6. Examine the horse forelimb fossil evidence below. Describe the evolution of the forelimb of the horse. VI is the most recent fossil while I is the oldest fossil.​

The ligand-binding domain will lie within the lumen of the ER, passing through the Golgi apparatus in the same orientation. Imagine a transmembrane molecule found in the plasma membrane.

Receptor for an extracellular signaling molecule. When most types of membrane proteins bind to the ligand they insert via a cotranslational pathway, although some use a posttranslational pathway. proteins cannot be released in this way. These proteins are called integral membrane proteins. If too many hydrophobic regions are exposed and the protein cannot fold correctly, the mannose residues are removed and the protein is directed back to the cytosol via a ubiquitin ligase complex in the ER membrane.

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White blood cells called macrophages have an insatiable appetite for foreign cells, sick and deteriorated red blood cells and other biological waste.

Macrophages are found in various tissues throughout the body and play a role in both health and disease. It has recently become clear that the majority of adult tissue macrophages don't come from circulating monocytes but rather develop during embryonic development.

A type of white blood cell called a macrophage is crucial to the functioning of the human immune system. They perform a number of tasks, such as engulfing and digesting microorganisms, removing waste products and dead cells, and activating other immune-system cells.

Thus, it may be said that the white blood cells known as macrophages have an insatiable taste for foreign cells, sick and deteriorated red blood cells and other biological waste.

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Your question is incomplete. Please find the complete question below.

Which white blood cells have insatiable appetites for foreign cells, diseased and run-down red blood cells, and other biological debris?

a. B cells

b. antigens

c. T cells

d. macrophages

The arrangement of DNA's base pairs is one of the molecules' constituents that determines how genetic features are expressed.

The linear polymers known as nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides linked at their extremities.

A sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenated base make up the monomers known as nucleotides.

Bases with Nitrogen:

Adenine pairs with thymine or uracil depending on the molecule, while guanine pairs with cytosine. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are the bases for DNA and RNA, respectively.

The genetic data required for the entire organism is included in the DNA molecule's base sequence.

During transcription, RNA molecules make copies of these sequences' pieces and transport them to the cytoplasm, where translations and protein synthesis take place.

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Answer: D

Explanation: I do lots of research on her shes awsome she found out radium, uranium, and polonium were in fact radioactive

Answer:

offspring are identical to the parents

extremely efficient

The correct ordering of the steps in scientific research is given below:

The steps in scientific research refer to the steps or procedures that are followed by scientists in making scientific discoveries that explain observed phenomena.

The steps in scientific research are as follows:

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The expression of bitter taste receptors in sweet taste cells suggests that taste perception is solely dependent on which taste cell is triggered.

The "sweet" taste buds are located at the tip of the tongue, whereas the "bitter" taste buds are found towards the back. Salt taste receptors are located on either side of the front tongue, while sour taste buds are located behind this. Glial-like type 1 taste bud cells are hypothesised to transmit salty flavour. The sweet, umami, and bitter tastes are thought to be mediated by type 2 taste bud cells, which also contain GPCR receptors.

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The muscle group that helps the prime movers and protects from unwanted movements are known as synergists.

Muscles are the mass of loose tissues that mediate the movement of the entire body as well as the internal organs. There are three types of muscles in human body: skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles. The skeletal muscles are voluntary in nature while the smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary.

Synergists are called as the fixator muscles. They perform their function on movable joints. They are also called neutralizers because the neutralize the functions of agonist muscles. For example, brachioradialis and brachialis act as the synergists when flexing of the forearm is done.

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Answer:

Fungi will absorb their nutrition through their exterior glands while animals consume their nutrition through ingesting other organisms.  

Answer:

The fourth and final phase of mitosis or meiosis is called telophase. During telophase, the nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes on opposite sides of the cell, and the chromosomes become unwound DNA in newly formed nuclei.

In mitosis, telophase is the final phase of the cell cycle, during which the cell's genetic material is divided into two new daughter cells. In meiosis, telophase is the final phase of the meiotic cell division, during which the genetic material is divided into four new daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

During telophase, the cell also begins to rearrange its cytoskeleton and reorganize its cytoplasm in preparation for cell division. This allows the two new daughter cells to separate and become independent organisms.

The telophase is the fourth and final phase of mitosis or meiosis, when a nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes on opposite sides of the cell and the chromosomes become unwound DNA in a newly formed nucleus.

It is the final stage of cell division, in which the cell is about to divide into two different cells in mitosis, and there are four cells meiosis, and in telophase, the genetic contents are present at opposite poles and the DNA is decondensed. In all the phases of the cell cycle, the telophase is the last one where cytokinesis begins.

Hence, the telophase is the fourth and final phase of mitosis or meiosis, when a nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes on opposite sides of the cell and the chromosomes become unwound DNA in a newly formed nucleus.

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A baseline concussion test is often performed using a computer for evaluating a player whether someone is concussed.

Testing for concussions measures your brain's recovery from a head injury. Questionnaires or symptom checklists are the main components of most concussion assessments. Concussion exams evaluate your mental agility, memory, focus, awareness, and ability to solve tasks. Your coordination and balance are also tested. One of the methods used to identify a concussion is concussion testing. Concussion tests are used by medical professionals, athletic trainers, and coaches to assess brain function before and after a head injury.

Thus from above conclusion we can say that a baseline concussion test is often performed using a computer for evaluating a player whether someone is concussed.

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Every recognized species on earth is given a two-part scientific name, which is called binomial nomenclature. They are important because they allow people in the world to communicate about animal species.

Scientific names are used to describe different species of organisms in a way that is universal so the scientists around the world can easily identify the same animal.

Use of scientific names eliminates the confusion among different nationalities that may have different common names for organisms by giving them universal name that acts as a code. Scientists from one nation can converse with scientists from another about different organisms with the help of  scientific names.

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Microkeratome-assisted lamellar keratoplasty (MALK) is a surgical procedure which involves flattening the anterior curvature of the cornea by removing a stromal lamella layer

Anterior lamellar keratoplasty with microkeratome assistance has become a surgical option for disorders compromising the clarity of the cornea's outer 200 microns. Here, we outline the results of a straightforward approach in which the excimer laser can be added to deep tissue removal after the donor graft and recipient bed have both been prepared with a microkeratome.

LASIK eye surgery is the best known and most commonly performed laser refractive surgery to correct vision problems. Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) can be an alternative to glasses or contact lenses

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Answer:

Bears play the role of consumer in a forest ecosystem.

Explanation:

Bears are omnivores, meaning they get their energy from both producers and other consumers.

Bears are another example of consumers. Black bears are omnivores and scavengers, like skunks and raccoons, which means that they will eat just about anything. In a forest community, black bears will eat blueberries, bugs, acorns, and many kinds of nuts.

The bear is a primary consumer as it directly feeds on plants, berries in this case. The bear, when eats rodents, becomes a secondary consumer. Rodents feed on grass, so is a primary consumer.

Bears play the role of consumer in a forest ecosystem.

Consumers are living things that must seek, gather, and consume their food. Customers must eat to refuel or they will perish. Omnivores, carnivores, herbivores, and decomposers are the four different categories of consumers.

Zooplankton, butterflies, rabbits, giraffes, pandas, and elephants are a few examples of primary consumers. Herbivores are the main consumers. Their primary food source is either plants or creatures at the first trophic level of the food chain. Autotrophs are another name for plants.

Primary consumer, mostly herbivores, exist at the next level, and secondary and tertiary consumers, omnivores and carnivores, follow. At the top of the system are the apex predators: animals who have no predators other than humans.

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Differences at the molecular level or in the genes will result in variations in the proteins for which the genes code, resulting in trait variation.

Each child inherits two copies or variants of each gene, one from their mother and one from their father. Because each offspring might inherit a unique mix of gene versions, siblings can exhibit features that differ from one another and from their parents. The right girl has straight hair, whereas the left girl has curlier hair. A gene encodes a particular protein that is involved in the expression of a characteristic. Because proteins perform much of the chemical activity inside the cell, they primarily decide the qualities and whose they are. Another thing to keep in mind is that genes are made up of molecules. Like a spiral staircase, thin threads curled around each other.

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only characteristics exhibited by parents can be inherited by kids.

