Common to all cell : Plasma membrane , Ribosome ,DNA
Unique to Eukaryotic cell : Nucleus , Rough endoplasmic , reticulum Mitochondrion.
A membrane-bound building block that contains the basic molecules of life and from which all living things are made. A single cell is often a complete organism in its own right, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature. These cells cooperate with other specialized cells to become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms such as humans and other animals. Cells are much larger than atoms, but they are still very small. The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasma.
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be sure to answer all parts. describe the hybrid orbitals used by the central atom(s) and the type(s) of bonds formed in so2.
The hybrid orbitals used by the central atom(s) and the type(s) of bonds formed in so2. One 3s orbital and two 3p orbitals are hybridised during SO2 synthesis.
One 3s orbital and two 3p orbitals are hybridised during SO2 synthesis. One hybrid orbital will have a single pair of electrons, while two hybrid orbitals have unpaired electrons. Pi bonds are formed between the 3d and 3p orbitals, which are unchanged.
The type of hybridization that occurs in sulphur dioxide is sp2. We will first examine the sulphur atom, which will serve as the focal point, to ascertain this. This centre atom becomes SO2 when it bonds with two oxygen atoms, resulting in a structure with the formula O=S=O. Sulfur and the two oxygen atoms have one sigma bond and one pi bond created between them. One single pair can also fit inside the atom.
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what mass of hbr (in g ) would you need to dissolve a 3.0- g pure iron bar on a padlock? express your answer using two significant figures. view available hint(s)
The mass of HBr that would be needed to dissolve the 3.0 g pure iron bar is 11 g
3.0 g is the mass of pure iron (Fe).
HBr mass required to dissolve the aforementioned iron
Explanation:
HBr and Fe react, and the result is
FeBr2 + H2 = Fe + 2HBr
Based on the stoichiometry of the reaction,
2 moles of HBr and 1 mole of Fe react.
Mass of Fe/atomic mass of Fe = 3.0/56 g.mol.1 = 0.0607 moles of Fe.
As a result, the number of moles of HBr is equal to 2*0.0607 moles.
HBr's molar mass is 81 g/mole.
HBr mass equals 0.1214 moles times 81 g/mole, or 11 g.
11 gram of HBR are needed.
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show that the relationship between units of length, mass and volumes by adding with example?
Explanation:
The relationship between units of length, mass, and volume can be described by the following formulas:
Length x Width x Height = Volume
For example, if a box has dimensions of 2 meters x 3 meters x 4 meters, the volume of the box is 24 cubic meters (2 x 3 x 4 = 24).
Volume x Density = Mass
For example, if a box has a volume of 24 cubic meters and a density of 500 kg/m^3, the mass of the box is 12,000 kilograms (24 x 500 = 12,000).
Mass / Volume = Density
For example, if a box has a mass of 12,000 kilograms and a volume of 24 cubic meters, the density of the box is 500 kg/m^3 (12,000 / 24 = 500).
These formulas demonstrate the relationships between units of length, mass, and volume. Length and width are used to calculate the volume of an object, mass and volume are used to calculate density, and volume and density are used to calculate mass.
410A is a commonly used refrigerant. What
is the energy change when 100. g of 410A
goes from -40.0 °C to -60.0 °C?
Heating Curve Data for Coolant 410a
Boiling Point (°C)
-51.53
AHVan (kJ/kg)
276.2
vap
Specific Heat, gas (kJ/kg K)
0.823
Specific Heat, liquid (kJ/kg K)
1.84
q = [?] kJ
Do not round until the end. Include either a + or -
sign AND the magnitude.
Answer: The energy change when 100 g of 410A goes from -40.0 °C to -60.0 °C is -184 kJ.
Explanation:
To find the energy change when 100 g of 410A goes from -40.0 °C to -60.0 °C, we need to use the specific heat capacity of 410A in the liquid state, which is 1.84 kJ/kg K.
The energy change can be calculated using the formula
q = m * c * ΔT,
where q is the energy change, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
Plugging in the values, we get:
q = 100 g * 1.84 kJ/kg K * (-60.0 °C - (-40.0 °C))
Simplifying the equation, we get:
q = 100 g * 1.84 kJ/kg K * (-100.0 °C)
Converting 100 g to kilograms gives us:
q = 0.1 kg * 1.84 kJ/kg K * (-100.0 °C)
Solving for q, we get:
q = -184 kJ
So the energy change when 100 g of 410A goes from -40.0 °C to -60.0 °C is -184 kJ.
using the milliliter of naoh titrated (table, above) for each of the two trials, determine the moles of citric acid in each sample.
