The velocity of the cart at the bottom of the ramp is 6.42m/s
Given that 40N cart slides from rest down a rough 6.0 m long ramp and the degree given is 30 and the friction force given is 6.0N
We need to find the velocity of the cart at the bottom of the ramp
One of two types of energy is known as potential energy and is the latent energy present in an item at rest.
According to the rule of conservation of energy, energy can only be transformed from one form of energy to another and cannot be generated or destroyed.
Potential energy of the crate at the top =40N×6sin30°m=120J
Energy lost due to friction =6N×6m=36J
Let the speed of the crate at the bottom be v.
Applying the law of conservation of energy,
120−36=0.5×(40/g)×v2
Therefore,
v=6.42m/s
Hence the velocity of cart at the bottom of the ramp is 6.42m/s
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The ________-year solar cycle is characterized by a variation in the number of sunspots and a reversal of the polarity of the Sun as a whole.
22 year solar cycle is characterized by a variation in the number of sunspots and a reversal of the polarity of the Sun as a whole.
What are sunspots?
Sunspots are caused by disturbances in the Sun's magnetic field welling up to the Sun's visible surface.
Sunspot are region of the earth that are more darker than other surfaces. They have a reduced temperature.
If sunspots are active, more solar flares will result creating an increase in geomagnetic storm activity for Earth.
Here, the sun's magnetic field changes polarity approximately every 11 years. So, for reversal polarity of the sun, 22 year solar cycle is characterized by a variation in the number of sunspots and a reversal of the polarity of the Sun as a whole.
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If a jumper has a vertical leap of 1.54 m on his trial run, what is their takeoff speed and hang time (total time to move upwards to the peak and then return to the ground)?
The jumper's takeoff speed and hang time are equal to 5.50 m/s and 1.12 seconds respectively.
How to calculate takeoff speed and hang time?In this scenario, the takeoff speed is the same as the initial velocity of the jumper and it can be calculated by using the third equation of motion. Also, since the motion is against gravity, the acceleration due to gravity will be negative (g = -9.81 m/s²)
V² = U² - 2gS
U² = V² + 2gS
U² = 0² + 2(9.81)(1.54)
U = √30.22
U = 5.50 m/s.
Next, we would calculate the peak time by using the first equation of motion:
V = U - at
0 = 5.5 - 9.81t
9.81t = 5.5
t = 5.5/9.81
t = 0.56 seconds.
Mathematically, the hang time is double the peak time:
Hang time = 2 × 0.56
Hang time = 1.12 seconds.
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A 71.9 Kg mass is placed on an incline plane that is 38 degrees from the horizontal.
Assuming friction is present and the coefficient of friction is 0.61, what is the acceleration of
the mass? If the distance of the incline plane is 4.3 m, how long does it take the mass to
reach the bottom of the plane taking friction into account?
I need the steps on how to solve the problem please. I appreciate your help
Answer:
acceleration, a = 11m/s² ; time, t = 0.84sec
Explanation:
Fw = mass(m) × acceleration due to gravity(g)
Fw = 71.9kg × 10m/s²
Fw = 719N
F = Fw(sintheta+coefficient of friction(costheta))
F = 719(sin38° + 0.61(cos38°)
F = 719(0.615661475+0.480686559)
F = 719(1.096348034)
F = 788.27N
Force(F) = mass(m) × acceleration(a)
Make acceleration the subject
acceleration = Force÷ mass
a = 788.27÷719
a = 11m/s²
using this formula v² = u² +2gh
v² = 0² + 2×10m/s²×4.3m
√v² = √86
v = 9.27m/s
acceleration = velocity/time
make time the subject
time = velocity/acceleration
t = 9.27m/s/11m/s²
t = 0.84sec
A 110-kg horizontal beam is supported at each end. A 320-kg piano rests a quarter of the way from one end. What is the vertical force on each of the supports
Vertical force on left support = 2891 N
Vertical force on right support = 1323 N
Let's assume the Length of the horizontal beam = L(see diagram)
Mass of beam (m) = 110kg
Mass of piano(M) = 320kg
Weight of the Horizontal beam(W1) =mg = 110×9.8= 1078N
Net force acting on the beam =0
[tex]F_{L}[/tex] - Mg - mg + [tex]F_{R}[/tex] = 0
[tex]F_{L}[/tex] = Force support to the left
[tex]F_{R}[/tex] = Force support to the right
τ = F×r where, τ= Torque
Net torque is also 0
[tex]F_{R}[/tex]L - Mg[tex]\frac{L}{4}[/tex] - mg[tex]\frac{L}{2}[/tex] =0
[tex]F_{R}[/tex] = ([tex]\frac{M}{4} + \frac{m}{2}[/tex])g = 1323 N
[tex]F_{L}[/tex] = (M + m)g - [tex]F_{R}[/tex] = 2891 N
Hence Vertical force on left support is 2891 N and on right support is 1323 N
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A 3600 kg boat is moving with a speed of 2.4 m/s. A much smaller 100 kg jet ski has the same amount of kinetic energy. What is the speed of the jet ski
Answer: A 3600 kg boat is moving with a speed of 2.4 m/s. A much smaller 100 kg jet ski has the same amount of kinetic energy. The is the speed of the jet ski is 14.4 m/s².
