Answer:
The five steps of DNA replication are (1) DNA unzips, (2) complementary bases come in, (3) the sugar-phosphate backbone is constructed, (4) the backbone bonds to bases and bases bond to each other, and (5) the bases are proofread.
The process of DNA replication.You may thus remember that your cells produce enzymes as catalysts to carry out activities. Your cells turn on an enzyme called DNA helicase for DNA replication. Your DNA is grabbed by the helicase molecule, which then gently unravels and unwinds the entire DNA molecule. Another group of enzymes known as DNA polymerase follow behind it as it moves.
There are also free-floating nucleotides present in your cell. Normally, your cell utilizes them to build RNA for communications, but now the DNA polymerase enzymes take them up and assemble them into new DNA. If the polymerase tries to insert the incorrect nucleotide, it won't fit since each nucleotide can only ever link to its matching nucleotide (A->T, G->C), which stops the process. Another nucleotide is taken after discarding the erroneous one. The leading edge is created in this manner.
Another enzyme, which should be mentioned, primes the nucleotides with phosphate groups that the polymerases grasp onto and then discard when the nucleotides are integrated into at the DNA strand.
It becomes a little trickier with the lagging strand. The polymerase will move in the same direction as the helicase on one side because the polymerases can only move in one way (5'-3'), but it cannot move in the opposite direction on the other. The open DNA on that side is instead read by a different enzyme known as DNA primase (there are many of them), which then synthesizes RNA segments that are identical. A different polymerase converts the RNA primer to DNA, followed by a third enzyme (DNA ligase) that joins the ends of those DNA segments to create the new whole DNA from the lagging strand. This process starts with one polymerase using the primer to attach and build DNA in the opposite direction of the helicase.
The two new complete sets of DNA are therefore formed from the leading and lagging strands. The other half is composed of the old DNA that was divided in half, while the first half is entirely new and formed of free nucleotides.
The process by which your cells divide then involves bundling up the DNA, dividing, and a whole bunch of other things.
Little more info that might answer some extra questions:The primase is not what puts the extra phosphate groups onto the loose nucleotides. As far as I'm aware, that's part of their construction. Those phosphate groups are what provides the energy for the polymerase to attach them to the DNA strand, after which they're discarded to be picked up and reused later to build more nucleotides. The nucleotides themselves are made with a different series of enzymes. Suffice it to say, enzymes are like tiny molecular robots in a factory using chemical reactions to build what your cell needs, each enzyme responsible for one of the often many reactions needed. The process for constructing nucleotides is over my head, but it boils down to a series of enzymes putting molecules together and changing their shape.
What primase does is construct the RNA primers that the polymerase fuses to the DNA strand to become the other half of that side of the DNA.
The lagging strand isn't smaller, it's just being constructed in the opposite direction from the way the DNA is being unzipped by the helicase. Typically, you picture DNA like a twisted ladder, but that's not quite right. The reason it has the twist has to do with the structure of the base pairs. The two chains of the DNA run opposite from each other. If you're looking at it like a ladder, one side is "upside down". The helicase starts unzipping from either end of the DNA strand, but for one side of the DNA it's unzipping 3'-5', and for the other side it's unzipping 5'-3'.
The polymerase only constructs DNA going from the 5' end to the 3' end. For half the DNA, this works perfectly fine - it follows merrily along behind the helicase as it unzips the DNA strand. As each base pair separates, the polymerase just pops a new base onto the half it's attached to. For the other half, though, from its perspective the DNA is getting unzipped 3'-5', which is opposite the direction the polymerase can go. It can't follow behind the helicase. Instead, primase comes in and builds RNA segments in the 5'-3', "backwards" from the helicase, giving the polymerase something to grab and go the direction it wants to go.
Which of the following is a gene abnormality in which two nonhomologous parts rearrange and fuse together?