0.941 M of the citric acid is used per litre of solution and 0.882 M of citric acid per litre of solution.
For trial 1,
Volume of citric acid titrated (V₁) = 25.0ml
Molarity of citric acid be M₁
Volume of NaOH used (V₂) = 23.52 mL
Molarity of NaOH (M₂) = 1.00M
As we know that,
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
Substituting the values,
M₁ x 25.0 = 1.00 x 23.52
⇒M₁ = (1.00MX 23.52mL) / 25 mL
⇒M₁ = 0.941M
0.941 moles of citric acid per litre of solution.
For trial 2
Volume of citric acid titrated (V₁) = 24.2ml
Molarity of citric acid be M₁
Volume of NaOH used (V₂) = 21.35 mL
Molarity of NaOH (M₂) = 1.00M
As we know that,
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
Substituting the values,
M₁ x 24.2 = 1.00 x 21.35
⇒M₁ = (1.00MX 21.35mL) / 24.2 mL
⇒M₁ = 0.882M
0.882 moles of citric acid per litre of solution.
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ca(no3)2(aq) and na2s(aq) express your answer as a net ionic equation. identify all of the phases in your answer. enter noreaction if no precipitate is formed.
The net ionic equation is,Ca2+(aq.) + S2(aq.) - --> Ca S (s) . This involves a displacement reaction.
The displacement reaction occurs here. A displacement reaction occurs when a more reactive element displaces, or pushes out, a less reactive element from a compound that contains the less reactive element. After a displacement reaction, the less reactive element is now pure and left uncombined. This is the special type of reaction where the anions exchange cations, in the form,
A + BC ---> AC + B
Ca(NO3)2 + Na2S = Ca S + NaNO3
This will most often occur if Ca(NO3)2 is more reactive than Na2S thus giving a more stable product. The reaction in that case is exergonic and spontaneous.
so, ionic equation is,
Ca2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + S2- ====> Ca S + 2NO3- + 2Na+
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A 7.00L tank at 26.8°C is filled with 18.1g of dinitrogen monoxide gas and 12.0g of chlorine pentafluoride gas. You can assume both gases behave as ideal gases under these conditions. Calculate the mole fraction of each gas. Be sure each of your answer entries has the correct number of significant digits
The mole fraction of dinitrogen monoxide is 0.5871 and the mole fraction of chlorine pentafluoride is 0.4129. Each answer entry has 4 significant digits.
The mole fraction of a gas is calculated by dividing the number of moles of the gas by the total number of moles of gas present. This can be done by first calculating the number of moles of each gas present.
The number of moles of dinitrogen monoxide (N₂O) is calculated using the ideal gas law: n = PV/RT
n = (7.00L)(101.3 kPa)/(8.314 J/mol K)(26.8°C + 273.15 K)
n = 0.0644 mol
The number of moles of chlorine pentafluoride (ClF₅) is calculated using the ideal gas law:
n = PV/RT
n = (7.00L)(101.3 kPa)/(8.314 J/mol K)(26.8°C + 273.15 K)
n = 0.0451 mol
The total number of moles of the gas present is the sum of the moles of each gas:
n = n(N₂O) + n(ClF₅)
n = 0.0644 mol + 0.0451 mol
n = 0.1095 mol
The mole fraction of dinitrogen monoxide is then calculated by dividing the number of moles of N₂O by the total number of moles of the gas present: X(N₂O) = n(N₂O)/n
X(N₂O) = 0.0644 mol/0.1095 mol
X(N₂O) = 0.5871
The mole fraction of chlorine pentafluoride is calculated by dividing the number of moles of ClF₅ by the total number of moles of the gas present: X(ClF₅) = n(ClF₅)/n
X(ClF₅) = 0.0451 mol/0.1095 mol
X(ClF₅) = 0.4129
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On the basis of the information above, which of the following arranges the binary compounds in order of increasing bond polarity?
CH4 < SiCl4 < SF4
On the basis of the information in the table, the arrangement of the binary compounds in order of increasing bond polarity is CH4 < SiCl4 < SF4.