Explanation: To find the correct answer to the question given, we need to know more about the Kinetic energy.
What is kinetic energy?It is the form of mechanical energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. The expression for kinetic energy of a body of mass m having velocity v can be written as,[tex]KE=\frac{1}{2} mv^2[/tex]
How to solve the problem?Given that the kinetic energy of both the boat and the jet are equal.Let, mass and velocity of the boat will be m1 and v1 and mass and velocity of the jet will be m2 and v2, then,[tex]\frac{1}{2}m_1v_1^{2} =\frac{1}{2}m_2v_2^2\\ Thus, \\v_2^2=\frac{m_1v_1^{2}}{m_2} =207.36\\v_2^2=14.4 m/s^2[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that, the is the speed of the jet ski is 14.4 m/s².
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A Toddler got up from a nap and ran for 7.0 seconds and got tired and stopped on the spot. from beginning to end she was accelerating at 0.24m/s^2. What has her change in velocity in metres per second
The toddler's change in velocity in metres per second is 1.68 m/s
To answer the question, we need to know what acceleration is
What is aceleration?Acceleration is the change in velocity of an object with time. It is given by
a = Δv/Δt where
Δv = change in velocity and Δt = change in time The toddler's change in velocityMaking Δv subject of the formula, we have
Δv = aΔt
Since the toddler's accleration is 0.24 m/s² and got up from a nap and ran for 7.0 seconds,
a = 0.24 m/s² and Δt = 7.0 sSubstituting the values of the variables into the equation, we have
Δv = aΔt
Δv = 0.24 m/s² × 7.0 s
Δv = 1.68 m/s
So, the toddler's change in velocity in metres per second is 1.68 m/s
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How does the meaning of the word isometric relate to determining if an isometric transformation occurred?.
In an isometric transformation, the shape does not change size.
What is isometric transformation?A shape-preserving transformation (movement) in the plane or in space is called an isometric transformation (or isometry). The isometric transformations include translation, rotation, and combinations thereof, such as the glide, which combines a translation with a reflection.
A stiff transformation called an isometry keeps perimeter and area constant while preserving length and angle measurements.
As a result, while dilations are not isometric since the image and preimage are comparable figures rather than congruent figures, translations, reflections, and rotations are.
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If for a given pair of media CR
, CY
and CB
are the critical angles for red, yellow and blue colours respectively,
then
CR < CY < CB
Which factors affect the critical angle for a given pair of media?The factors which affect the critical angle are
(a) The colour (or wavelength) of light
(b) The temperature
(i) Effect of colour of light: The critical angle for a pair of media is less for the violet light and more for the red light. Thus the critical angle increases with the increase in wavelength of light.
(ii) Effect of temperature: The critical angle increases with increase in temperature because on increasing temperature of medium, its refractive index decreases.
According to the question,
μ 1 sinCR =1
μ 2 sinCY =1
μ 3 sinCB =1
μ 1 > μ 2 and μ 2 > μ 3
⟹μ 1 > μ 2 > μ 3
CR < CY < CB
Thus,
The critical angle increases with the increase in wavelength of light.
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why new zealand and sydney celebrate the new year hours before it is celebrated in india.
Due to geographical location of new zealand and sydney, they celebrate the new year hours before it is celebrated in india.