A. Deletion
B. Duplication
C. Translocation
D. None of the above
Answer:
translocation is the only one that fuses together
Explanation:
make a in a sentence to uwuwpbrnjb
it is curcial the process of mitosis is error free. this is because otherwise healthy cells can
Answer:
It is really crucial that the process of mitosis is error free, otherwise, health cells can grow into giant super cells, also known as cancerous cells.
The process of mitosis and the cycle of the cell is highly regulated so that uncontrolled division of cells do not occur. Mitotic cell division also needs to be error free so that normal daughter cells are produced.
This is why there are different checkpoints in the cell cycle and mitotic cell division itself. Without regulation and checkpoints, health cells might divide uncontrollably and form giant super cells. In reality, these cells are known as cancer cells.
How is selective pressure related to evolution?
A. Selective pressure can be a driving force of evolution.
B. Selective pressure is the same as evolution.
C. Selective pressure ensures that evolution has an end product.
D. Selective pressure causes evolution to proceed randomly.
Selective pressure can be a driving force of evolution; option A.
What is selective pressure?Selective pressure refers to external forces which affect an organism's ability to survive in a given environment.
Selective pressure can either decrease or increase the occurrence of a trait.
Therefore, selective pressure can be a driving force of evolution.
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Need help with my hw
The mutation does not affect the structure of the protein and is called a silent mutation.
What is a mutation?A mutation is a change that occurs in the sequence of nucleotides of a gene.
The mutation that changes the base G in the DNA to A will result in the following corresponding changes in the mRNA and tRNA:
In the mRNA; A will be complementary to UIn tRNA; U will be complementary to AThe mutation does not result in any changes since the amino acid coded for by the mRNA has more than one codon coding for it.
This type of mutation is called a silent mutation.
In conclusion, some mutations occurring in genes have no effect on the proteins the gene codes for.
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Describe the function of one component of a cell membrane. How is its shape important for this role? How do functional groups and/or intermolecular forces of attraction contribute to its shape?
Integral membrane proteins are found on cell membranes and due to their structure and polar functional groups are able to serve as transport channels.
What is the cell membrane?The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer which separates the cell contents from the external environment.
A component of the cell membrane is the integral membrane proteins which transverses the cell membrane and as such are able to serve as transport channels.
The integral membrane proteins contain hydrophilic amino acids groups with charged groups which help it to serve as binding site for polar molecules like water and ions.
The interior contains hydrophobic amino acid which enables it to interact with the lipid bilayer.
In conclusion, the structure and composition of integral membrane proteins enables them to serve as cell transporters and channels.
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Whats the correct answer answer asap for brainlist
Why might a scientist want to disrupt the plasma membrane and how might they do this experimentally?
It is possible to disrupt the plasma membrane by using enzymes and/or detergent agents.
What is the plasma membrane?The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer that is mainly composed of phospholipids and cholesterol.
In laboratory conditions, it is possible to disrupt this lipid bilayer by using detergent and proteins (enzymes) that break the bonds binding phospholipids.
For example, enzymes can break down the double bonds that bind fatty acids in the lipid bilayer.
In conclusion, the plasma membrane can be break down by applying enzymes and detergents.
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The nitrogen cycle could not exist without .
According to the theory of natural selection, a species that lacks the variations necessary to adapt to a changing environment will most likely
Group of answer choices
mutate
fossilize
acquire a new trait
become extinct
Answer:
Become Extinct.
Explanation:
A species that doesn't have the required traits to adapt to their environment will be killed.
In a recent survey of students who graduated from a large public high school, nine out of ten students reported that they passed biology with a grade of seventy-five percent or higher. What further data could be produced to be sure that this information is accurate?
Name the mineral in meat that is needed to make haemoglobin.
Obviously charged objects attract each other this attraction holds electrons and atoms and holds atoms to one another in many compounds however earnestructs model of the atom field to explain why electrons not pulled into the automatic nucleus by this attraction what change to the atomic model helps solve the problems seeing Rutherford's model
The fact that electrons occupy certain specified energy levels in which they are radiation less solves the problems associated with the Rutherford model.