A bond is said to be polar when there is a large difference in electronegativity between the atoms. If we check out the electronegativity differences between the atoms, we have the following;
C - H = 2.5 - 2.1 = 0.4
Si - Cl = 3.0 - 1.8 = 1.2
S - F = 4.0 - 2.5 = 1.5
We can see that the highest electronegativity difference and highest polarity is observed in the S - F bond, followed by the Si - Cl bond and finally the C - H bond has the lowest electronegativity difference and lowest polarity.
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Complete question:
On the basis of the information above, which of the following arranges the binary compounds in order of increasing bond polarity?
CH4 < SiCl4 < SF4
a thin solid barrier in the xy-plane has a 10um diameter circular hole. an electron traveling in the z-direction with vx
The range is it likely to be -18 m/s to 18 m/s.
Define Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, it is impossible to precisely measure or quantify an object's position or momentum.
Given:
xy-plane has a 10 um diameter
vx= 0 m/s
From Heisenberg relation, we can say
Δx Δp ≥ h/2
We can modify as,
Δp= h/2Δx
Relation between Δvx and Δpx is
Δpx= mΔvx=0
Here Δx= 10um
=10 um[tex]\frac{10^{-6} m}{1 um}[/tex]
= 10 x [tex]10^{-6}[/tex]m
we get,
Δvx= h/2Δx
Δvx= h/2mΔx
Δvx= 6.63 x [tex]10^{-23}[/tex]/ 2(9.11 x [tex]10^{-31}[/tex])(10 x [tex]10^{-6}[/tex])
=36 m/s
Average velocity is zero, so range is -18 m/s to 18 m/s.
Hence proved.
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Complete question:
a thin solid barrier in the xy-plane has a 10 um diameter circular hole an electron traveling in the z-direction with vx=0m/s passes through the hole. afterward is vx still zero? if not, what range is it likely to be?
a 5.00-g sample of aluminum pellets (specific heat capacity 0.89 j/c g) and a 10.00-g sample of iron pellets (specific heat capacity 0.45 j/c g) are heated to 100.0c. the mixture of hot iron and aluminum is then dropped into 97.3 g of water at 22.0c. calculate the final temperature of the metal and wa- ter mixture, assuming no heat loss to the surroundings. socratic.org
The final temperature of the metal and water mixture, assuming no heat loss to the surroundings is 23.7 °C.
The heat expression is given as :
q = mc ΔT
q = heat
m = mass
c = specific heat
ΔT = change in temperature
for the metals Al and Fe :
q = 5 × 0.89 × ( 100 - T) + 10 × 0.45 (100 - T)
for the water is given as :
q = 97.3 × 4.184 ( T - 22 )
the heat lost by the Al and Fe = heat gained by the water
5 × 0.89 × ( 100 - T) + 10 × 0.45 (100 - T) = q = 97.3 × 4.184 ( T - 22 )
415.95 T = 9851
T = 23.7 °C.
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write name or formula of following coordination compounds. write oxidation state of metal ion in each compound. write electronic configuration of each metal ion.v [co(p(ch3)3)4]2(so4)3
The name of the given coordination compound [Co(P(CH₃)₃)₄]₂(SO₄)₃ is tetrakis(trimethylphosphine)cobalt(III)sulfate.
Coordination compounds are those compounds which consists of anions or neutral molecules which are bonded to a central metal cation by co-ordinate covalent bonds.
The oxidation state of cobalt metal in the given compound is +3.
Here, sulphate is the counter anion. It requires three sulphates to form bonds with the two complex cations of cobalt. Due to this, each cation will have +3 charge. Moreover, the ligand ethylenediamine is a neutral ligand which will have zero charge. So, the oxidation state of cobalt will be +3.
The electronic configuration of Co²⁺ is : 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s⁰3d⁷
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What is the concentration of sodium ions in 0.300 M NaNO3?
Answer:
Explanation:
In this question, we are told that we have 0.300 molar n, a n o 3. So we have a material, and our goal should be obvious to us. So we have to determine, but this item is molarity or concentration concentration. It is the molarity indirectly. So, in this scenario, we must determine the molarity or concentration of sodium ions and positive ions. So, what's the deal here? To begin, we should understand this n, a n o 3 point. It is an ionic molecule, therefore it will entirely dissociate why it will completely dissociate. We can argue that it can dissociate partially as well, but we are stating that it will dissociate fully since it is a strong acid and strong base, therefore it ferocites totally into sodium and nitrate irons. So, what happens next? We should understand molarity, which is equivalent to concentration and is denoted as a mole. So we can create this formulary in this specific scenario now fording. What we are capable of. We may state that in this situation, we have this 0.300 point. It is molarity, thus 0.300 moles of n a n o 3 are present and are dissolved in the 1 later, so n, a m o 3. We have 0.300 mole, and on differentiation, it will give us an a positive and a no 3 negative, and the concentration of these iron will also be this amount since it is a combination that is completely dissociated. So sodium concentration may be represented as moles are 0.300 divided by volume on later. As a result, it will likewise be 0.300 molar. It is a sodium iron concentration here. Hope this helps
2. Which pair of substances are both mixtures?
A. air; water
B. limewater; water
C. sea-water; air
D. sea-water; ethanol
The example of a mixture among the options is sea water and air. Option C
What is a mixture?We know that we have a mixture when there is a mixture of substances that are not chemically combined together. The implication of this is that there is no way that the components of the mixture can be able to interact in a chemical reaction.
Having said this, we are now going to look at the mixture to see if we can be able to get the options that is going to involve two or more substances that are not going to react in such a way that a compound can be formed as we can from the options that we have in the question that has been asked above.
We know that air is a mixture of gases and that the sea water is a mixture of so many salts that are combined together.
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the attached document includes a proton nmr spectrum of benzaldehyde and a spectrum of your product. for both spectra, identify which hydrogens each of the signals represent. be aware that you may see some impurities in the spectrum of your product (specifically, you could see some solvent that was not completely removed after the recrystallization )
(4) (D/H)i and 4 fi are accessible for benzaldehyde since the 2 H-NMR spectra exhibits four peaks.
benzaldehyde a known carcinogen?Benzoaldehyde has been used as a carcinostatic drug in humans and laboratory animals, a chemical that prevents or delays the growth of cancerous tumors. Benzaldehyde is not included in the NTP as a recognized or presumed human carcinogen.
What scent does benzaldehyde have?Due to its bitter almond aroma, benzoaldehyde is employed in aroma compositions and used as a beginning ingredient in a wide variety of aromatic fragrance and taste substances.
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in order to heat a round bottom flask in a heating mantle, plug the heating mantle into a variac or powermite . turn the heat up gradually , and do not exceed 50-60% of the maximum output of the device.
A Powermite gradually between 50-60%.
Round bottom flask-The round bottom flasks are used for distillation, chemical reactions, heating liquid sample, and storage needs. They are specially formed for uniform heat distribution. The spherical containers, which are made of robust glass, will distribute encountered tension equally across surfaces to minimise breaking. The round bottom flasks are mostly used for chemical and biological research and come with either a short or long neck.
When using a flask with a round bottom, the following safety considerations must be observed:
I. A thorough examination of the flask's spherical bottom for cracks, blemishes, or other flaws.
II. Be careful not to heat the flask when it is shut.
III. Make careful to use a clamp for support when hanging the round-bottom flask from a stand.
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which of the following elements has a higher effective nuclear charge than zinc? a.rubidium b.calcium c.selenium d.beryllium e.boron
(Option C.) Selenium is an element with an atomic number of 34 and an effective nuclear charge of +12, which is higher than the effective nuclear charge of zinc, which is +10. It is located in the fourth period of the periodic table and is situated in the p-block of elements. Selenium has many uses and is essential for human health.
Which Element Has a Higher Effective Nuclear Charge than Zinc?Option C. SeleniumZinc is an element that has an atomic number of 30, and an effective nuclear charge of +10. It is located in the fourth period of the periodic table, and is situated in the d-block of elements. However, selenium, with an atomic number of 34 and an effective nuclear charge of +12, has a higher effective nuclear charge than zinc. Selenium is located in the fourth period of the periodic table and is also situated in the p-block of elements. It is an essential trace element for humans and many other organisms, and its compounds are used in many industrial applications.
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please answer both of these answers correctly the two answers in the photo are separate
Answer:
Explanation: Total atomic and mass numbers should be equal on both sides of the equation.
The atomic number of X=92-90 =2
The mass number of X=238-234 =4
Hence, it is an alpha particle.
