write chemical equations for the five sn2 substitution reactions that you performed in part 1 of this lab. arrange the five substrates in increasing order of reactivity and provide suitable explanations for your answer

LiAlH4 reacts violently with water reactions using LiAlH4 must be carried out under inert, anhydrous conditions.

The correct option is D.

An organic substance that has the carboxyl group is referred to as a carboxylic acid. RCOOH is an acronym for a carboxylic anticholinergic general formula. The carboxyl group's carbon atom can be joined to either an atom or a carbon chain.

The carboxylic group causes blue litmus to become red. A carboxylic group is present when a chemical with a sweet scent forms. The presence of an acid group is shown by the fluorescent solution's appearance in green. Florida acetone is thus the event assets' strongest acid. That indicates Ch 2.

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When a grignard reacts with the impurities in your glassware, water effectively quenches the reagent.

In order to generate Grignard reagents—and organometallic reagents in general—water is often strictly excluded. Strongly nucleophilic Grignard reagents react quickly and irreversibly with water as follows:  R − M gX +H 2O → R − H ↑ + M gXOH. Highly reactive organomagnesium halides known as Grignard reagents are created when magnesium metal reacts with alkyl or alkenyl halides. They react with acidic hydrogens like alcohols, water, and carboxylic acids because they are very powerful bases. Grignard and alcohol produce magnesium alkoxide and the alkane of the alkyl halide that was utilized to create the Grignard.

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Answer:

Q5. 16.3g

Q6. 18.9g

Q7. 43.3g

Explanation:

Knowledge required to answer the questions:

1. The mass in 1 mole of a chemical substance in grams is equal to the formula mass of the substance

2. The equation: m = n × Mr, where m = mass (in g), n = number of moles (in mol) and Mr = formula mass (i.e. the sum of the atomic mass of all the atoms in the chemical substance)

3. The ratio of moles of each chemical substance in a reaction is according to the balanced equation

Question 5:

HBr + KHCO₃ → H₂O + KBr + CO₂

According to principle 2, find the number of moles of HBr using the given mass and the calculable Mr;

The Mr will be the sum of the atomic mass of each atom in the chemical compound, these atomic masses can be found on the periodic table:

HBr Mr = 1 + 79.9

HBr Mr = 80.9

If m = n × Mr, then n = m/Mr;

n = 30/(80.9)

n = 0.370828183

According to principle 3, and the balanced reaction equation, we can see the ratio of HBr to the CO₂ is 1:1;

In other words, 1 mol of HBr will react with 1 mol of KHCO₃ to produce 1 mol of H₂O, 1 mol of KBr and 1 mol of CO₂;

So, if you start with 30g or 0.37... moles of HBr, this will react with 0.37... moles of KHCO₃ to produce 0.37... moles of H₂O, 0.37... moles of KBr and 0.37... moles of CO₂;

Now, we simply have to use the equation from principle 2 to get the mass;

CO₂ Mr = 12 + 2(16)

Notice how you need to add (2 × 16) since CO₂ has two oxygen atoms

CO₂ Mr = 44

m = 0.37... × 44+

m = 16.3164401 ⇒ 16.3g

If the number of moles of reagents does not match up with the ratio illustrated in the balanced equation, then one will be the limiting reagent and the other or others would be in excess;

Using this principle and the method used previously, you could solve the questions 6 and 7;

I won't explain in full these questions, but will give the answers:

Question 6:

2 NaOH + H₂SO₄ → 2 H₂O + Na₂SO₄

NaOH m = 150

NaOH Mr = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40

m = n * Mr

n = 40/150 = 0.2666..

NaOH : Na₂SO₄

2 : 1

Na₂SO₄ n  = 0.26.../2 = 0.1333...

Na₂SO₄ Mr = 2(23) + 32.1 + 4(16) = 142.1

m = 0.1333... * 142.1 = 18.946... ⇒ 18.9g

Question 7:
Pb(SO₄)₂ + 4 LiNO₃ → Pb(NO₃)₄ + 2 Li₂SO₄

Li₂SO₄ m = 350

Li₂SO₄ Mr = 2(6.9) + 32.1 + 4(16) = 109.9

Li₂SO₄ n = 109.9/350 = 0.314

Li₂SO₄ : LiNO₃

2 : 4 simplifies to:

1 : 2

LiNO₃ n = 0.314 × 2 = 0.628

LiNO₃ Mr = 6.9 + 14 + 3(16) = 68.9

LiNO₃ m = 0.628 × 68.9 = 43.2692 ⇒ 43.3g

Water reabsorption occurs in the thin descending limb of the Loop of Henle.