What is the Bohr-Sommerfeld Model?According to the Bohr-Sommerfeld Model of the atom, the electrons in an atom tend to occupy certain specified energy levels in which they are radiation less.
Recall that following from the Rutherford model and the and the Maxwell's laws, an accelerating charge radiates energy. Thus, the bottle neck is removed by assuming that electrons occupy specific energy levels in which they do not move about an loose energy.
This eliminates the possibility that the electron could spiral into the nucleus.
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The following table describes five molecules that belong to the same class.
Molecule Function
Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood
Amylase an enzyme that breaks down starch
Immunoglobulin an antibody produced in response to an invading particle
Collagen the main structural component of connective tissues
Aquaporin transports water in and out of the cell
Which class of biomolecule do the molecules in the table belong to?
A.
nucleic acids
B.
proteins
C.
carbohydrates
D.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
proteins are used to repair muscle and make it stronger.
Answer:
A. nucleic acid
It's nucleic acid because both DNA and RNA are considered as nucleic acid because that can be found in the nucleus of the cells.
Summarizing Owl Pellet Contents An owl eats its prey whole or in large pieces. Summarize what is found in an owl pellet and why it is regurgitated. Summarizing Owl Pellet Contents An owl eats its prey whole or in large pieces . Summarize what is found in an owl pellet and why it is regurgitated .please help fast i olny have less than 6 hours to do the rest of summer school
Teeth, skulls, claws, and feathers are found in an owl pellet.
What is found in an owl pellet and why it is regurgitated?An owl pellet has indigestible material that is left in the gizzard i.e. teeth, skulls, claws, and feathers which are too dangerous to pass through the rest of the owl's digestive tract. In order to safely excrete this material, the owl's gizzard compacts it into a tight pellet that the owl regurgitates.
So we can conclude that teeth, skulls, claws, and feathers are found in an owl pellet.
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Teeth, bones, hair, and exoskeletons do not decompose in an owl's digestive tract. This is further explained below.
What is Owl Pellet?Generally, When an owl roosts, it often drops a few fuzzy, oval things on the ground below its perch as a visual signal of its presence.
In conclusion, An owl pellet consists of these prey items squeezed together. The owl ejects this waste from its digestive system by regurgitating it.
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importance of Airshed for land use planning
The importance of Airshed for land use planning is to preserve quality air and prevention of air pollution.
What is Airshed?This is referred to an area of land in which airborne chemicals are channeled to a particular river etc.
This helps to eliminate particles which could cause pollution thereby improving air quality.
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John is testing the effect of temperature on the solubility of sugar in water.
He plans to determine the mass of sugar dissolved in a saturated solution.
He will begin with a known mass of sugar and add sugar to water until the
solution is saturated. He will then calculate how much sugar dissolved by
subtracting the remaining mass from the initial mass.
He organized data about his experiment in the following table:
Volume of water
Temperature
Initial mass of
sugar
Final mass of
sugar
Group A
75 mL
25°C
1000 g
Group B
90°C
Group C
5°C
Which of the following would be the best volume of water to use in Group C?
A. 25 mL
B. 270 mL
C. 140 mL
D. 75 mL
Based on the model simulation of the carbon cycle, what happens when you decrease the plant biomass
Based on the model simulation of the carbon cycle, the atmospheric CO2 increases when you decrease the plant biomass.
What is the Carbon cycle?The carbon cycle may be defined as the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon and its derivatives are swapped among the different zones of the Earth such as the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
It is only the plant that uses CO2 for the production of food via the process of photosynthesis and converts it into atmospheric oxygen.
Once the biomass of the plant decreases, the atmospheric level of CO2 increases because now no one on the Earth has the ability to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen.
Therefore, based on the model simulation of the carbon cycle, the atmospheric CO2 increases when you decrease the plant biomass.
