Answer:
Multipartite viruses have one of the most puzzling genetic organizations found in living organisms. These viruses have several genome segments, each containing only a part of the genetic information, and each individually encapsidated into a separate virus particle. While countless studies on molecular and cellular mechanisms of the infection cycle of multipartite viruses are available, just as for other virus types, very seldom is their lifestyle questioned at the viral system level. Moreover, the rare available “system” studies are purely theoretical, and their predictions on the putative
benefit/cost balance of this peculiar genetic organization have not received experimental support. In light of ongoing progresses in general virology, we here challenge the current hypotheses explaining the evolutionary success of multipartite viruses and emphasize their shortcomings. We also discuss alternative ideas and research avenues to be explored in the future in order to solve the long-standing mystery of how viral systems composed of interdependent but physically separated information units can actually be functional.
The perusal of the literature presented above illustrates our current ignorance on the reasons explaining why multipartite viruses are so successful. The simple fact that they can be ssRNA, dsRNA, or ssDNA likely indicates that multi-encapsidation has evolved more than once, and yet we are unable to confirm any associated beneficial aspects. The proposed putative benefits are not yet convincing because of a lack of data, and because most also appear valid for segmented virus, thus not explaining multi-encapsidation. We believe further experimental work on the specifics of the biology of multipartite viruses is necessary to evaluate and challenge the existing hypotheses, and, even better, propose new ones perhaps more pertinent or unforeseen. A possibility that should not be ignored is that, because multipartitism most likely evolved independently several times, its evolution may have responded to distinct selection pressures: it is possible that the reasons that led to the evolution of multipartitism differ in different groups of viruses and that potential benefits that exist in one group do not exist in another. As concluding remarks, we outline a few research lines that could clarify or assign specific properties to multipartite viruses that we judge immediately critical.
Structural, physical, and biochemical properties of the virus particles depending on the contained segment(s) should be investigated in more detail. An important outreach of these studies (detailed in section 4) is that distinct properties of particles containing different segments may reflect an adaptive process involved in the temporal regulation of gene expression specific to multipartite viral systems. Although such variable particle properties were shown to be related to the RNA folding structure, they may also be important for multipartite ssDNA viruses in which secondary/tertiary folding structures of various segments appear to have unknown biological functions [97].
Also related to the regulation of gene expression, the discovery of the genome formula in populations of the nanovirus FBNSV [50] contributes to the consideration of a putative important role of gene copy number variations in the biology of viruses. Prominent questions are whether the genome formula is also controlled in other multipartite viruses, whether it actually regulates gene and phenotype expression, and whether it is an adaptive and evolvable trait. While arguments in favor of the adaptive regulation of gene copy number in multipartite viruses are discussed in section 3, a direct experimental demonstration is still lacking.
If a student wants to learn more about tornadoes, she should take a class in
meteorology. its the study of weather
i hope this helps!!!
She should take a class in Meteorology.
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere, atmospheric phenomena, and atmospheric effects on our weather.What is meterology?Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and motions within the atmosphere on short-time scales. Commonly known as weather meteorology focuses on the atmospheric variables related to current or near future conditions.To know more about weather here
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Which statement best describes the purpose of the eye?
A. The eye takes in and responds to stimuli.
B. The eye sends images to the brain.
C. The eye receives and processes visual signals.
D. The eye lets in varying amounts of light.
Answer:
D?
Explanation:
Sorry if im wrong >-<
If you are experiencing Na channels deactivating the plasma membrane which hyperpolarizes the membrane which sense is being activated?
The options are missing from the question,below are the options.
A) touch
B) smell
C) hearing
D) sight
The correct answer to the question is option D
SIGHT.
If one is experiencing Na channels deactivating the plasma membrane,the sense that is being activated is SIGHT,
this is because in the red blood cell,the light induced isomerization of the moiety retinal rhodoesin produce activated opsin which goes ahead to activate the signal transducing G-protein transducin,this it does by catalyzing exchange of GTP (Guanosine triphosphate) for bound GDP(guanosine diphosphate) on the subunit.
This GTP in turn activates the level of CGMP (Cyclic guanosine monophosphate) phosphodiesterase and it further acts to lower the level of CGMP.
Upon this reduction,it leads to the closing of CGMP-gated Na+ channels and hyperpolarization of the membrane.
Which animals have tube like mouth?
Answer:
aardvark
Explanation:
please help!! what’s 11 and 14?
What is the speed of bicycle B?
A. 0.2 km/min
B. 0.3 km/min
C. 4 km/min
D. 6 km/min
can some one label this ill mark branieliest
what structure help to keep the stem's shape and up right position?
Answer:
The cell wall.
Explanation:
2.
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?
Answer:
the star player
PLEASE HELP MEEEEE QUICKLYYYY
a group of students found the specific gravity of a pice of galena to be 7.8. The accepted value for the specific gravity of galena is 7.2 find the % of error in the student's work
Answer:
Percent error = 8.3%
Explanation:
Given data:
Accepted value of specific gravity = 7.2
Measured value of specific gravity = 7.8
Percent error = ?
Solution:
Percent error = measured value - accepted value / accepted value × 100
Now we will put the values in formula.
Percent error = 7.8 - 7.2/7.2 × 100
Percent error = 0.6/7.2 × 100
Percent error = 0.083 × 100
Percent error = 8.3%
What do tropical rainy and temperate marine climates have in common?
O dry winters
O very few trees
O very hot temperatures
O high levels of precipitation
The stems of a plant:
A. carry water and minerals
B. hold the plant in the ground
C. take in carbon dioxide from the air
D. o make food
Identify the RNA bases that would pair up with the DNA sequence TGCACT
A. TGCACT
B. ACGTGA
C. UCGUGA
D. ACGUGA
RNA and DNA are two nucleic acids that differ in nitrogen bases. ACGUGA is the RNA base pair that will pair with TGCACT, of DNA. Thus, option D is correct.
What is complementary base pairing?The complementary base pairing has been defined as the pairing of the nucleotides with each other to form the RNA or DNA structures. The base pairs with each other through hydrogen bonding where the reaction occurs between the purines and pyrimidines.
The RNA and DNA structure differs as RNA is made of ribonucleic acid with four nitrogen bases, A, U, G, and C, whereas DNA is made of deoxyribonucleic acid with bases, A, T, G, and C. Both differ in sugar and one nitrogenous base.
According to Chargaff's base pairing rule the purines (adenine and guanine) pair with pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil). A forms a double bond with T in DNA and U in RNA, and G forms triple bonds with C.
The given DNA sequence is: TGCACT
The RNA bases for the sequence will be: ACGUGA
Therefore, option D. ACGUGA is the complementary base pair.
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The vertebrate lung first appeared in ___________.
Answer:
fishes
Explanation:
A progenitor feature found in early boney fish served as the basis for the development of the vertebrate lung.
What are vertebrate lungs?The lung of modern vertebrates evolved from a structure that was present in the ancestors of early boney fish.
Lungs in vertebrates originated as extra air-breathing organs in primordial fishes and were ventilated by buccal pumping when they first appeared. In more modern fishes, the organ formerly known as the lungs has been replaced with the hydrostatic swimbladder. This fundamental kind of unicameral lungs and the buccal pumping ventilation observed in these lungs can also be found in more modern amphibians.
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Which of the following proteins bind to molecules or ions that
change their conformation and carry them across the
membrane?
Answer:Carrier proteins bind specific solutes and transfer them across the lipid bilayer by undergoing conformational changes that expose the solute-binding site sequentially on one side of the membrane and then on the other.
Explanation:
What foods below would test positive for starch in the presence of iodine?
Question 8 options:
a steak
a hard boiled egg
noodles, bread, or crackers
chicken
The group of foods that would test positive for starch in the presence of iodine would be noodles, bread, or crackers.
Noodles, bread, or crackers consist largely of starch. Starch has the capacity to turn the brown color of iodine to blue-black because the iodine molecules insert themselves in the structure of the amylose content of the starch.
Foods like steaks, hard-boiled eggs, and chicken are essentially made of proteins and will, therefore, fail the iodine test for starch.
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Question 7 of 10
Which part of a tube worm's cells keeps excess salt from entering the cells?
A. The cytoplasm
B. The cell nucleus
C. The cell membrane
D. The cytoskeleton
SUBMIT
Answer:
its C. The cell membrane
Explanation:
3 Ag Brt Ga PO 4 Ag₃PO4 + Gabrz
Balance or unbalanced
Answer:
I believe that this is balanced.
Answer: balenced
Explanation:
Just took a quiz on this, it was sucky but I got a few right and this was one of them <3
A plant is the most balanced need for water within its need for carbon dioxide and oxygen. It’s too much water is lost, the stomata will close. How does this affect the plants ability to regulate levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen?
Answer:
it helps regulate them and keep them level going through the state of transpiration
Explanation:
to prevent too much water lost a plant will close it's stoma to store that water, this process is called transpriation. if the stoma is open it will dry out the plant.
so a plant losing water in reaction they will close their stoma which is homeostasis, homeostasis is balance. so for example u go through homeostasis when it's hot outside it results in u sweating, why? cause your body is trying to cool down and regulate it's self.
what is the structure of the cell wall
Hello please help ill give brainliest, thank you!
Answer:
I'm almost positive it's C
Explanation:
Battery operated device was invented to control the speed in rhythm of the human heart which professional was mainly involved in this invention
Answer:
Rune Elmqvist is designated with the credits of establishing the first artificial cardiac pacemaker.
Explanation:
Answer:
Your answer would be B - A Biomedical Engineer
Explanation:
I took the test on Edge 2020-21. Hope this helps, have a great day!
What are two important ways to classify tooth form
Answer:
You can identify by the size and/or shape.
Shifting biomes could have consequences for the regions in which the shifts occur. Read the two cases below and decide which consequences would apply to one or both cases.Case 1: The biome of a small agricultural community in the western United States changes from grassland to desert. A species of migrating duck, which can carry bird flu, goes locally extinct.Case 2: The biome in northern Russia changes from tundra to taiga. Timber harvesting in the region becomes possible. Arctic foxes go locally extinct and are replaced by red foxes that commonly carry rabies.Sort each consequence based on whether it would apply to Case 1, Case 2, or botha. increased risk of wildfiresb. local economy suffersc. carbon storage decreasesd. agricultural production decreasese. carbon storage increasesf. disease vector range changesg. decreased water availabilityh. local economy thrivesi. species range changesCase 1Case 2Cases 1 and 2
Answer:
increased risk of wildfires- both
local economy suffers- Case 1
carbon storage decreases - Case 2
agricultural production decreases - Case 1
carbon storage increases - Case 1
disease vector range changes - Case 2
decreased water availability - Case 1
local economy thrives - Case 2
species range changes - Case 2
Explanation:
Fires are common to taiga biomes. Owing to the fact that the biome in case 1 changed from an agricultural community to a grassland and subsequently to a desert, agricultural productivity will decrease, the local economy will suffer, water availability is decreased and local economy suffers as a consequence of desertification.
On the other hand, in case 2, the diseases vector range as well as species range changes due to the change in the species of foxes from Artic foxes to red foxes that carry rabies. Carbon storage decreases as the taiga biome acts as a carbon sink. The local economy thrives due to timber production.
Lastly, species range changes both in case 1 and case 2 since there is a loss of species. Species range is the area where a particular species can be found during its lifetime. Certainly, the range of area where species are found changed in cases 1 and 2.
The consequences from the given cases are sorted as:
case 1: b. the local economy, c. carbon storage decreases, d. agricultural production decreases, f. disease vector range changes, i. species range changes, g. decreased water availability
Case 2: a. increased risk of wildfires, e. carbon storage increases, f. disease vector range changes, i. species range changes, h. the local economy thrives
Case 1 and 2 both: f. disease vector range changes, i. species range changes.
Consequences by shifting biomes?Case 1:
The shifting of biome from the agricultural community in the United States changes from grassland to desert result in consequences like decrease in the carbon storage and local economy suffers because of reduction in the agricultural production.
Also since the biome changes to the desert, it results in decreased water availability. Also since the biome changes, a species of migrating duck that carries flu goes locally extinct which implies that there will be a change in the range of species as well as the disease vector changes.
Case 2:
Since the biome in Russia changes from Tundra to Taiga now harvesting becomes possible and due to which carbon storage increases which in turn results in the flourishing of the local economy.
As an increase in the forests, there will be an increased risk of wildfires. Since the c foxes go locally extinct and are replaced by red foxes which carry rabies which implies that species range changes and the disease vector range changes.
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Which sentence from the passage best expresses the main idea of paragraph 2?
A.
"Parkour has become a popular art form in many cities around the world due to the many obstacles located around urban settings."
B.
"Traceurs, who pit their bodies against various types of obstacles, often risk physical injury, and safety is an important concern."
C.
"The ultimate goal of parkour is for a person to mentally and physically prepare to overcome any obstacle he or she may face."
D.
"While practicing parkour, a traceur route may take him or her over a large boulder, across several rooftops, or across the top of a wall."
Study island work Plz help
Answer:
You cant wander this because you dont know the paragraph
Explanation:
theres no paragraph for us to see
Answer:
B. "Traceurs, who pit their bodies against various types of obstacles, often risk physical injury, and safety is an important concern."
Which polymer
can be found "freely floating" in the cytoplasm of a bacteria?
A) proteins
B) lipids
C) carbohydrates
D) nucleic acids
Which of the following is most likely associated with population of an organism?
A. A series of severe weather events in the habitat
B. A reduction in the necessary resources available
C. An expansion of adequate living space
D. An increase in animals that hunt the organism
which statement best describes the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration ?
Answer:
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are the energy that is transformed from the process.
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are the energy that is transformed from the process.
In what way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar?The energy captured in photosynthesis is used to power cellular respiration. The energy transformed in cellular respiration is used to power photosynthesis.
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Which is true about Embryonic Stem Cells.
Answer:
They can give rise to all cell types in the organism.
Hope this helps
Look at the diagram. What type of plant cell is shown by number 3
Answer: Xylem cell
Explanation:
The question asks for a plant cell so you know it can’t be any cell exclusive to an animal. It’s a long tube so it’s a xylem cell