids paying a true tax liability. The taxpayers caught evading taxes are generally subject to criminal charges and substantial penalties, so, to willfully fail to pay taxes is a federal offense under the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax code.
Generally, the tax evasion applies to both the illegal nonpayment as well as the illegal underpayment of taxes. Even when the taxpayer fails to submit appropriate tax forms, the IRS can determine if taxes were owed based on the information required to be sent in by third parties, such as W-2 information from a person’s employer or 1099s.
In conclusion, a tax evasion only occurs when a person or business illegally avoids paying their tax liability which is a criminal charge that’s subject to penalties and fines.
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a state judge decides that, because a couple lived together for many years, they must split their assets equally between them now that they have ended their relationship, despite not being legally married. he bases his decision upon other court cases in the same state. which type of law is the judge applying to this case?
A state decide and makes a decision that, due to the fact a couple lived collectively for plenty years, they have to split their property similarly among them now that they've ended their relationship, Common law is applied by judge in this case.
No matter now no longer being legally married. he bases his choice upon different courtroom docket instances withinside the equal country. not unusualplace regulation is a form of regulation that the decide follow to this case. Common regulation, additionally called case regulation, is a frame of unwritten legal guidelines primarily based totally on prison precedents installed via way of means of the courts. Common regulation attracts from institutionalized reviews and interpretations from judicial government and public juries. Common legal guidelines from time to time show the foundation for brand new law to be enacted.
Common regulation is primarily based totally on all preceding prison rulings made via way of means of judges in a not unusualplace regulation courtroom docket. Examples of such rulings are not unusualplace regulation necessities for humans to examine contracts, doctor-affected person confidentiality, copyright, and not unusualplace regulation marriage.
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Do you think that criminalizing something actually creates an increase in crime rates? For example, if we criminalize cigarettes/cigarette smoking, could that cause an increase in a different crime or an increase in some other criminal behavior?
Be sure to provide an example.
Many social researchers were of the opinion that crime is heavily influenced by economic factors like employment, education, financial conditions, and the like. It is one of the most common side effects of social exclusion.
Criminal behavior refers to the conduct of a perpetrator that ends in and together with the commission of an unlawful act. Following are examples of case legal guidelines on crook conduct: Sexual acts with a ten yr antique baby really constitute criminal behavior. Crime can contain violence, intercourse or capsules but also discrimination, avenue rage, undeclared work and housebreaking.
Crime is any behaviour and any act, pastime or occasion that is punishable via law.numerous definitions are used for criminal conduct, consisting of conduct punishable by using public regulation, behavior taken into consideration immoral, behavior violating social norms or traditions, or acts inflicting intense psychological harm. crook conduct is frequently considered delinquent in nature.
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Question 2:
Sally, a contestant in one of the top reality shows in TV Reality was
preparing for the final contest to become the winner for the new season
2017. Sally intended to engage a professional tailor to sew the dress suitable
for the contest. Sally consulted Robin, a well-known fashion designer in
town on the choice of fabric for the dress because she had sensitive skin
and would be allergy to certain types of fabric. Sally also paid RM3,000 for
the cost of the dress. After the contest, Sally discovered red spots on her skin.
Sally went to see the doctor and she was told that her skin was sensitive to
the fabric used for the dress that she worn for the contest. Sally went to see
Robin and returned the dress for the reason that the fabric used for the
dress was not fit for the purpose she made known to Robin and caused her
skin complaint. Explain whether Sally can claim for the refund of her
money from Robin being the cost of the dress and the medical expenses
incurred by her.
Format:
1.Issue
2.Principles of law
3.Case
4.Application
5.Conclusion
According to passage , this is a Format of Principles of law .
General principles of law are fundamental rules with very general and abstract content that can occasionally be summed up in a maxim or a straightforward idea. General principles of law have not been "posited" in accordance with the formal sources of law, in contrast to other types of rules like enacted law or agreements.
Supremacy of the law is one of three key components of the rule of law. Predominance of the legal spirit: The judge should be independent of outside influences and impartial. To ensure accountability, stability, equality, and access to justice for all, governments must have effective laws, institutions, and procedures in place. In the end, this results in respect for both the environment and human rights. Additionally, it aids in reducing levels of corruption and violent conflict.
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the state of california passes a law to restrict emissions form motor vehicles. thee emissions may also be regulated by
The emissions may also be regulated by A. other states and the federal government.
What is an emission?It shoul be noted that something that has been released or emitted into the environment is referred to as an emission. Emissions include car exhaust, burps, and radio broadcasts.
Because the excessive amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere has become a major issue and has a direct impact on global warming, specific regulations that limit the amount of carbon dioxide released by factories have been implemented. These restrictions are referred to as 'carbon offsets.
In this case, it's important for states to regulate them.
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Complete question
The state of california passes a law to restrict emissions form motor vehicles. The emissions may also be regulated by
a. other states and the federal government.
b. no other government.
c. the federal government only.
d. other states only.
which of the following laws provides that following a worker's death or divorce, the employee's family has the right to buy group-rate health insurance for as long as three years
COBRA provides that following a worker's death or divorce, the employee's family has the right to buy group-rate health insurance for as long as three years.
The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act(COBRA) of 1985 is a standard neglected by the U.S. Congress on a conciliation action and marked by President Ronald Reagan that, containing, authorities a protection program that gives few representatives the capability in the second place medical insurance inclusion after leaving the business.
Health insurance or healing protection is a type of protection that covers all or any of the risks of one acquiring healing expenses. As accompanying added types of protection, the risk is joined with many things. The various types of health insurance contain Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs) Point-Of-Service (POS) Plans.
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The first step to giving a polygraph test is to ask questions pertaining to the crime.
(q008) in texas, the parties in the legislature are considered to be compared to the national government.
When compared to the national government, the parties in the Texas legislature are thought to be relatively weak.
Does the current Constitution of Texas limit or weaken the government of Texas?The power of the government is limited by the Texas Constitution. Limited government is the name given to this concept. The majority of restrictions safeguard Texans' individual rights. For instance, the state can't remove Texans' on the whole correct to free discourse.
What distinguishes the Texas Legislature from other state legislatures?the lawmaking body meets each odd numbered years , on the second Tuesday of January.140 days is the maximum length of a regular session.Texas is the only state that meets the minimum requirements in comparison to other states.
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Discuss supermax prison. Do you agree with prisoners being in perpetual lock-down?
(The definition: A supermax is a stand-alone unit or part of another facility and is designated for violent or disruptive inmates. It typically involves up to 23- hour-per-day, single-cell confinement for an indefinite period of time. Inmates in supermax housing have minimal contact with staff and other inmates.)
Explanation: