Fragment antibodies are described as the fragments which are used for binding end of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and it can be small but mighty tool to fight with disease. While mAbs range from around 150kDa in size, fragment antibodies as small as 3kDa and fragment antibodies are used in treatment of various diseases.
a) The NNK codon encodes for all 20 amino acids, if there are 3 substitutions:
different sequences = 20n
sequences = 20 × 400 = 8000 {n = 400}
if the library have 3-fold coverage:
sequences = 3 × 8000 = 24000.
b) if we want cover three CDR, we have 9 residues to mutate. Then:
sequences = 209
to ensure 3-fold coverage:
sequences = 3 × 209 = 627
c) 3-fold library are needed to ensure the availability of each mutant.
d) the NNK codon have 32 combinations, one of them is for a stop codon. Then, 1/32 of mutants will be truncated.
Learn more about antibody fragment from the link given below.
https://brainly.com/question/12948544
#SPJ4
Balance the following chemical equation:
H₂ +
0₂ -->
H₂O
Answer:
2H² + 0² ---> 2H²O
Explanation:
Now there is 4 hydrogen atoms and 2 Oxygen atoms.
The temperature in the stratosphere is -25.0C. Calculate the root mean square speeds N2,O2,and O3 molecules in this region.Be sure each of your answers entries has the correct number of significant digits
Answer:
To calculate the root mean square speeds of N2, O2, and O3 molecules in the stratosphere, we need to use the formula vrms = (3RT/M)^1/2, where vrms is the root mean square speed, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and M is the molar mass of the gas.
First, we need to convert the temperature in Celsius to Kelvin by adding 273.15 to the temperature in Celsius. This gives us a temperature of -25.0 + 273.15 = 248.15 K.
Next, we need to calculate the root mean square speeds of N2, O2, and O3 molecules. The molar masses of these gases are 28.0134 g/mol for N2, 31.9988 g/mol for O2, and 48.0027 g/mol for O3. Using the formula above, we get the following root mean square speeds:
N2: vrms = (3 * 8.3145 * 248.15 / 28.0134)^1/2 = 446.8 m/s
O2: vrms = (3 * 8.3145 * 248.15 / 31.9988)^1/2 = 402.4 m/s
O3: vrms = (3 * 8.3145 * 248.15 / 48.0027)^1/2 = 303.1 m/s
Therefore, the root mean square speeds of N2, O2, and O3 molecules in the stratosphere at a temperature of -25.0C are 446.8 m/s, 402.4 m/s, and 303.1 m/s, respectively.
A given volume of ozone diffused from a certain apparatus in 96 seconds. Calculate the time taken given equal volume of carbon (IV) oxide to diffuse under the same conditions (O=16.0,C=12.0)
The time taken for equal volume of carbon (IV) oxide to diffuse under the same condition is 92 seconds
How do I determine the time taken?We know that the rate of diffusion of gases is given by the following formula:
R₁/R₂ = √(M₂/M₁) = t₂/t₁
Where
R₁ and R₂ are the rates of diffusion of each gasM₁ and M₂ are the molar masses of each gast₁ and t₂ are the time taken for each gas to diffuseNow, we shall obtain the time taken for equal volume of carbon (IV) oxide to diffuse. Details below:
Time for ozone (t₁) = 96 secondsMolar mass of ozone (M₁) = 48 g/molMolar mass of carbon (IV) oxide (M₂) = 44 g/mol Time for carbon (IV) oxide (t₂) = ?t₂/t₁ = √(M₂/M₁)
t₂ / 96 = √(44 / 48)
Cross multiply
t₂ = 96 ×√(44 / 48)
t₂ = 92 seconds
Thus, we can conclude that the time for carbon (IV) oxide to diffuse is 92 seconds
Learn more about time:
https://brainly.com/question/20346866
#SPJ1
since, as the temperature of a gas sample increases, the velocity distribution of the molecules shifts toward a blank velocity and becomes blank sharply peaked, temperature blank is greater.
As the temperature of a gas sample increases, the velocity distribution of the molecules shifts towards higher velocities and becomes less peaked.
This is due to the fact that the average kinetic energy of the molecules increases with increasing temperature. Since the molecules have more energy, their velocities become more spread out, and the peak of the velocity distribution shifts to the right.
This means that the fastest molecules are moving faster than before. At the same time, the spread of the distribution becomes tighter, resulting in a sharper peak. This is because the molecules are more likely to move at the same speed, so the fraction of them moving at any given speed is much higher.
This effect is most pronounced at higher temperatures, as the molecules have more energy to spread out in a larger range of velocities.
To know more about KE of gases, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/14388221
#SPJ4
what are the two properties of a moving objects that determine its momentum
Answer: Momentum depends upon two variables which are mass and velocity.
Explanation: Every moving thing possesses a quantity of motion, as defined by Newton. It is known as momentum nowadays. A moving object's characteristic called momentum is influenced by its mass and speed.
By dividing the mass by the speed of a moving item, one can calculate its momentum.
Momentum is equivalent to mass times speed.
Momentum has a direction and a strength, just like velocity, acceleration and force. An object's momentum moves in the same direction as its speed. A moving thing is more difficult to stop the more momentum it possesses.
To know more about Momentum:
https://brainly.com/question/1042017
https://brainly.com/question/402617
select the statements that describe important rules for drawing skeletal structures. multiple select question. draw in all heteroatoms and the hydrogens directly bonded to them. draw in all heteroatoms and any lone pairs of electrons connected to them. assume there is a carbon atom at the junction of any two lines or at the end of any line. assume there are enough hydrogens around each carbon to give it four bonds.
The chain of atoms that are joined together to form the essential structure of an organic substance is called the skeletal structure.
The following sentences provide crucial guidelines for depicting skeletal structures:
1) Each heteroatom and the hydrogen atoms that are chemically connected to it.
2) A carbon atom can be found at the end of any line or at the intersection of any two lines.
3) Each carbon has four bonds because there are enough hydrogen atoms surrounding it.
These three option are the correct statements to describe the important rule for the drawing skeletal structures to represents the important structure of the organic compound.
The position of the carbon and hydrogen atoms are indicated by lines in the skeletal structure, line formula, or abbreviated formula for organic compounds. The endpoints of the lines and their intersections, as well as the hydrogen atom deduced from the number of bonds exhibited between each other, illustrate where the carbon atoms are located in the skeletal structure.
Hetero-atoms are any atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. The only hydrogen atoms that must be present in skeletal structure are those that are physically connected to a hetro atom.
To learn more about skeletal structure Please click on the given link:
brainly.com/question/28605306
#SPJ4
a voltaic cell with an aqueous electrolyte is based on the reaction between Cd 2+ (aq) and Mg (s), producing Cd (s) and Mg 2+ (aq). Write half reactions for the anode and cathode and the write a balanced cell reaction. Please include the states of matter in the equation
Zn(s) = Zn2+ (aq) + is the half-reaction on the anode, where oxidation takes place (2e-). To create Zn2+, the zinc loses two electrons. Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- = Cu is the half-reaction on the cathode where reduction takes place.
Oxidation half reaction (anode) : Mg(s) → Mg²(aq) + 2e⁻
Reduction half reaction (cathode) : Cd²(aq) + 2e⁻ → Cd(s)
Thus the overall reaction will be,
Mg(s) + Cd²(aq) → Mg²(aq) + Cd(s)
How should a half-reaction be entered into a cell?Here is an illustration of a half cell reaction at the anode: Zn(s)→Zn2+(aq)+2e−. The zinc metal loses two electrons during the process, forming the Zn2+ ion. As a result of the loss of electrons, the anode's half-cell reaction is an oxidation half-reaction.
To know more about half-reaction visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/10668307
#SPJ4
Sodium lauryl sulfate has the same use in embalming fluids as:
1. sodium phosphate
2. citrates
3. sulfonates
4. sodium salt of EDTA
1 & 4 only
3 only
4 only
1,2,3,and 4
Answer Only 3. Sulfonates, Being a surfactant, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) has an impact on the surfaces it contacts. It is incorporated into a wide range of goods, including floor cleaners, toothpaste, and food thickeners.
You utilise water and oil in all of your soaps and cleaning supplies. However, they don't combine on their own.
Surfactants, however, bring them closer. The linked oil and water molecules in soap rub against grime and grease to produce cleansing force.
Surfactants are used in so many products because of this. They mix the components necessary for cleaning.
Making sodium lauryl sulphate is very simple, cheap, and effective in a variety of applications. In many popular goods found in the home and at work, it is labelled as an ingredient.
To learn more about sodium lauryl sulphate please click on below link
https://brainly.com/question/14431654
#SPJ4
How did the discovery of radioactive decay invalidate many of the early models
Isopentyl acetate (C7H14O2) is the compound responsible for the scent of bananas. A
molecular model of isopentyl acetate is shown in the margin below. Interestingly, bees
release about 1 mg (1 3 1026
g) of this compound when they sting. The resulting scent
attracts other bees to join the attack. How many molecules of isopentyl acetate are
released in a typical bee sting? How many atoms of carbon are present
The number of molecules in 1 g of isopentyl acetate, C₇H₁₄O₂ is 4.21 * 10²¹ molecules.
What is the number of molecules in one gram of isopentyl acetate?Isopentyl acetate is a compound that is known as an alkanoate.
An alkanoate is a compound that is formed when an alkanol and an alkanoic acid react together, water is also produced.
The number of molecules in one gram of isopentyl acetate is determined from the molar mass of isopentyl acetate.
In one mole of isopentyl acetate, the number of molecules present is equal to the Avogadro number of molecules which is 6.02 * 10²³ molecules.
The molar mass of isopentyl acetate, C₇H₁₄O₂ = (12 * 7 + 1 * 14 + 16 * 2) g/mol
The molar mass of isopentyl acetate, C₇H₁₄O₂ = 130 g/mol
The number of moles in 1 g of isopentyl acetate, C₇H₁₄O₂ = 1/130
The number of moles in 1 g of isopentyl acetate, C₇H₁₄O₂ = 0.0077 moles
Number of molecules in 1 g of isopentyl acetate, C₇H₁₄O₂ = 0.0077 * 6.02 * 10²³
The number of molecules in 1 g of isopentyl acetate, C₇H₁₄O₂ = 4.21 * 10²¹ molecules.
Learn more about the number of molecules at: https://brainly.com/question/15379971
#SPJ1
iron(iii) oxide reacts with nitric acid to produce iron(iii) nitrate and water. when 87.3 g of iron(iii) oxide reacts with 126.5 g of nitric acid to produce 140.1 g of iron(iii) nitrate, what is the percent yield of the reaction? do not include units in your answer. if you round during your calculation, be sure to keep at least three (3) decimal places. report your answer to one (1) decimal place.
The percent yield of the reaction is 82.5%.
The actual yield divided by the hypothetical yield multiplied by 100 is known as the percent yield.
The balanced reaction is Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 \ \rightarrow\ \ \ 2FE(NO3) + 3H2O
Moles of Fe2O3 taken = 87.3/160
= 0.545 mol
Moles of HNO3 taken = 126.5/63
= 2.01 mol
0.545 mol Fe2O3 \rightarrow 6 x 0.545 mol HNO3
= 3.27 mol HNO3
But we have only 2.01 mol HNO3, so HNO3 is the limiting reagent
Theoretical moles of Fe(NO3)3 formed
= 2/6 x 2.01
= 0.67 mol
Theoretical moles of Fe(NO3)3 = 0.67 x 24
= 162.1g
Percent yield = (actual yield/ theoretical yield ) x 100
= (133.7/162.1) x 100
= 82.5%
Therefore the percent yield of the reaction is 82.5%
To learn more about percent yield visit
https://brainly.com/question/12704041
#SPJ4
Which of the following pollutants may be released into the environment during the production or incorrect disposal of batteries?
The pollutants which may be released into the environment during the production or incorrect disposal of batteries include the following:
A. SO₂
C. Toxic metals
D. CO₂
What is a pollutant?In Science, a pollutant can be defined as a harmful, poisonous and toxic chemical substance or chemical compound that is capable of causing physical degradation or contamination to the environment through emission such as the burning of coal, production of batteries, or incorrect disposal of batteries.
The primary pollutants from burning coal and incorrect disposal of batteries.Generally speaking, some examples of the primary pollutants that are produced from the burning of coal and incorrect disposal of batteries include the following:
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)MercuryToxic metalsCarbon dioxide (CO₂)Nitrogen oxideIn conclusion, toxic metals are most likely to be released due to the incorrect disposal of batteries or even during its production.
Read more on pollutants here: https://brainly.com/question/12044094
#SPJ1
Complete Question:
Which of the following pollutants may be released into the environment during the production or incorrect disposal of batteries? Select all that apply.
SO₂
H₂O
Toxic metals
CO₂
FeO
TRUE OR FALSE nitric acid is a key industrial chemical, largely used to make fertilizers and explosives. the first step in its synthesis is the oxidation of ammonia. in this reaction, gaseous ammonia reacts with dioxygen gas to produce nitrogen monoxide gas and water.