It is a type of nuclear fusion, deuterium-tritium fusion. When one deuterium nucleus and tritium nucleus fuse, they create a helium nucleus and a free neutron. The reaction releases an energetic neutron.
Answer:
fission
Explanation:
it's literally dividing into 2 parts while fusion is where 2 things multiply to become one big thing.
Which of the following (with specific heat capacity provided) would show the largest temperature change upon gaining 200.0 J of heat? O 25.0 g Sn. Csn=0.240 J/g °C O 50.0 g Fe, CFe = 0.449 Jig°C O 50.0 g Na, Na = 1.23 J/gºo CO 25.0 g sand. Csand = 0.84 J/gºo CO 25.0 g Âu, Cu = 0.128 J/gºcC
Answer:
Na
Explanation:
The substance that would show the largest temperature change upon gaining 200.0 J of heat is Na. This is because the specific heat capacity of Na is the highest among the options given. The specific heat capacity of a substance is a measure of how much heat is required to raise the temperature of a given mass of the substance by a certain degree. The higher the specific heat capacity, the more heat is required to raise the temperature of the substance by a given amount. Therefore, a substance with a high specific heat capacity will show a smaller temperature change for a given amount of heat gained. In this case, since Na has the highest specific heat capacity, it will show the smallest temperature change upon gaining 200.0 J of heat.
g balance the following nuclear equations: pd-103 undergoes electron capture: tl-207 undergoes beta decay:
The Tl-207 has the half life of 4.77 minutes and half life of pd-103 is 6.5 million years. Both involves Radioactive decay.
Tl-207 is one of the 37 isotopes of Thallium and has a half-life of 4.77 minutes, the longest half-life of naturally-occuring radioisotopes. During beta decay, an electron, also called a beta-particle, is emitted from the nucleus; simultaneously, a neutron is converted into a proton in the nucleus. This causes the atomic number to increase by 1, but leaves the atomic mass unchanged. The most stable radioisotopes are 106Pd with a half-life of 6.5 million years. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 106Pd, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay product before 106Pd is rhodium and the primary product after is silver.
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using the two siderophore below as examples, please explain how siderophores are generally able to bind and tightly hold metal ions
Low-molecular-weight siderophores chelate iron with a very strong and focused affinity.
What is meant by chelate ?
It is a form of molecular bonding in chemistry wherein an ion or a molecule bind to a central metal ion.
To chelate iron from the extracellular environment, many bacteria, both G+ and G, produce and secrete siderophores. Through membrane receptors, siderophore-iron complexes are delivered into the cell.The periplasm can be reached via the iron-siderophore uptake systems because the outer membrane is not normally very permeable. Therefore, it is not surprising that bacteria have developed strategies to take advantage of these systems to deliver toxic substances that prevent the growth of competing species.
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show the balanced chemical equation of methane with the heat of reaction added to the right side because it is an exothermic reaction.
The balanced chemical equation of methane with the heat of reaction will generally tell us that One mole of CH4 reacts with two moles of O2, producing one mole of CO2 and two moles of H2O.
A balanced chemical equation is one that generally has equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. This equation can be used to determine how many grams, moles or also molecules of each reactant will react with each other and how many grams, moles or molecules of each product will be produced.
A balanced chemical equation generally gives information about the number of moles or the number of molecules of each reactant that is usually consumed during the reaction as well as the number of moles or the number of molecules of products that are produced during the chemical reaction.
The given chemical equation is:
[tex]CH_{4}[/tex] + [tex]2O_{2}[/tex] → [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] + [tex]2H_{2}O[/tex]
According to this balanced chemical equation,
One mole of CH4 reacts with two moles of O2, producing one mole of CO2 and two moles of H2O.
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PQ11. What volume of0.200 M KzCz04 is required to react completely with 30.0 mL of0.100 M Fe(N03)3? 2Fe(N03)3 + 3KzCz04 ~ Fez(Cz04)3 + 6KN03
According to molar concentration,15 ml of of 0.200 M K₂CrO4 is required to react completely with 30.0 mL of 0.100 M Fe(NO₃)₃.
What is molar concentration?
Molar concentration is defined as a measure by which concentration of chemical substances present in a solution are determined.
The molar concentration depends on change in volume of the solution which is mainly due to thermal expansion. Molar concentration is calculated by the formula, molar concentration=mass/ molar mass ×1/volume of solution in liters.