Through genetic inheritance, traits are transmitted from one parent to the next. Both the mother and the father can pass on some traits. Others depend on the characteristics that stand out the most in both parents, whether they are dominant characteristics, and whether these run in the family. Through their genes, parents transmit features or qualities to their offspring, including such eye colour & blood type. There are several illnesses and medical disorders that can be genetically handed down. One trait can occasionally take in numerous versions. Blood type, for instance, can indeed be A, B, AB, or O. Even if your parents don't have the same chromosome, it can still be passed on to you once the chromosome join.

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Passive transport is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the need for the input of cellular energy. This statement is true.

Plasma membranes allow special substances to enter and exit the cell, preventing harmful material from entering and essential material from leaving. Plasma membranes are selectively permeable allowing some substances through while restricting others. If they give up this selectivity, the cell will be unable to fortify itself, and will be wiped out.

Most direct forms of membrane transport are passive. Passive transport is a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to expend energy in order to carry out the movement.

Passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics instead of using cellular energy such as active transport which drive the movement of substances across cell membranes.

Thus, Passive transport is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the need for the input of cellular energy. This statement is true.

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Girls and women normally have two X chromosomes (46,XX karyotype), whereas boys and men typically have one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY karyotype ).

22 sets of autosomal chromosomes and one set of sex chromosomes make up the average human karyotype. Two X chromosomes are present in the most prevalent karyotypes for females, which are designated as sex XX. The X and Y chromosomes, which are referred to as XY in the case of males, are often present.

There have been a small number of reports of 47,XXY individuals with a feminine phenotype. These people exhibit favorable SRY (testis-determining factor). This phenomenon's genetic cause is not fully understood. Case: A woman, 34, who had a 47,XXY karyotype and testicular feminization, appeared.

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Codons are three letter genetic words: and the language of genes use 4 letters (=nitrogenous bases). Hence 64 words are there in genetic dictionary, to represent 20 amino acids that the biological organisms use.

And you must note that more than one codon may code for the same amino acid. This is referred to as degeneracy of the code. For example, three amino acids are coded by any of six different codons, and that alone uses up 18 of the 64 combinations. Three of the codons are stop codons. They do not code for any amino acid. Instead, they act as signals to end the genetic message carried by messenger RNA.

A stop codon is a trinucleotide sequence of three nucleotides found in messenger RNA (mRNA) or DNA that instructs the cell to stop production of proteins. There are 64 distinct trinucleotide codons, of which 3 are stop codons and 61 define amino acids (i.e., UAA, UAG and UGA). A stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that marks the end of the current protein's translation process in molecular biology, more specifically in protein biosynthesis.

The number of amino acids coded by codons is

1 codons ×2 amino acids = 2 codons

2 codons ×9 amino acids = 18 codons

3 codons ×1 amino acid = 3 codons

4 codons ×5 amino acids = 20 codons

6 codons ×3 amino acids = 18 codons

3 stop codons

Total = 64 codons

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The adrenal medulla is connected to norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, which functions as both a neurotransmitter as well as a hormone.

The correct answer is A

There is evidence that norepinephrine affects a person ’s thinking and focus. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, & hypotension are a few disorders that can result from low norepinephrine levels (very low blood pressure)

High levels of norepinephrine can also lead to headaches, high blood sugar, and insomnia. They also encourage anxiety, high blood pressure, heart rate, and organ stress. Drug withdrawal, long-term kidney disease, and psychological conditions like PTSD can also result in high norepinephrine levels.

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Answer:

A. hidden

Explanation:

Many desert plants use allelopathy to minimize competition and to keep other organisms away. This causes a hidden dispersal pattern among the plants, in which they are spaced out and not evenly distributed. Allelopathy is the production of chemical compounds by plants that are toxic or inhibitory to other organisms. These compounds can be released into the soil, where they can affect the growth and survival of other plants. By using allelopathy, desert plants can reduce competition for resources and increase their chances of survival in the harsh desert environment.

A variety of American warbler species frequently coexist on the same spruce trees and feed on caterpillars. But each species has a somewhat varied reproductive season, and each species prefers various parts of the forest canopy to graze in. These differences in foraging behaviors and reproduction is an example of (b) character displacement.

Character displacement refers to an evolutionary shift that happens when two closely related species coexist in the same habitat. Natural selection is more likely to encourage divergence in an organism's morphology, ecology, behavior, or physiology under such circumstances.

Character displacement is a sort of coevolution that occurs when two or more competing species develop in reaction to one another. A group of coexisting finches, for instance, had drastically diverse body and beak proportions as well as beak morphologies in the Galapagos Islands.