Using 645 L /s of oxygen at 195 ° C and 0.88 atm will result in 0.355kg/s of NO.
First, we go through the equation for the conversion of NH3 to NO: 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⟶4 NO(g) +6 H2O(l). (l)
Next, we compile the data that will be used in our computations.
645 L/s O2 Volume Rate
0.88 atm of pressure
Temperature is equal to 195°C plus 273°K.
NO has a molecular mass of 30.01 g/mol.
Third, using the basic gas equation PV =n RT, we must determine how many moles (n) are contained in 645L of O2 in order to compute the number of NO moles created by this amount of O2.Keep in mind that the constant R in this equation is 0.08205Lxatm/Kxmol.
PV =n RT
n= PV / RT
n= [0.08205 Lxatm/Kxmol] x 468K / [(0.08atm x 645L/s)]
n= 14.781 moles of oxygen per second.
Fourth, now that we know how many moles of O2 will be created, we can use the equation to determine how many moles of NO will also be produced. Finally, with the help of the molecular weight, we will be able to get the total mass per second.
14.781 moles of O2 x 4 moles of NO x 5 moles of O2 x 30.01g of NO x 1 mol of NO x 1 kg of NO /1000g of NO = 0.355 kg/s of NO
Complete question:
Nitric acid is a key industrial chemical, largely used to make fertilizers and explosives. The first step in its synthesis is the oxidation of ammonia. In this reaction, gaseous ammonia reacts with dioxygen gas to produce nitrogen monoxide gas and water. Suppose a chemical engineer studying a new catalyst for the oxidation of ammonia reaction finds that liters per second of dioxygen are consumed when the reaction is run at and . Calculate the rate at which nitrogen monoxide is being produced. Give your answer in kilograms per second. Round your answer to significant digits.
learn more about molecular weight Refer:brainly.com/question/27988184
#SPJ4
410A is a commonly used refrigerant. What
is the energy change when 100. g of 410A
goes from -40.0 °C to -60.0 °C?
Heating Curve Data for Coolant 410a
Boiling Point (°C)
-51.53
AHvap (kJ/kg)
276.2
Specific Heat, gas (kJ/kg K)
0.823
Specific Heat, liquid (kJ/kg K)
1.84
q = [?] kJ
Do not round until the end. Include either a + or -
sign AND the magnitude.
q, (kJ)
Enter
According to the specific heat capacity, the specific heat capacity of refrigerant is 0.00050 J/kgK.
What is specific heat capacity?Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius. It has units of calories or joules per gram per degree Celsius.
Specific heat capacity of a substance is infinite as it undergoes phase transition ,it is highest for gases and can rise if the gas is allowed to expand.
It is given by the formula ,
Q=mcΔT
Substitution in formula gives m=100 g, c=1.84-0.823=1.017 ,Δt=-60-(-40)=-20,Q=100×1.017×(-20)=-2034 J.
Thus, the energy change when 100. g of 410A goes from -40.0 °C to -60.0 °C is -2034 J.
Learn more about specific heat capacity,here:
https://brainly.com/question/29766819
#SPJ1
investigation you had to calculate the number of moles of oxygen gas produced from a reaction of 2h2o2 (aq) 2h2o (l) o2 (g) using the ideal gas law. which of the following is the ideal gas law equation?
Using the ideal gas law, 0.0025 moles of oxygen gas are created when 2H2O2 (aq) reacts with 2H2O (l) and O2 (g).
Given that, according to the balanced chemical equation, hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, breaks down to produce water and oxygen gas:
2H2O2 (aq) -> 2H2O (l)+ O2 (g)
Ideal temperature (t) = 295.15 K and
pressure (p) =1 atm
Volume of oxygen gas (v) = 0.061 L
R = 0.0821
From the ideal gas law equation = pv= nRt
n = pv/Rt = 1 x 0.061/0.082x 295.15
n = 0.0025moles
Hence the number of moles produced from the above reaction is 0.0025
To learn more about moles click here https://brainly.com/question/26416088
#SPJ4
Modify adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to give the remaining product of ATP hydrolysis. Select Draw Rings More Erase H 0 р N NH, N 0 0 0 = = o ATP+H,0 P. + 0 OH OH
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to give the remaining product of ATP hydrolysis diagram is [SEE in attachement]
It will be presumed that more KHP is present in the solution if additional NaOH is added. As a result, the % KHP will be higher than anticipated. If the concentration of NaOH is doubled, just half the volume from the initial experiment is needed. To titrate NaOH with KHP, add NaOH from the burette to a predetermined amount of KHP. The mass and volume of KHP utilized to create the KHP solution are used to calculate the molarity of the KHP solution. The molarity of the NaOH is then determined using the information from the titration.