Water reabsorption occurs in the thin descending limb of the Loop of Henle. It is permeable to water, which means that H2O molecules are freely able to leave it. Similarly to in the proximal convoluted tube, water can leave the thin descending limb into the more concentrated medulla through transcellular and paracellular movement.

Reabsorption occurs from the filtrate across the tubular lumen of the nephron and into the blood of the peritubular capillaries. The proximal convoluted tube reabsorbs about 65% of the total glomerular filtrate.

Reabsorbed fluids, ions, and molecules are returned to the bloodstream through the peri-tubular capillaries, and are not excreted as urine.

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The following selection tests should flodrivec conduct to hire the right candidates is cognitive ability test.

The chemical manufacturing company, is moving its administrative office to larger premises; therefore, it currently has various job openings. due to paucity of time, the recruitment manager of flodrivec wants to conduct a common interview test for all the candidates. the work at flodrivec demands its staff to be good at critical thinking, math, verbal reasoning, and quantitative concepts. cognitive ability test used to assess the abilities that involved in the thinking.

Therefore, the test used for the selection is the cognitive ability test to hire the right candidates.

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The water fall's temperature drop over top to bottom is 0.234 K.

The quantity of heat needed to raise or lower a substance's temperature one degree Celsius is known as its specific heat, which is measured in grams.

A substance's specific heat is the amount of calories required to increase the temperature with one gram by one degree Celsius.The metric system allows for the reporting of specific heats in either cal/g-oC as cal/g-K units since one degree just on Celsius scale is equivalent to one Kelvin.

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Intermolecular forces that help to stabilize a DNA double helix:

DNA consists of two strands aligned antiparallel to each other, connected by many hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite strands. It is these highly specific intermolecular interactions that allow DNA to be read and written based on complementary interactions. Although individual hydrogen bonds are much weaker than covalent bonds.

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A primary energy level's orbitals have less energy than that the orbitals of the principal energy level above it.

A principle energy level's orbitals have less energy than the orbitals of the principle energy level above it. Compared to the setup 3d5 4s1, the 3d2 4s2 configuration is more reliable. The same orbital may house up to 4 e-s.

Each major energy level has a single sublevel with an s orbital, which may hold up to two electrons. The lowest energy electrons in that primary energy level are those in this orbital, known as s electrons.

The electrons at an atom's highest occupied main energy level are known as valence electrons.

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The statement "An example of measurement replication would be measuring the temperature of boiling water at home and measuring the temperature of boiling water in Martin Hall" is a TRUE statement.

Measurement replication is the ability to replicate a recorded measurement using the same measurement parameters or rules, the same research designs, and using the original sample of the same population. It's an important aspect of study research, both in qualitative and quantitative studies.

The example in the statement above is a measurement replication. Assuming that the researcher is using the overall same source of water (or both home and Martin Hall are in the same place/town), then it's an act of measurement replication in different places and should yield the overall same result.

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The molar masses of the reactant and product of the equation 2N2(g) +302(g) → 2N₂O3 (9) is 152 g.

In the given in this item, we may solve directly the molar masses of the reactants and the products to see if they are matching.

Reactant:        

(2N2) = (2)(28.0 g/mol) = 56 g

(3O2) = (3)(32.0 g/mol) = 96 g

total = 152 g

Product:          

(2N2O3) = (2)(76 g/mol) = 152 g

The reactant and product have the same masses.

Therefore, the molar masses of the reactant and product of the equation 2N2(g) +302(g) → 2N₂O3 (9) is 152 g.

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The frequency of the light that is emitted from the hydrogen atom is 4.6 * 10^14 Hz.

We know that according to the Bohr model, the movement of electrons from one energy level to the other can be effected and that this would be as a result of the absorption or an emission of energy by an atom.

We should now write the formula;

1/λ = RH(1/[tex]n_{2} ^2[/tex] - 1/[tex]n_{1} ^2[/tex])

RH = Rydberg constant

[tex]n_{2}[/tex] = final level

[tex]n_{1}[/tex] = initial level

Thus we have;

1/λ = 1.097 * 10^7(1/2^2 - 1/3^2)

1/λ = 1.097 * 10^7(0.25 - 0.11)

λ = 6.51 * 10^-7 m

The frequency is obtained from';

c= λ f

f = c/λ

f = 3 * 10^8/  6.51 * 10^-7

f = 4.6 * 10^14 Hz

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These are radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays are in order of increasing frequency and decreasing in wavelength.

In general, the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into seven sections, rising in energy and frequency and decreasing in wavelength. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV) light, X-rays, and gamma rays ar names for these types of energy.

The parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are known to as gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, and radio waves, from highest to lowest energy.

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In simple terms, quantitative properties are properties that can be measured or quantified, such as size, mass, and volume. These properties are often expressed as numbers or numerical values, and can be compared and contrasted using mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Qualitative properties, on the other hand, are properties that cannot be measured or quantified. These properties are often described using adjectives or other non-numerical descriptors, and they cannot be compared or contrasted using mathematical operations. Examples of qualitative properties include color, texture, and odor.

Overall, quantitative properties are properties that can be measured or quantified, while qualitative properties are properties that cannot be measured or quantified. These two types of properties are often used in scientific research and analysis to describe and compare different materials, substances, or phenomena.

the strongest intermolecular interactions between diethyl ether (ch3ch2och2ch3) molecules arise from Hydrogen bonding.

Interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between two other atoms with a close connection for electron density; one such bond is relatively weak than just an ionic bond or symbolizes but powerful than van der Waals forces. Since hydrogen is connected to a relatively electronegative atom, and this electronegative atom is a hydrogen donor, the hydrogen bond is the dominant type of bond between molecules. A hydrogen atom is smaller in size than other atoms and molecules. As a result, the resulting charge is more powerful.

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The aluminum ground state electron configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹.

The electron configuration of aluminum will therefore be  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹. Scientists can easily write and communicate how electrons are arranged around an atom's nucleus using the configuration notation. It is now simpler to comprehend and predict how atoms will interact to form chemical bonds as a result.

The Aufbau Principle, Pauli-exclusion Principle, and Hund's Rule are the three key rules that we adhere to. By removing electrons from the outermost p orbital first, then the s orbital, and finally the d orbitals, the electronic configuration of cations is determined (if any more electrons need to be removed).

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With over half of all synthetic rubber produced worldwide coming from this copolymer, which became known as sbr,

Despite the fact that you can purchase every component needed to assemble an SBR, it is illegal to put together a rifle with such a barrels shorter than 16 inches.

The two are fundamentally different from one another in terms of their configuration and legal framework. The SBR should be made to shoot from the shoulder whereas the AR-15 handgun must be made to shoot with one hand and a conventional buttstock.

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Ionic compounds like PbCl2 are supposed to be insoluble in water.

A material that has been chemically bonded together from two or more distinct components. Water (H2O), which is a combination of the elements hydrogen and oxygen, and table salt (NaCl), which is a composite of the elements sodium and chloride, are two examples of compounds.

A compound is a material made up of two or more separate chemical elements united in a certain order in chemistry. When the elements come together, they interact and create chemical connections that are hard to break. The sharing or trading of electrons between atoms results in the formation of these bonds.

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Answer:

Combination reactions, also known as synthesis reactions, involve the combination of two or more reactants to form a single product. These reactions often involve the formation of chemical bonds between the reactants, and they are usually exothermic, meaning that they release energy in the form of heat. Examples of combination reactions include the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen, the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, and the combination of sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride.

Decomposition reactions involve the breakdown of a single compound into two or more simpler substances. These reactions often involve the breaking of chemical bonds, and they are usually endothermic, meaning that they absorb energy from their surroundings. Examples of decomposition reactions include the breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis, the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, and the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

Replacement reactions, also known as substitution reactions, involve the replacement of one element or group of atoms in a compound by another element or group. These reactions often involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, and they can be either exothermic or endothermic depending on the specific reaction. Examples of replacement reactions include the displacement of hydrogen by a metal in a metal-acid reaction, the substitution of chlorine for hydrogen in an alkyl halide, and the replacement of a metal ion by another metal ion in a precipitation reaction.

Overall, combination reactions involve the combination of two or more reactants to form a single product, decomposition reactions involve the breakdown

Absolute configuration describes the relative positions of each bond around the chiral center atom using a set of criteria.

The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority principles are used in the most common labeling approach, which uses the descriptors R or S. R and S stand for Rectus and Sinister, the Latin words for right and left, respectively. If the arrow points counterclockwise (left after leaving the 12 o'clock position), the stereocenter configuration is S ("Sinister" Latin for "left"). A chiral center is an atom (typically carbon) that is bound to four separate component groups. R and S are Latin terms that mean right and left, respectively, and are used to decide the label.

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Nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into a form that can be used by living organisms.

Nitrogen fixation: This process is carried out by certain bacteria and cyanobacteria, which are able to convert N2 into ammonium (NH4+) through a process called nitrogen fixation.

Assimilation: Assimilation is the process by which plants and other photosynthetic organisms take in nitrogen from the environment and convert it into organic compounds, such as amino acids, that can be used for growth and development.

Nitrification: Nitrification is the process by which ammonium is converted into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-). This process is carried out by bacteria in the soil, and it is an important step in the nitrogen cycle because it makes nitrogen more readily available to plants.

Ammonification: Ammonification is the process by which organic nitrogen compounds, such as proteins and amino acids, are converted back into ammonium. This process is carried out by decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, which break down organic matter and release nitrogen back into the environment.

Denitrification: Denitrification is the process by which nitrate is converted back into atmospheric nitrogen (N2). This process is carried out by certain bacteria in the soil, and it is an important step in the nitrogen cycle because it removes excess nitrogen from the environment.

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Answer:

Explanation: Butane can be converted to 2-butano through a process called isomerization. Isomerization is a chemical reaction in which a compound is converted into one of its structural isomers, which are molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms.

To convert butane to 2-butano, one common approach is to use a catalyst such as a metal or metal oxide to facilitate the rearrangement of the atoms in the molecule. This process typically involves heating the butane to a high temperature (around 200-300°C) in the presence of the catalyst, which promotes the isomerization reaction. Other conditions such as pressure and the presence of a solvent may also be used to control the reaction.

It's important to note that this process typically has a low yield, meaning that only a small fraction of the starting butane is converted to 2-butano. As a result, additional purification steps may be needed to separate the 2-butano from the other products of the reaction.

Atmosphere system during the Paleocene Eocene thermal maximum give a probable range of 0.3-1.7 peta-grams of carbon per year, which is much slower then the currently observed rate of carbon emissions.

Deep-sea species were extinct, the oceans swiftly became acidic, and the globe warmed up by 5 to 8 °C during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) (56 Mya). Foraminifera fossil shells provide geochemical data that show how much the ocean's pH dropped during the PETM. Here, we use the B/Ca content of foraminifera as a geochemical indicator to reassemble the quantity and make-up of the carbon that was introduced to the ocean. Our reconstruction attributes PETM warming to volcanic emissions and contends that an increase in ocean buffering capacity contributed to the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Our calculations show that, in contrast to PETM carbon release, current CO2 release is happening far more quickly.

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The total number of isomers including stereoisomers for 1,3-dimethyl cyclohexane is 3, one cis and two optically active trans forms.

Isomers are compounds or polyatomic that have identical molecular formulae - that is, the very same amount of atoms for each element - but different atomic arrangements throughout space. Isomerism means the presence or absence of isomers. Isomers do not always possess the same physical or chemical properties. One of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but various atom arrangements inside the molecules and potentially distinct physiological properties. Isomers are organic molecules that have identical formulae and yet differ in properties and particle arrangement in the particle. As a result, compounds that exhibit disability as a result are referred to as enantiomers. The term "isomer" is derived from the Greek words "isos" and "meros," which mean "equal parts" in English.

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The order of the reaction is 1

The value and unit of the rate constant for this reaction 5.92*10^-3 s^-1

Reaction order refers to the power dependence of rate on the concentration of each reactant. Therefore, for first-order reactions, the rate depends on the concentration of a single species.

1)

Here half life is independent of concentration.

So, it must be 1st order reaction

2)

Given:

Half life = 117 s

use relation between rate constant and half life of 1st order reaction

k = (ln 2) / k

k= 0.693/(half life)

k= 0.693/(117)

k= 5.92*10^-3 s-1

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Specific heat of Calorimeter is 1.98kg/z in a 1.8 g sample of oleic acid (C18H34O2), a common constituent of fats, is burned in a bomb calorimeter. The temperature of the calorimeter increases by 35.8oC (Celsius).

The quantity of heat energy required to increase the temperature of a specified amount of issue by one degree Celsius is defined as heat capacity. Heat capacity for just a given subject matter is determined by its size or quantity, trying to make it a broad property. Heat capacity is expressed in joules per Kelvin or degrees Celsius. (Also known as thermal capacity.) The ratio of power generation or specific heat absorbed (or released) by a scheme to temperature rise (or fall). Heat capacities are specified for specific processes.Specific heat capacity is measured in joules per kelvin per kilogramme (J/kgK), JK1kg1. Because a temperature increase of one degree Celsius equals a temperature increase of one kelvin, the joule per degree Celsius per kilogramme is J/(kg°C).