In terms of moles, it's formula is given as molar concentration= number of moles /volume of solution in liters.In case of two solutions , molarity or volume of 1 solution can be found out as, M₁V₁=M₂V₂
Substitution in above formula gives, V₁=0.100×30/0.200=15 ml.
Thus, 15 ml of 0.200 M K₂CrO4 is required to react completely with 30.0 mL of 0.100 M Fe(NO₃)₃.
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we found that the speed of water in a hose increased from 1.96 m/s to 25.5 m/s going from the hose to the nozzle. Calculate the pressure in the hose, given that the absolute pressure in the nozzle is 1.01×105N/m2
(atmospheric, as it must be) and assuming level, frictionless flow.
By applying the Bernoulli's equation on the same level, swap out the values to determine the pressure at the host, which is equal to 1.01 x 10 to the five Pascal's places, half of the density, which is equal to 1000 kg per cubic meter times 25.5 m/s squared, minus 1.96 m/s script. The pressure at the hose is then equal to four times 25 Pascal's.
What is Bernoulli's equation?
According to Bernoulli's principle, areas of a fluid flow that are moving more quickly will experience less pressure than areas that are moving more slowly.
What does the Bernoulli equation's head loss mean?
The drop in total pressure, which is the sum of the velocity head, pressure head, and elevation head of the fluid moving through the hydraulic system, is represented by the head loss in Bernoulli's equation.
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______ stainless steels are used for ornamental or decorative applications such as architectural trim, and tend to be brittle.
Option :A) Ferritic stainless steels are used for ornamental or decorative applications such as architectural trim, and tend to be brittle.
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and, occasionally, nickel and other metals that resists corrosion.
Stainless steel is the ultimate "green material" because it is completely and essentially recyclable. In reality, the recovery rate for the building industry is quite close to 100%. In addition to being durable and environmentally inert, stainless steel also satisfies the requirements of sustainable building. Additionally, it does not leak substances that, when in touch with substances like water, could change its composition.
In addition to these advantages for the environment, stainless steel is also very hygienic, easy to maintain, highly durable, and offers a wide range of features. As a result, stainless steel is used in numerous commonplace items.
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Complete question is :
____ stainless steels are used for ornamental or decorative applications such as architectural trim, and tend to be brittle.
A) Ferritic
B) Austenitic
C) Martensitic
D) Precipitation hardening
Students were investigating heat transfer by conduction and they set up the simple experiment you see here. Three spoons made of different materials were placed in a pot of hot (90°C) water. A pat of butter was placed on the handle of each spoon. Students were asked to predict the order of melting butter on the three spoons, from first to last. Which answer seems the most reasonable?
Responses
A plastic - wood - tinplastic - wood - tin
B plastic - tin - woodplastic - tin - wood
C wood - tin - plasticwood - tin - plastic
D tin- plastic - wood
The order of the melting of the butter among the materials is; tin- plastic - wood. Option D
What is heat transfer?We know that the term heat transfer has to do with the manner in which heat can be transferred from one material to another. We can see that the nature of the materials differ. The tin is a pure conductor of heat, the plastic and the wood are poor conductors of heat.
However, it is clear that heat would flow better from the plastic than it would do from the wood. As such, the butter on the tin would melt the greatest and the butter on the wood would melt the least.
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identify the carbon atom(s) with sp hybridization in the carbon skeleton structure of capillin below by clicking on each one.
The carbon atom(s) with sp hybridization in the carbon skeleton structure of capillin. The number of carbon atoms having sp 3 hybridization is 1.
The process of combining the characteristics of one 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals to produce four hybrid orbitals with similar properties is known as "sp3 hybridization." An atom needs three p orbitals and a s orbital in order to be sp3 hybridised.
Since the core Xe atom has 3 sigma bond pairs and 1 lone pair of electrons, XeO3 exhibits sp3 hybridization.
The binding angle between the sp3 hybrid orbitals is 109.5 degrees. Tetrahedron geometry is produced by this arrangement of 109.5 o. These form an angle of 109°28' with one another and are pointed at the four corners of a conventional tetrahedron. 25% s character and 75% p character make up each sp3 hybrid orbital. Ethane (C2H6) and methane are two examples of sp3 hybridization.