Additionally, ATP hydrolysis generates energy for coupling processes. (When ATP is used in a reaction, it sends energy along with its third phosphate to the chemical process. By phosphorylating another molecule, it releases the energy. Additionally, ATP hydrolysis uses energy coupling to carry out work in cells.)
To learn more about ATP hydrolysis visit:https://brainly.com/question/13056741
#SPJ4
. ni(nh3)4cl2 7. [crcl2(oh2)4] 8. [crcl4(oh2)2]- 9. [cr(oh2)(nh3)5]3 10.[ga(oh)cl3]- 11.cis-[ptbrcl(no2)2]2- 12.trans-[co(oh)clen2] 13.[mn(co)3(c6h6)] 14.[ni(co)4] is 15.nh4[aucl4] 16.potassium hexacyanoferrate(iii) 17.sodium hexafluoroaluminate(iii) 18.pentaaquabromomanganese(iii) sulfate 19.hexaamminechromium(iii) nitrate 20.sodium tetrahydroxochromate(iii) 21.hexaammineruthenium(iii) tetrachloronickelate(ii) 22.tetraamminecopper(ii) pentacyanohydroxoferrate(iii) 23.potassium diaquatetrabromovanadate(iii) 24.[al(oh2)6]br3 25.[cr(nh3)6]cl3 26.potassium hexafluoroferrate (iii)
The all names of the atom and ion are explained in detail.
What is atom ?
An atom is made up of a core nucleus and one or more negatively charged electrons that orbit it. The positively charged, comparatively hefty protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus may be present.
What is ion ?
Depending on whether the number of electrons in an atom is higher or fewer than the number of protons in the atom, an atom can have a positive charge or a negative charge. An atom is referred to be an ION when it is drawn to another atom due to an imbalance in its electron and proton numbers.
1. Ni(NH3)4Cl2 = Tetraaminenickle(II) chloride.
2. [ crcl2(oh2)4 ]+ = tetraaquadichlorochromium(II) ion
3. [ crcl4(oh2)2 ]– = diaquatetrachlorochromate(III) ion
4. [Cr(OH2)(NH3)5]3+ = pentaammineaquachromium(III) lon
5. [ Ha(OH)Cl3 ]– = trichlorohydroxogallate (III) lon
6.cis–[ PtBrCl(NO2)2 ]2– = cis-Bromochlorodinitroplatinate (IV) ion
7. trans– [ Co(OH)Clen2 ]+ = trans-chlorobisethylenediamminehydroxocobalt (III) ion
8. [ Mn(CO)3 (C6H6) ]+ = Benzenetricarbonylmagnese (I) ion
9. Ni(CO)4 = tetracarbonylnickel ,Nickel carbonyl (IUPAC name: tetracarbonylnickel)
10. Nh4 [AuCl] = Ammonium tetrachloroaurate(III)
The set of rules for naming a coordination compound is:–
When naming a complex ion, the ligands are named before the metal ion.
Write the names of the ligands in the following order: neutral, negative, positive.
If there are multiple ligands of the same charge type, they are named in alphabetical order.
Multiple occurring monodentate ligands receive a prefix according to the number of occurrences: di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, or hexa.
Polydentate ligands (e.g., ethylenediamine, oxalate) receive bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, etc.
Anions end in -ido. This replaces the final “e” when the anion ends with “-ate” (e.g, sulfate becomes sulfato) and replaces “-ide” (cyanide becomes cyanido).
Neutral ligands are given their usual name, with some exceptions: NH3 becomes ammine; H2O becomes aqua or Aqua
Write the name of the central atom/ion. If the complex is an anion, the central atom’s name will end in -ate, and its Latin name will be used if available .
If the central atom’s oxidation state needs to be specified, write it as a Roman numeral (or 0) in parentheses.
End with “cation” or “anion” as separate words .
Therefore, the all names of the atom and ion are explained in detail.
Learn more about atom from the given link.
https://brainly.com/question/16666188
#SPJ4
in the balanced equation for the reaction of fe2(so4)3 and lioh, which of the following compounds will precipitate out of solution?
Many anions-containing substances, including sulfide (S2), hydroxide (OH), carbonate (CO32), and phosphate (PO43), are frequently insoluble in water. If one of these anions is dissolved in a solution with a metal cation like Fe2+, Cu2+, or Al3+, a precipitate will result from the addition.