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Answer:

sweet-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants, suggesting that the sensation of taste depends only on which taste cell is stimulated

Explanation:

Vertebrata: Subphylum of Chordata. Chordata is the final animal phylum. All of its members, known as chordates, have a head, a body cavity, and a digestive system.

The notochord is the distinguishing feature of the chordates and plays crucial roles in the development of vertebrates. It acts as a major skeletal component of the growing embryo as well as a source of midline signals that design neighboring tissues.

The great majority of animals, including insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and the majority of crustaceans, have bilateral symmetry.

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The phylum Chordata or subphylum vertebrata is made up of bilaterally symmetrical adult animals with ecto, meso, and endoderm derived tissues and a notochord.

what are chordates?

The phylum Chordata and the kingdom Animalia both have vertebrates as members. The four distinguishing characteristics of animals in the phylum Chordata are a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a postanal tail. These characteristics all arise at some point throughout animal development. Some of these are only present during embryonic development in certain groups.

Additionally, chordates have a segmented body, triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, and coelomic skeleton.

The body design is intricate and distinctive.

Organ systems are the level of organization found in the body.

The notochord, a flexible, rod-shaped structure present in all chordate embryos and in the adult stages of some chordate species, is the source of the name "Chordate," which refers to a group of organisms. It supports the skeleton along the entire length of the body and is situated between the digestive tract and the spinal cord.

The class Vertebrata includes all vertebrates. Vertebrates have all four of the chordates' defining qualities, but they also have derived traits that set them apart from invertebrate chordates. Vertebrata gets its name from the vertebral column, which is made up of distinct bones called vertebrae that are linked together to form the backbone. The notochord, which is only present in the embryonic stage, is replaced by the vertebral column in adult vertebrates.

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Asexual reproduction only involves one organism, sexual reproduction requires both a male and a female organism.

Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms called “offspring” are produced from already existing individuals known as “parents”.

Asexual reproduction - Asexual reproduction refers to the type of reproduction in which only a single organism gives rise to a new individual. It involves processes such as binary fission, budding, fragmentation, etc. The organisms that take part in asexual reproduction have no reproductive systems and therefore is no formation of male and female gametes.

Sexual reproduction - Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes in a process known as fertilization. Fertilization can be either external or internal. Sexual reproduction in plants takes place through pollination in which the pollen grains from the anther of a male flower transfer to the stigma of the female flower.

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Answer:

B

Explanation:

because I know

Answer:
Option B.

Explanation:

Why?

A is incorrect
Large tsunami tides are not made by ocean currents. The wind has little to no effect in a tsunami. Like making waves in a pool of water, there is a required disturbance that causes the water to move.  

C is incorrect.
It has to do with disturbances but its not quite the response were looking for.

D is incorrect.
Option D is describing a flood. in large bodies of water like a big lake or pond, you'll find that to be the case.

Tsunamis are created by a disturbance in the ocean floor. Much like earthquakes, the ocean experiences new plate formation and movement.

When different species evolve a similar, or even the same, solution to life in similar environments and evolve their solution even though they did not have a recent common ancestor with that solution it is called convergent evolution.

When a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own distinct characteristics, this is referred to as speciation. Convergent evolution refers to the independent evolution of similar characteristics in species from different time periods or epochs. Convergent evolution produces analogous structures that have similar form or function but weren't present in those groups' last common ancestor.  Homoplasy is the cladistic term for the identical phenomenon.

Flight is a classic example of recurrent evolution, as flying insects, birds, pterosaurs, but also bats have all independently evolved the useful ability to fly. Analogous features are functionally similar features that have evolved through convergent evolution, whereas homologous structures as well as traits have a common origin but may perform dissimilar functions.

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Answer:The nucleus

The nucleus (plural, nuclei) houses the cell's genetic material, or DNA, and is also the site of synthesis for ribosomes, the cellular machines that assemble proteins. Inside the nucleus, chromatin (DNA wrapped around proteins, described further below) is stored in a gel-like substance called nucleoplasm.

Explanation:These cells are different because they use the same set of genes differently. So even though each of our cells has the same 20,000 or so genes, each cell can select which ones it wants to “turn on” and which ones it wants to keep “turned off”.