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1. chain reaction the splitting of a nucleus into two smaller nuclei whose combined mass is less than that of the original nucleus 2. critical mass a self-sustaining reaction that creates an on-going series of reactions 3. fission the amount of fissionable material required to keep a reaction going 4. fusion the joining of two small nuclei to form one nucleus with a larger mass than the combined mass of the original nuclei
Nuclear fission is a chain reaction in which a nucleus is split into two smaller nuclei with a combined mass less than that of the original nucleus.the critical mass A chain reaction is a self-sustaining reaction that produces an ongoing series of reactions.
Two light nuclei combine to form one heavy nucleus in a fusion reaction. The process releases energy because the mass of the resulting single nucleus is less than the combined mass of the two initial nuclei. The remaining mass is converted into energy.
Nuclear fusion reactions power the Sun and other stars. When two light nuclei fuse together in a fusion reaction, a heavier nucleus is formed.
The process generates energy because the mass of the resulting single nucleus is less than the combined mass of the two initial nuclei. The remainder of the mass is converted to energy. Einstein's equation (E=mc2), which states that mass and energy can be transformed into one another, explains why this occurs. If scientists can figure out how to use fusion energy in Earth-based equipment, it could be a significant source of energy generation.
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15.48 predict the expected number of signals in the 13c nmr spec- trum of each of the following compounds. for each signal, determine its approximate chemical shift. (a) (b) o (c) o o o
The ¹³C-NMR spectra of tert-butyl alcohol shows just two signals.
What is chemical shift in simple words?The term "chemical shift" refers to the variations in nuclear magnetic resonance frequencies of the same kind of nucleus brought on by changes in the electron distribution. The chemical shift in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is the resonant frequency of an atomic nucleus in comparison to a standard in a magnetic field. A molecule's structure can frequently be determined by looking at the position and volume of chemical changes.
How the chemical shift is determined?The resonance frequency expressed in relation to a reference substance, defined as being at 0 ppm, defines the chemical shift in absolute terms. The scale is expressed in parts per million (ppm), which is independent of the spectrometer frequency and makes it easier to understand.
Briefing:Signal at about 31 ppm: This signal is pointing upfield and is for the more protected and richly electronated carbon atoms. The height of a peak just on y-axis represents the proportion of carbon atoms compared to other peaks. Since it is three times as tall as the second signal in this instance, it is clear that this peak represents three carbon atoms.
Signal at about 70 ppm: This signal downfield is for the more exposed carbon atom, which has an electron-deficient environment. The height of these peaks is only one carbon higher than the second signal. Furthermore, the absence of shielding reveals that this carbon is firmly bonded to an electronegative substance.
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When a substance undergoes a chemical reaction in a closed system, which of the following will NOT change? (select all that apply)
temperature
energy
density
mass
When a substance undergoes a chemical reaction in a closed system, mass and energy will not change.
A closed system in the thermodynamic system is considered such a system in which energy can easily either enter or leave the system while mass is preserved within the system's borders.
In the same way, in chemistry, such system which enables energy transfer but does not allow reactants or products to enter or exit is considered a Closed System.
In the case of chemical reactions, usually, heat and light are considered Reactants and products.
So, when a substance undergoes a chemical reaction, then in that case the mass and the energy will not change.
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Use the equation below to answer the following question. How many grams of potassium chloride (KCl) are produced if 25 g of potassium chlorate (KClO3) decompose?
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
Answer:
15 grams.
Explanation:
Molar mass of KClO3 = (39.10+35.45+3(16.00)) g/mol = 122.55 g/mol. Why? Because the molar mass of a compound is the sum of the molar masses of its constituents. There is 1 K atom, 1 Cl atom, and 3 O atoms in KClO3.
We can determine the mols of KClO3 given its mass and molar mass. How? Using the factor-label method (cancelling units out):
25 g * 1mol/122.55g = 0.203998368 mol.
We must now use mol ratios to determine the amount of potassium chloride (in mols) produced:
n of KCl = 0.203998368 mol(KClO3) * (2 mol KCl)/(2 mol KClO3) = 0.203998368 mol.
Molar mass of KCl = (39.10 + 35.45) g/mol = 74.55 g/mol.
From here, we can find the mass of KCl using the same logic discussed above:
m of KCl = 0.203998368 mol * 74.55 g/mol = 15.20807833 g = 15 g (rounded in accord with significant figures)