What do you call a precipitate that forms from a solution?
An insoluble solid that separates from a liquid solution is known as a precipitate in chemistry. Precipitation is the term used to describe the insoluble solid emerging from the solution. Most frequently, the precipitate appears as a suspension.
What kind of product will precipitate?
If the resultant chemical is water insoluble, a precipitate will develop. As an illustration, a solution of magnesium bromide is combined with a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) (MgBr2).
To know more about precipitate visit;
https://brainly.com/question/18109776
#SPJ4
the half equivalence point is in the middle of the buffer region. in order to reach the half equivalence point in their titration, veronica needed to add 24.47 ml of koh to 50.00 ml of 0.368 m hf. what is the concentration of conjugate base at the half equivalence point? note: do not use scientific notation or units in your response. sig figs will not be graded in this question, enter your response to four decimal places. carmen may add or remove digits from your response, your submission will still be graded correctly if this happens.
pH = pKa M - moles/L 0.447 = m at the half-equivalence point, which is equal to 0.1537 M F.
How may an equivalency point be found?The equivalency point for acid-base titrations is extremely simple to identify. To create a titration curve, different quantities of titrant are added, and then the pH of the solution is measured using a pH meter. Then, the curve's equivalence point can be determined.
What are an endpoint and an equivalency point?A point of equivalency in a titration is the point at which the additional titrant and the sample analyte have chemically equivalent properties. On the other hand, the endpoint is when the color of the solution changes.
To know more about equivalence point visit:
https://brainly.com/question/4518249
#SPJ4
Absorbance is a unitless quantity. Path length is measured in centimeters. Derive the units of the molar absorptivity and show your work.
Amounts of absorbance have no units. Centimeters are used to measure path length. The unit of molar absorptivity is derived from these two as M⁻¹cm⁻¹.
Molar absorptivity is the characteristic that gauges how strongly a chemical species absorbs light of a specific wavelength. Beer-Lambert law links a light's attenuation to the features of the medium it travels through. This law is given as A = εcl where A is the absorbance, l is the path length in centimeters, c is molar concentration in M, and ε is molar absorptivity. From the above equation, we can find the unit of molar absorptivity as,
[tex]\begin{aligned}\epsilon&=\frac{A}{c\cdot l}\\&=\frac{\text{no unit}}{\text{M\;cm}}\\&=\mathrm{M^{-1}cm^{-1}}\end{aligned}[/tex]
Therefore, the required answer is M⁻¹cm⁻¹.
To know more about Beer-Lambert:
https://brainly.com/question/29434481
#SPJ4
For every two QH2 that enter the Q cycle, one is regenerated and the other passes its two electrons to two cytochrome c1 centers. The overall equation is
QH2+2 cyt c1(Fe3+)+2H+→Q+2 cyt c1(Fe2+)+4H+
Calculate the free energy change associated with the Q cycle.
For every two QH2 that enter the Q cycle, one is regenerated and the other passes its two electrons to two cytochrome c1 centers. The free energy change associated with the Q cycle is -33.8 kJ/mol
Q + 2H+ + 2 e- --> QH2 Eo' = +0.045 V
One QH2 is created for every two that enter the Q cycle, while the other one transfers its two electrons to two cytochrome c1 centers. Even though cytochrome c can only take one electron, QH2 struggles to transfer free energy the two available electrons to it. So, in a single Q cycle, two cytochrome c molecules are reduced, one ubiquinol molecule is created, four bare pumped into the intermembrane free energy space, and two protons are taken up from the matrix.
Learn more about cytochrome from here:
https://brainly.com/question/13975046
#SPJ4
8. Society relies on hydrocarbon combustion.
a) What are the dangers associated with
incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?
b) Do you think hydrocarbons with a greater number of carbon and hydrogen atoms will produce more or less energy than smaller hydrocarbons? Explain.
c) Describe one advantage and one
disadvantage of our use of hydrocarbon
combustion
GIVING BRAINLIEST
Place the following compounds in order of decreasing strength of intermolecular forces. I. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 II. (CH3)3CCH3 IIL (CH3)3CCH2CH3 1) C) II >III> I 2) Identify the compound with the lowest boiling point. A) CH3CN B) CH3CHO C) CH3CH2CH3 D) (CH3)20 E) CH3OCH3 2) 3) Place the following substances in order of increasing vapor pressure at a given temperature SF6 SiH4 SF4 3) A) SiH4
The following compounds in order of decreasing strength of intermolecular forces is as follows :
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ > (CH₃)₃CCH₂CH₃ > (CH₃)₃CCH₃
1) The following compounds in order of decreasing strength of intermolecular forces is as follows : as the surface are decreases the intermolecular force decrease or as branching increases intermolecular forces decreases.