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The correct formula for an ionic compound is total charge of cations = total charge of anions.

Ionic compounds do not exist usually as molecules. In the solid state, the ionic compounds are in crystal lattice that is generally containing many ions among which  each of the cation and anion. An ionic formula, such as like  NaCl , is an empirical formula. This formula merely indicates that sodium chloride is made of an equal number of sodium and chloride ions. Sodium sulfide, another ionic compound, has the formula  Na2S . This formula generally indicates that this compound is made up of twice as many sodium ions as sulfide ions. This section will teach you how to find the correct ratio of ions, so that we can write a correct formula.

If we know the name of a binary ionic compound, you can write its chemical formula. Start by writing the metal ion with its charge, followed by the nonmetal ion with its charge. Because the overall compound must be strictly electrically neutral, decide how many of each ion is needed in order for the positive and negative charges to cancel each other out.

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Neutrons are the particles that James Chadwick first identified as having no electric charge. Isotopes have variable numbers of neutrons despite having the same amount of protons.

The positively charged particles called protons are found in the atom's nucleus. The strong force, which is stronger at short distances, pulls the protons together while the electromagnetic force pushes them apart.

Isotopes are variations of chemical elements that have a varied number of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons. To put it another way, isotopes are variations of elements that have different nucleons.

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One of the major difference between Lithium and Magnesium is that Lithium is more metallic in nature than Magnesium. and also Magnesium is determined to be a more reducible metal than “lithium”.

Lithium ions were discovered to be attracted to ATP-magnesium to form an ATP-magnesium-lithium complex at concentrations corresponding to typical dose levels. According to the researchers, this compound may have an impact on how ATP works in the brain and other parts of the body.

Magnesium and lithium are both metals with a diagonal connection and are classified in separate metallic classes.

To ensure you are taking the proper dosage of lithium and to monitor your blood levels on a regular basis. They will first be examined every week or two weeks.

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b. Both the Kelvin and Celsius scales have the same size degree unit  , option c and d correctly describe the three temperature scales and their relationship to each other

The Celsius scale, also recognised as the centigrade scale, is a thermal scale based on zero degrees Celsius for the freezing temperature and one hundred degrees Celsius for the water's boiling point. Anders Celsius, a Swedish physicist, astrophysicist, and engineer, invented (and is named after) this magnitude. The centigrade scale was decided to name after Swedish astrophysicist Anders Celsius (1701-1744), who proposed it in 1742. The family name is derived from the name of a estate, Latin celsus ("mound"). The Kelvin scale. A temperature scale that starts at zero (-273.15°C or -459.67°F). Each degree, or kelvin, symbolises one degree of temperature rise on the Celsius scale. Water freezes at 273.15 K and heats at 373.15 K on the Kelvin scale.

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Answer: Most synthesis reactions are exothermic because the energy needed to break the reactant bonds is typically less than the energy released when the product bonds form. In other words, the reactant bonds have a lower energy level than the product bonds, so when the reactant bonds are broken and the product bonds are formed, energy is released in the form of heat.

This can be represented by an energy level diagram, in which the reactant bonds are shown at a lower energy level than the product bonds. When the reactant bonds are broken and the product bonds are formed, the energy level of the reaction decreases, indicating that energy is released.

Overall, the fact that most synthesis reactions are exothermic implies that the energy needed to break the reactant bonds is typically less than the energy released when the product bonds form. This is reflected in the energy level diagram, where the reactant bonds are shown at a lower energy level than the product bonds.

Explanation:

Answer:

Synthesis reactions are typically exothermic because the products of the reaction have lower energy than the reactants. This means that the energy needed to break the bonds in the reactants is less than the energy released when the product bonds form.

An energy level diagram can help illustrate this concept. In a synthesis reaction, the reactants are represented by two energy levels on the left side of the diagram, and the products are represented by a lower energy level on the right side. The energy difference between the reactants and the products is represented by the vertical distance between the two sets of energy levels. Since the product energy level is lower than the reactant energy levels, the reaction releases energy and is exothermic.

Here is an example of an energy level diagram for a synthesis reaction:

In this diagram, the vertical distance between the reactant and product energy levels represents the energy released by the reaction. This energy is typically in the form of heat, which is why most synthesis reactions are exothermic.