Why new zealand and sydney celebrate the new year hours before it is celebrated in india?New Zealand and Sydney celebrate the new year hours before it is celebrated in india because of its geographical position close to the International Date Line. New Zealand is considered one of the first countries in the world that welcome the New Year.
So we can conclude that due to geographical location of new zealand and sydney, they celebrate the new year hours before it is celebrated in india.
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At what speed should a ball of mass 2 kg be rolled in order to reach the other side of
a 6 m high slope?
A. 12.52 m/s
B. 13.25 m/s
C. 10.84 m/s
D. 15.64 m/s
Answer:
M g H = 1/2 M v^2 potential energy = kinetic energy
v^2 = 2 g H = 2 * 9.80 * 6 = 117.6 m/s^2
v = 10.8 m/s
(C)
A book placed on a table does not move identify the forces in action and identify why the book foes not move
Answer:
See below
Explanation:
There is the normal force of the book on the table.....the table exerts the same force ( upwards) on the book.
All of the forces result in a net zero force on the book so it does not move (there are no horizontal forces on the book)
the plane of a coil of area 5 m^2 has 100 turns. The plane lies on the X-Y plane and the magnetic field of intensity 3 gauss is in the positive X-direction. Find the magnetic flux linked with it
The magnetic flux associated with the coil is 0 Wb.
Magnetic flux is the total magnetic field that travels through a specific location.
It is a very useful tool for explaining the effects of magnetic force on things in a specific location.
The magnetic flux measurement is location specific.
The magnetic flux through the coil is NBA cosα
where N is number of turns, B is Magnetic field, A is area of coil and α is the angle between normal to the area of coil and the direction of magnetic field.
Magnetic Flux = NBA cosα
We have given number of turns as 100, magnetic field as 3 and area as 5 m².
Also, the value of α will be 90°
Magnetic Flux = NBA cosα Wb
Magnetic Flux = 100 × 3 × 5 × cos90° Wb
Magnetic Flux = 100 × 3 × 5 × 0 Wb
Magnetic Flux = 0 Wb
So we can conclude that the magnetic flux through the coil is 0 wb after applying the above concept.
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What will be the kinetic energy of a pile driver ram starting from rest that undergoes a 10- kJkJ decrease in potential energy
Kinetic energy of the pile driver is 10 KJ.
To find the answer, we need to know about the conservation of mechanical energy.
What's the conservation of mechanical energy?Conservation of mechanical energy says that the total energy of a system remains same during a process.
What's mechanical energy?Mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. As the mechanical energy is conserved, so when the potential energy is decreased the kinetic energy is increased with same amount that of decreased potential energy.Thus, we can conclude that the increased kinetic energy is 10KJ.
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A 50 mW laser beam is polarized horizontally. It then passes through two polarizers. The axis of the first polarizer is oriented at 30 degrees from the horizontal, and that os the second is oriented at 60 degrees from the horizontal. What is the power of the transmitted beam
The power of the transmitted beam is 28.1*10^-3.
The wireless strength consortium turned into installed in 2008 to expand interoperable standards across producers. Its Qi inductive power standard published in August 2009 enables high-performance charging and powering of portable gadgets of up to five watts over distances of four cm (1.6 inches).
Electricity transmission is the motion of power from its region of technology to a region wherein it is implemented to perform beneficial paintings. Power is defined officially as units of electricity consistent with units of time.
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When a planet temporarily moves westward in the sky over the course of several weeks or months (instead of eastward, as it typically does), we call it:
When a planet temporarily moves westward in the sky over the course of several weeks or months (instead of eastward, as it typically does), we call it retrograde motion.
In astronomy, retrograde motion refers to a body's actual or apparent motion in the opposite direction from the majority of solar system objects or other astronomical systems having a favored direction of motion.
Planets usually appear to migrate eastward when compared to the fixed stars.
However, on occasion, they appear to briefly stall in their eastward travel and then migrate westward (backward) in front of the stars for a few months.
They then pause once again. They resume their eastward movement after that.
This motion is known as retrograde motion and sometimes it is just an illusion.
Hence, when a planet temporarily moves westward in the sky over the course of several weeks or months (instead of eastward, as it typically does), we call it retrograde motion.