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ > (CH₃)₃CCH₂CH₃ > (CH₃)₃CCH₃
2) the compound CH₃CH₂CH₃ have the weaker van der wall forces and having the lowest boiling point.
3) the following substances in order of increasing vapor pressure at a given temperature is as follows :
SF₄ < SF₆ < SiH₄
SF₄ is the polar molecular and hs the lowest vapor pressure.
To learn more about intermolecular force here
https://brainly.com/question/14774937
#SPJ4
Analysis of an unknown substance showed that it has a high boiling point and is brittle. It is an insulator as a solid but conducts electricity when melted. Which of the following substances would have those characteristics?a. HClb. Alc. SiF4d. KBre. I2
The solid which has the described property is aluminium. Aluminium in solid state does not conduct but in its molten state it conducts.
What is aluminium?Aluminium is 13th element in periodic table. Al is an electron deficient metal but it is placed among the non-metals since it does not conduct electricity in its solid state.
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it converts from its solid state to liquid state. Al has a boiling point of 2400 °C. It is because of its solid nature and strong intermolecular fore of attraction.
Some solid will breaks easily when a damping force is applied and this breaking tendency is called brittlessness. Al is brittle in nature and not as hard as pure metals.
To find more on Al, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/3918822
#SPJ1
which of the following options correctly describe the processes occurring at the anode of a galvanic cell? select all that apply.
1. oxidation takes place at the anode
2. The anode is the source of electrons in the current flow
The correct option is both 1and 2, oxidation takes place at the anode of the galvanic cells and it also the source of electrons in current flow.
Oxidation process happens at the anode, and reduction process happens at the cathode. The anode is the negative terminal for the galvanic cell because the reaction at the anode is the source of the electrons for current.
The movement of electrons from one substance to another is what propels the process. Thermodynamics is in favor of this. The completion of the circuit in a galvanic cell or battery creates a pathway for the substance at the anode (oxidation) to transfer electrons to the substance at the cathode through the circuit (reduction).
A galvanic cell is a type of electrochemical device that generates an electric current by transferring electrons during the redox processes.
For more about the galvanic cells, please refer:
https://brainly.com/question/15096829
#SPJ4
peroxyacids (rco3h) can convert alkenes into epoxides. draw the two products and the mechanism arrows for the following reaction. be sure to include lone pairs of electrons and nonzero formal charges on all species.
Please draw everything exactly as i would draw it in the box.
A peroxyacid is an acid containing an acidic -OOH group.
The two main classes are those derived from mineral acids in general, particularly sulfuric acid, and the peroxy derivatives of organic carboxylic acids. They are generally strong oxidants. Peracids are mainly used as oxidizing agents. It is used to readily add oxygen to alkenes to form epoxides and convert ketones to esters and amines to nitro compounds, amine oxides, or nitroso compounds.
Peroxycarboxylic acids have the unique property of having an electropositive oxygen atom in the COOH group. This reaction is initiated by an electrophilic oxygen atom that reacts with a nucleophilic carbon-carbon double bond. The mechanism involves a concerted reaction with a four-part cyclic transition state.
Learn more about Peroxyacids here:- https://brainly.com/question/25693803
#SPJ4
The half-reaction that occurs at the anode during the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide is a. 2Br^- rightarrow Br_2 + 2e^- b. Br_2 + 2e^- rightarrow 2Br c. Na^+ +e^- rightarrow Na d. Na rightarrow Na^+ + e^- e. 2H_2O + 2e^- rightarrow 2OH^- + H_2
The half-reaction at anode in the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide is b).2 Br- ------------> Br2 + 2e-
The electrolysis of molten sodium bromide involves passing a direct current through a molten NaBr solution. The positively charged cations (Na+) move towards the cathode where they gain electrons and become neutral atoms.
At the anode, the negatively charged bromide ions (Br-) are oxidized and the bromine atoms are released. The bromide ions are also reduced to form hydrogen gas.
At the same time, the electrons released at the anode combine with the sodium atoms to form sodium hydroxide, which is released as a liquid in the solution. This process can be used to produce hydrogen, sodium hydroxide, and bromine.