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.When this type of volcano erupts, very thin lava flows pour out in all directions from a central vent. What kind of volcano is pictured?
Shield volcano
nder cone volcano
composite volcano
pervolcano
The type of volcano that is pictured is Shield volcano. That is option A.
What is volcano?Volcano can be defined as the eruption of the gases, lava and ash through an opening from the earth crust.
There are various types of volcano an example of which is the Shield volcano.
The shield volcano is different from other volcanoes because they :
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why should we be moral
A family has a furnace that uses natural gas to heat their home. They are moving to an area that offers the option of
using energy from a solar to power plant to heat their home. Which disadvantage will the family most likely face by
making this switch?
O a less reliable production of heat
O higher costs for the monthly heating bill
O an increase in waste production
a less reliable production of heat
Fish populations and other aquatic resources are likely to be affected by changes in what aquatic factors? a. water temperatures b. disease c. water quality d. all of the above please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Fish populations and other aquatic resources are likely to be affected by changes in all of the above i.e., water temperatures, disease and water quality.
a) Water temperatures: Warm water released from industries into the rivers has lesser BOD (biological oxygen demand) than cool water. The marine species which are unable to migrate will die due to the unavailability of oxygen while frequent algal blooms will be present due to no availability of oxygen.
b) Diseases: Increase in toxins and chemicals will increase in the river as a result of the industrial dump. This will cause industrial animals to acquire toxicants in their bodies and will cause several diseases, wounds, and eventually the death of the organism.
c) Water quality: due to warm and toxic water many marine animals will migrate to places with cooler water. there will be increased algal blooms. This will affect the whole food web and hence there will be a loss of biodiversity.
hence all of the above factors will affect Fish populations and other aquatic resources.
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Scientist believe lithospheric plate movements are caused by:
A. convective currents within the Earth.
B. glaciers moving across the poles.
C. warm ocean currents creating friction.
D. All of these choices are correct.
Explain the evidence that scientists use to support the Big Bang Theory.
Answer:
See below.
Explanation:
A lot of the evidence is related to the fact that light takes time to travel, one of the core principles underlying relativity.
Space itself is expandingLight has characteristics resembling waves, particularly the wavelength (or frequency), which humans see as color. The doppler effect occurs when an object emits light while moving, compressing or stretching the wavelength and altering the color of the light. The light from a galaxy traveling away from us will look "stretched out," or redshifted, to observers on Earth. A moving object's light is either compressed or blueshifted. This nomenclature is based on the fact that blue light has the largest wavelength and red light has the smallest wavelength for visible light. More frequently than not, invisible light like x-rays or radio waves are used to measure the impact of galaxies.
When we do gaze up at the galaxies in the sky, we notice something unsettling: it seems as though everything in the cosmos is frantically attempting to get away from the planet. Everything is far more redshifted than we would anticipate if galaxies were just randomly cruising through space. It is highly improbable that the earth is at the heart of a galaxy explosion that spans the entire universe in the post-Copernican era of science. Instead, we come to the conclusion that space itself is expanding and that the redshift effect would apply everywhere in the cosmos, not only on Earth.
The fact that space is expanding implies that everything was more compacted in the past. Theoretically, there must have been a time in the past when everything was maximum compressed if space has always been increasing.
We can see the remnants of the big bangSince light travels slowly, whenever we gaze into the remote reaches of the cosmos, we are also doing so in the past. By the turn of the 20th century, technology had evolved to the point where humanity had seen everything inside the observable universe. We discovered that a thick plasma "fog" of stuff from the early cosmos surrounds us on all sides in the form of cosmic background radiation. This suggests that the cosmos did not always exist in its current form. Stars and galaxies were created from a sort of primordial soup that subsequently cooled and concentrated.
We can learn some details about the characteristics of the cosmic background radiation, which will help us understand what the early cosmos was like. The evidence suggests that it was extremely hot and that stable stuff, such atoms and molecules, needed some time to form.