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The great astronomer of ancient times who summarized and improved a system of circles upon circles to explain the complicated motions of the planets (and published the system in a book now called The Almagest) is:
The great astronomer of ancient times who summarized and improved...in a book now called The Almagest) is Ptolemy This is further explained below.
Who is Ptolemy?Generally, Claudius Ptolemy was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, and geographer who lived in the second century CE and is best known for proposing the geocentric model of the cosmos, which was used to explain planetary and stellar movements for the next thousand years.
In conclusion, Ptolemy, the ancient world's preeminent astronomer, compiled and refined a system of circles inside circles to describe the complexities of planetary motion, publishing his work in what is now known as The Almagest.
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Sammy Speedy, a 69.5 kg jogger, takes a jog along a walk path. If Sammy expends 1,750.0 J while jogging, how fast is he moving?
The speed of Sammy, given that he expends 1750 J while jogging is 7.1 m/s
Data obtained from the questionMass (m) = 69.5 KgEnergy (E) = 1750 J Speed (v) =?How to determine the speedThe speed of Samnmy can be obtained as illustrated below:
E = ½mv²
1750 = ½ × 69.5 × v²
1750 = 34.75 × v²
Divide both side by 34.75
v² = 1750 / 34.75
Take the square root of both side
v = √(1750 / 34.75)
v = 7.1 m/s
Thus, Sammy is moving with a speed of 7.1 m/s
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Compared with our ancestors, today's energy supply is provided by
solar energy and biomass.
solar energy and Hydro.
fossil fuels and Hydro.
fossil fuels and biomass.
Solar energy and Hydro is the correct option.
Which sources provide energy nowadays?Today's energy supply is provided by solar energy and Hydro as compared to our ancestors because our ancestors have no modern technology to obtain energy from sun and water. They get energy from burning of fossil fuels and biomass.
So we can conclude that solar energy and Hydro is the correct option.
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An important step in science is supporting a theory or idea with data. The questions we ask help determine the type of data we collect. In the warm up, you reviewed the equation to calculate kinetic energy. What question could you ask about kinetic energy which will include the variables that affect i
In order to determine the kinetic energy of a body, it is important to ask about the mass and velocity of the body.
What is kinetic energy?Kinetic energy is the energy a body possesses due to the motion of that body.
The equation to calculate kinetic energy of a body is given as:
[tex]KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^{2}[/tex]
where
m is mass and v is velocityTherefore, it is important to ask what the mass of a body is and the speed at which it is moving in order to determine the kinetic energy of the body.
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difference between mechanical watch and quartz watch
Answer:
Mechanical vs. Quartz Watch Movements
Mechanical watch movements are powered by gears and springs. They're autonomous little machines without the need for electric power sources, whereas quartz watches are powered by batteries that vibrate little crystals.
As a sample of water is heated, the energy is used to overcome the attractions between the molecules so that they begin to move past one
another. Then, the kinetic energy of its molecules increases. Which sections
of the heating curve illustrate this process?
Answer:
D. A followed by B
Explanation:
You can see at section A solid Ice at temperature 0°C gets heated up for and all the energy generated from heating up the ice is used to break the bonds which holds the ice together as a solid .
while at Section B the liquid water at 100°C changes to vapor because the heat energy applied here breaks intermolecular bonds c.
The section where A is followed by C of the heating curve illustrate this process. The correct option is D.
What is heating curve?The heating curve represents the association between the supply temperature of the heating system and the external air temperature.
As can be seen in section A reliable Ice at 0°C is heated, and all of the energy generated by heating the ice is used to shatter the bonds that hold the ice together as a solid.
While in Section B, liquid water at 100°C transforms to vapor because the heat energy applied here shatters the intermolecular bonds c.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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A plane wave has equation; y= 25sin(120 _4x).find the: (1)wave length (2)wave velocity (3)frequency and period of the wave
(1) The wavelength of the wave is 1.57 m.
(2) The velocity of the wave is 30 m/s .
(3) The frequency of the wave is 19.10 Hz and the time period of the wave is 0.052 s.
Note: The given equation seems to be incomplete. Most probably the equation was y=25sin(120t-4x). And the standard system of units (i.e. kg, m, s) is used.
Wavelength: The distance between the consecutive crest or trough of a wave is called the wavelength of a wave.
The equation of a plane wave oscillating in the y direction and traveling in the x direction is given by the equation,
y=A sin(ωt-kx)
where y is the displacement along the y direction, A is the amplitude of the wave, ω is the angular frequency, t is the time, x is the displacement along the x direction, and k is the wave constant.
The given equation is,
y=25sin(120t-4x)
Comparing this equation with the above equation, following values are obtained.
k= 4 m^(-1)
ω =120 rad/s
A=25
The wavelength λ is given by the formula,
λ=2π/k
Here k = 4 m^(-1), so
λ=2π/4
λ=1.57 m.
Velocity: The velocity of a wave is the product of the frequency and the wavelength.
The velocity v is given by the formula,
v=ω*λ/2π
Here ω=120 rad/s and λ=1.57 m, so
v=120*1.57/2π
v=30 m/s
Frequency: The number of oscillations completed in one second is called the frequency of a wave.
The formula of the frequency is,
f=v/λ
Here v=30 m/s and λ=1.57 m, so
f=30/1.57
f=19.10 Hz
Time period: The time taken to complete one cycle of oscillation is called the time period of oscillation.
The formula to calculate the time period T is,
T=2π/ω
Here ω=120 rad/s, so
T=2π/120
T=0.052 s.
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9) 25cm³ of a liquid x of density 1.2g/cm³ is mixed with liquid of volume 30 cm³ and 0.9g/cm³ without change in volume. Calculate density of the mixture.
Answer:
0.545g/cm OR 545kg/m(both answers are in cubic)
Explanation:
first we have to find mass of liquid x
mass= density × volume
=25 cubic centimetre × 1.2g/cm
=3g
liquid y= density × volume
=30 cubic centimetre × 0.9g/cm
= 27g
next,we add the two masses
27+3
30g(mass of the whole mixture)
formula for finding density of the mixture
Mass1+ Mass2 ÷ Volume 1+ volume 2
30g ÷55 cubic centimetre
the answer will be a recurring decimal and as we know,we write decimals in 3 significant numbers so we round off
0.5454g/cm= 0.545g/cm and in SI units it's
545kg per cubic meter
please solve this asap
Let [tex]\vec u[/tex] and [tex]\vec v[/tex] be the vectors, and let [tex]x=\|\vec u\|=\|\vec v\|[/tex] be their common magnitude.
The resultant [tex]\vec u + \vec v[/tex] is [tex]\sqrt 2[/tex] times larger in magnitude than either vector alone, so [tex]\|\vec u+\vec v\| = \sqrt2\,x[/tex].
Recall the dot product identity
[tex]\vec a \cdot \vec b = \|\vec a\| \|\vec b\| \cos(\theta)[/tex]
where [tex]\theta[/tex] is the angle between the vectors [tex]\vec a[/tex] and [tex]\vec b[/tex]. In the special case of [tex]\vec a=\vec b[/tex], we get
[tex]\vec a \cdot \vec a = \|\vec a\|^2 \cos(0^\circ) \implies \|\vec a\| = \sqrt{\vec a\cdot\vec a}[/tex]
Now, to get the angle between [tex]\vec u[/tex] and [tex]\vec v[/tex], we have
[tex]\vec u \cdot \vec v = \|\vec u\| \|\vec v\| \cos(\theta) \implies \cos(\theta) = \dfrac{\vec u \cdot \vec v}{x^2}[/tex]
To compute the dot product, we take the dot product of the resultant with itself.
[tex](\vec u+\vec v) \cdot (\vec u + \vec v) = \|\vec u + \vec v\|^2[/tex]
Solve for [tex]\vec u\cdot\vec v[/tex].
[tex](\vec u\cdot\vec u) + 2(\vec u\cdot\vec v) + (\vec v\cdot\vec v) = \|\vec u + \vec v\|^2[/tex]
[tex]\|\vec u\|^2 + 2(\vec u\cdot \vec v) + \|\vec v\|^2 = \|\vec u+\vec v\|^2[/tex]
[tex]x^2 + 2(\vec u \cdot \vec v) + x^2 = (\sqrt2\,x)^2[/tex]
[tex]2(\vec u\cdot\vec v) + 2x^2 = 2x^2[/tex]
[tex]2(\vec u\cdot\vec v) = 0[/tex]
[tex]\vec u\cdot\vec v = 0[/tex]
Since their dot product is zero, [tex]\vec u[/tex] and [tex]\vec v[/tex] are perpendicular, so [tex]\theta=90^\circ[/tex].