At anode : Oxidation reaction takes place
2Br⁻ ------------> Br₂ + 2e⁻
At Cathode : Reduction reaction takes place
2Na⁺ + 2e⁻ --------------> 2Na
To know more about electrolysis, click below:
https://brainly.com/question/12994141
#SPJ4
stoichiometric calculations, including ratios of atoms within a compound, and ratios of substances in a chemical reaction.
The stoichiometry calculation involves the ratios of atoms within a compound, and ratios of substances in a chemical reaction.
The stoichiometry calculation involves the relationship between the product and the reactants in the chemical rection. stoichiometry is the measurement of the element. the steps follows the stoichiometry calculation is :
1) balance the chemical reaction.
2) convert the substance units to moles.
3) by using the moles ratio to calculate the yield of the substances in the reaction.
4) convert the moles of the needed elements to the required units.
The stoichiometry calculation is mostly based on the chemical formulas of the compound.
to learn more about stoichiometry here
https://brainly.com/question/4066401
#SPJ4
write chemical equations that show how the following bases react with water to produce hydroxide ions: (use the lowest possible coefficients. be sure to specify states such as (aq) or (s). if a box is not needed, leave it blank.) a question content area methoxide ion (), a strong base + b hypobromite ion (Bro), a weak base + C imidazole (CH.N2), a weak base + +
When bases react with water they produce hydroxide ions
OCH₃⁻ + H₂O → CH₃OH (methanol) + OH⁻ (hydroxide)
here, the methoxide ion acted as a base, by bonding with the hydrogen atom released by water to form methanol and hydronium ion
Br − + H ₂ O⇄ 2 HOBr + OH −
C₃H₂N₄+O₂+ H₂O→ CO2 + H2O + NH3
to know more about methoxide visit
https://brainly.com/question/28083870
#SPJ4
Positive sodium ions (Na+) and negative hydroxide ions are produced when the base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolves in water. The chemical formula NaOH H 2 O OH- + Na can be used to symbolise this.
When a substance dissolves in water, it emits negative nonmetal ions and positive hydrogen ions (H+), which are the byproducts of the reaction. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are known as ions, which are charged particles. An acid is anything like hydrochloric acid (HCl). When it dissolves in water, it releases positive hydrogen ions and negative chloride ions (Cl-). The chemical equation: can be used to illustrate this.
HCl _H2o__ H+ + Cl-
When a substance dissolves in water, it releases positive metal ions and negative hydroxide ions (OH-). This is what is known as a base. One such instance is the formation of negative hydroxide ions and positive sodium ions (Na+) when the base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolves in water. The chemical equation: can be used to illustrate this.
NaOH _H2o__ OH- + Na+
To learn more about Chemical equations Please click on the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/11231920
#SPJ4
(a) The pH of a solution is 6.45. Find the [H+] concentration. Please show work.
(b) A solution has a pH of 5.28, find the [H+] and [OH-] concentration. Show work, and tell me is the solution acidic or basic?
(c) If a solution has a concentration of 3.5E-6 M, what is the pH of this solution. Show work, and tell me if the solution is acidic or basic
Concentration of solution having pH 6.45 is 3.55 * 10 -7 M. Concentration of solution having pH 5.28 is 1.90 * 10 -9 M and pH of the solution is 5.45.
pH of a solution is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration, which in turn is a measure of its acidity. Pure water dissociates slightly into equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl (OH−) ions.
Concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. A concentrated solution is one that has a relatively large amount of dissolved solute. A dilute solution is one that has a relatively small amount of dissolved solute
a. The pH of a solution is 6.45
pH = 6.45
pH= -log [H+]
= [tex]10^-6.45[/tex]
[H+] = 3.55 * 10 -7 M
b. A solution has a pH of 5.28, find the [H+] and [OH-] concentration.
pH = 5.28
pH= -log [H+]
= [tex]10^-5.28[/tex]
[H+] = 5.25 * 10 -6 M
As [H+] [OH-} = 10-14
[OH-] = 10-14 / [H+]
= 10 -14 / 5.25 * 10 -6
= 1.90 * 10 -9 M
As pH is less than 7 the solution is acidic.
c. If a solution has a concentration of 3.5 . 10-6 M
here calculated pH = 5.45
As pH is less than 7, the solution is acidic.
To learn more about pH of the solution please visit:
https://brainly.com/question/172153
#SPJ4