It can be used to explain known phenomenaOne of the best tests for a theory is if it can explain a well-known but yet unrecognized phenomena that is unrelated to the original motivation behind its development. Because the first nucleosynthesis only produced the lightest atoms, the big bang hypothesis, for instance, explains why there is a considerably greater abundance of hydrogen and helium in the universe than heavier elements.
Appendix: Problems and open questionsThe fact that both quantum and relativistic physics apply to the big bang is one of the challenges in researching it. These two models don't work well together, as you may be aware. One issue is that gravity is fundamentally weaker than the other forces, making it very hard to measure gravitational effects at the quantum level. As a result, there is no known quantum explanation of gravity.
Dark matter and dark energy are further issues. Simply put, dark matter is "additional" stuff with gravity but no other interactions. Since dark energy is in charge of space's perpetually accelerating expansion, it is much more intimately associated with the big bang idea.
The baryon asymmetry, an issue with antimatter, is another issue. When matter and antimatter come into contact, they completely destroy one another and transform into energy. When the great bang happened and subatomic particles first started to form, there was only a tiny bit more matter than antimatter; as a result, all that was left was matter. The galaxies are currently made up of this small amount of additional stuff. It is not understood why different amounts of matter and antimatter are produced.
However, the big bang theory is by far the most reliable hypothesis for the early universe's development. It is at the leading edge of contemporary science, therefore it's critical to grasp what evidence is actually being given and to accept new discoveries with a grain of salt.
Evidence comes from data that has been and that supports or refutes a(n) .
Evidence comes from data that has been and that supports or refutes a scientific theory.
What is a scientific theory?A scientific theory is any well-sustained statement that was verified and validated by using the scientific method.
A scientific theory is based on the collection of empirical evidence that confirms this statement, but it may be refuted by new lines of evidence.
In conclusion, evidence comes from data may support or refute a scientific theory.
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Study the image about geologic time. Geochronological scale Paleogene Cenozoic many types of mammals diatrima Neogene Quatemary BUNKS smiodon mammoth human During which period did humans first appear on Earth? O Quaternary O Neogene O Paleogene O Cenozoic Study the image about geologic time . Geochronological scale Paleogene Cenozoic many types of mammals diatrima Neogene Quatemary BUNKS smiodon mammoth human During which period did humans first appear on Earth ? O Quaternary O Neogene O Paleogene O Cenozoic
Answer:
A. Quaternary
Explanation:
We came around Quaternary time frame. This period is called the "Age of Humans"
Answer: Quaternary (A)
Explanation:
sodium moving into the muscle fiber simulates______ to release calcium.
According to the research, sodium moving into the muscle fiber simulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium.
What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?It is a cellular organelle present in muscle fibers in whose terminal muscle vesicles we will find calcium.
This calcium is what will be released when the action potential reaches the interior of the muscle cell through the T tubules.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, sodium moving into the muscle fiber simulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium.
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What happens after anaphase?
• A. Go phase
•
B. Telophase
• C. Prophase
• D. Metaphase
Answer:
B.Telophase
Explanation:
Tissue engineering is the ability to grow cells in a laboratory. These cells are collected
from an animal, a donor organ, or a patient's body and grown in liquid nutrients that allow
them to divide and multiply. This science explores the possibility of replacing or repairing
human body parts. How is the term engineering as used in this process applied?
By the use of:
The term engineering as used in the process of tissue engineering simply uses the principles of biomedical engineering to grow cells in the laboratory
This goes to say that tissue engineering helps to develop biological substitutes that replace or improve tissues and organs.What is tissue engineering?Tissue engineering can be defined as the process and ability to grow cells in a laboratory.
In conclusion, the term engineering as used in the process of tissue engineering simply uses the principles of biomedical engineering to grow cells in the laboratory
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Answer asap whats the correct answer for brainlist
Answer: The fertile soil, it limited the number of Japanese who could earn a living from farming