A pendulum takes 4 seconds to make a complete swing. a man walks 100m in a straight line while the pendulum makes 20 complete swings. determine the average velocity of the man.
From the calculation, the man has an average velocity of 1.25 m/s.
What is average velocity?The man travelled a total distance = 100 m
We know that;
1 complete cycle = 4 s
Then
20 complete cycle = ?
= 20 x 4 s
= 80 s
So we can find the average velocity from;
Average velocity = 100 m/80 s
Average velocity = 1.25 m/s
Hence, the man has an average velocity of 1.25 m/s.
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two identical springs of spring constant 7580 N/m are attached to a block of mass 0.245 kg. What is the frequency of oscillation on the frictionless floor
The frequency of oscillation on the frictionless floor is 28 Hz.
Frequency of the simple harmonic motion
The frequency of the oscillation is calculated as follows;
f = (1/2π)(√k/m)
where;
k is the spring constantm is mass of the blockf = (1/2π)(√7580/0.245)
f = 28 Hz
Thus, the frequency of oscillation on the frictionless floor is 28 Hz.
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only question no.2 pls it's very urgent.
Scurvy and rickets are micronutrient deficiency diseases due to a lack of certain vitamins or minerals in the diet. Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency and rickets by vitamin D.
What are proteins and carbohydrates?Proteins and carbohydrates are the macronutrient in the body and are sources of energy. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by the peptide bond and carbohydrates are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Breathing is a biological process that involves exhalation and inhalation, while respiration is a chemical process that occurs in body cells and tissues. The cerebrum and cerebellum are the parts of the brain involved with different functions. The cerebrum of the forebrain is involved with mental, motor, and sensory functions, while the cerebellum is involved with posture, balance, and coordination. The infectious disease gets transmitted to another person by viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc., and non-infectious are non-communicable disease that includes age, deficiency, etc.Learn more about proteins and carbohydrates, here:
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A sky diver, mass 90 kg, reaches a terminal velocity of 60 m/s. What is the approximate magnitude of the force of air resistance?.
Answer:
The approximate magnitude of the force of air resistance is 540 N.
Explanation:
A negatively charged rod is brought rear the cap of a leaf electroscope. The cap is then earthed momentarily by touching with the finger. Finally the rod is withdrawn. The electroscope is found to be positively charged. Explain.
A gold leaf electroscope's cap develops a negative charge when a negatively charged rod is brought close to it; the case is then grounded, creating a negative charge in the leaf. Option D is correct.
What is the charge?When the matter is put in an electromagnetic field, it has an electric charge, which causes it to experience a force. A positive or negative electric charge can exist.
Similar charges repel each other, whereas dissimilar charges attract each other.
The term "neutral" refers to an item that has no net charge. A charge is something experienced as a force in the electric and magnetic fields.
When a negatively charged rod is brought near the cap of a gold leaf electroscope whose case ad then is earthed, then the leaf has an induced negative charge.
Hence option D is correct.
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In the four terrestrial planets, the densest, heaviest materials are at the center and not evenly distributed throughout the planet. Scientists interpret this observation to mean that:
The question is incomplete. Please read below the missing content.
B) The 4 terrestrial planets have to as soon as were hot sufficient to be molten (like a liquid).
Terrestrial planets may be described as any planet of the sun machine or any exoplanet that is "Earth-like" in the experience that it is composed primarily of metals and rock, in evaluation to a planet that's a fuel large.
In the sun machine, the terrestrial planets are the inner planets closest to the solar, i.e. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
Scientists believe that the densest, heaviest substances are at the center and not evenly allotted can be due to the truth that they need to once be warm enough to be molten. In this example, density will take region, making the heavier below and the lighter on the pinnacle.
In the four terrestrial planets, the densest, heaviest materials are at the center and not evenly distributed throughout the planet. Scientists interpret this observation to mean that:
a.the four terrestrial planets must once have been inside the Sun
b.the four terrestrial planets must once have been hot enough to be molten (like a liquid)
c.the four terrestrial planets must have formed where Jupiter and Saturn now are
d.the four terrestrial planets must have collided with each other many times
e.none of the above
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