suppose an organism with genotype aabbee undergoes a meiotic non-disjunction in meiosis i of the chromosomes that carry the a gene. all three genes assort independently on different chromosomes. if the gametes produced by this organism fused with gametes of an organism with genotype aabbee, indicate the percentage of zygotes with each of the following genotypes that are formed:
There will be 25% chance that an organism with genotype aabbee undergoes a meiotic non-disjunction in meiosis i of the chromosomes that carry the a gene. all three genes assort independently on different chromosomes. if the gametes produced by this organism fused with gametes of an organism with genotype aabbee.
The genetic components that make up a genotype in an organism. The alleles or genetic variations that a person possesses in a particular gene or genetic area are known as their genotype. The number of alleles a person can have for a particular gene depends on the ploidy, or number of copies of each chromosome, present in that species. Since humans are diploid, each individual has two alleles for each gene (have two full sets of chromosomes). When both alleles are present in a genotype, it is said to be homozygous. When there are two different alleles, the genotype is said to be heterozygous.
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Where do you find most of the DNA in the cells most commonly collected by police? (hint-remember what we used in labs)(5 Points)
in the mitochondria of red blood cells
in the nucleus of red blood cells
in the cytoplasm of red blood cells
in the mitochondria of cheek cells
in the nucleus of cheek cells
in the cytoplasm of cheek cells
Answer:
Above
Explanation:
the antenna complex minnesota system transfer is excited electron to the primary electron acceptor generate nadph
The excited electron is transported to NADP+ at the end about a chain of electrons after leaving the initial electron acceptor, creating NADPH.
What does Minnesota excel at?The name of the state, which has the most lakes of any state in the union, is "The Land of 10,000 Lakes." Minnesota is renowned for its outdoor pursuits, such as hiking, backpacking, fishing, and winter sports, as well as for being the location of Mall of America the largest shopping center in the United States.
Why do tourists come to Minnesota?There is plenty of all-ages entertainment to be obtained thanks to the county's calm natural beauty and its record-breaking number of lakes. Explore quaint tiny villages, visit the woods, and go on the water.
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currently, two extant elephant species (x and y) are placed in the genus loxodonta and a third species (z) is placed in the genus elephas. assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?
A. Species X and Y have more homologies with each other than they do with species Z.
define species ?
A species is the basic unit of categorization and taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity, in biology. A species is frequently described as the biggest group of creatures in which any two individuals of the right sexes or mating types may create viable offspring, most commonly by sexual reproduction. Species can also be defined by their karyotype, DNA sequence, appearance, behaviour, or ecological niche. Furthermore, because fossil reproduction cannot be studied, palaeontologists employ the idea of chronospecies.
The most recent rigorous estimate of the total number of eukaryotic species is between 8 and 8.7 million. However, by 2011, only around 14% of these have been characterised.
In taxonomy, living organisms are placed into groups according to their similarities.
A genus is a categorization level above species. It is made up of closely related species.
To be included in the same genus, species X and Y must share a larger number of similarities or homologies than species Z.
Species Z has no more in common with either Species X or Species Y.
A. Species X and Y have more homologies with each other than they do with species Z.
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How does capillarity help sustain life?
a.Plants use capillarity to move water from their roots to their leaves.
b.Capillarity allows water to form droplets.
c.Animals rely on capillarity to maintain their body temperatures.
d.Water’s capillarity allows many different substances to dissolve in water.
TRUE/FALSE. those who have a homozygous genotype will exhibit the symptoms of cystic fibrosis, including abnormalities of the pancreas, intestine, sweat glands, and lungs.
Those who have a homozygous recessive genotype will exhibit the symptoms of cystic fibrosis, including abnormalities of the pancreas, intestine, sweat glands, and lungs.
In the field of science, cystic fibrosis can be described as an autosomal recessive disorder that damages many vital organs of the body such as the pancreas, lungs, etc.
Cystic fibrosis occurs when both the alleles for the disease are recessive. In such a case, the individual will need to have a homozygous recessive genotype. The CFTR gene is responsible for cystic fibrosis and hence a person with a homozygous recessive genotype will get the disease. This means that those people that have both the recessive alleles for the CFTR gene will show symptoms of cystic fibrosis.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
Fill In The Blank
Those who have a homozygous ............... genotype will exhibit the symptoms of cystic fibrosis, including abnormalities of the pancreas, intestine, sweat glands, and lungs.
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A patient has 47 chromosomes, including three X chromosomes. Which of the following statements describes her expected phenotype?
a. a female with masculine characteristics such as facial hair
b. an apparent male who is sterile
c. a sterile female
d. a healthy female of slightly above-average height
A patient has 47 chromosomes, including three X chromosomes will have the expected phenotype as d. a healthy female of slightly above-average height.
Triple X syndrome is marked by the presence of an extra chromosome in each female cell (47: 2A + XXX). The most common cause of this kind of error is the non-disjunction of sperm or ovum during meiosis. The affected female is often taller than average and has two more bar bodies in each cell.
The most prevalent physical characteristic is being taller than the average person. The majority of girls with triple X syndrome are capable of getting pregnant and have normal sexual development. When compared to their siblings, certain girls and women with triple X syndrome may have slightly lower IQ than those in the normal range. Others could struggle with behavioral issues and intellectual limitations.
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Coenzyme A, NAD+, and FAD are coenzymes that are necessary for energy production. Determine whether the following phrases describe coenzyme A, NAD+, or FAD.coenzyme A: NAD+FAD.
whether the following phrases describe coenzyme A, NAD+, or FAD. coenzyme A: NAD+FAD. contributes to the citric acid cycle's component acetyl-SCoA is a product of the nutrient pantothenic acid (B5)
Many enzymes need coenzymes, which are organic substances, for catalytic activity. They frequently contain vitamins or vitamin compounds. They can occasionally serve as catalysts in the absence of enzymes, but not as efficiently as when an enzyme is present.
Coenzymes include flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) (FAD). These three coenzymes participate in hydrogen transport or oxidation. Coenzyme A (CoA), which is also involved in the transfer of acyl groups, is another.
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A ruler placed under the low power objective lens (5X) of a compound light microscope measures a diameter of 1.5 mm. What is the diameter of the field of view for this microscope if the high power objective lens (50X) is used?
Answer:
The diameter of the field of view for the high power objective lens (50X) can be calculated using the following formula:
Field of view (mm) = Ruler size (mm) / Magnification
Plugging in the values given in the question, we get:
Field of view (mm) = 1.5 mm / 50X
This simplifies to:
Field of view (mm) = 0.03 mm
So the diameter of the field of view for the high power objective lens (50X) is 0.03 mm.
Explanation:
You believe that you have isolated a new strain of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and set about studying it in your laboratory. Which of the following lines of evidence would most strongly support your hypothesis that the virus is a [+]ssRNA?
A) The virions are diploid.
B) You sequence the bases in the viral RNA and the mRNA and find them to be antiparallel.
C) Introducing a protease inhibitor causes the virus to stop producing proteins and reproducing.
D) Introducing a reverse transcriptase inhibitor slows down the growth of the virus.C) Introducing a protease inhibitor causes the virus to stop producing proteins and reproducing.
OPTION C Introducing a protease inhibitor causes the virus to stop producing proteins and reproducing would most strongly support your hypothesis that the virus is a [+]ssRNA
Positive-strand or single strand RNA viruses (+ssRNA viruses) are a class of viruses with ribonucleic acid genomes that are positive-sense. The positive-sense genome can function as messenger RNA (mRNA) and be directly translated into viral proteins by the ribosomes of the host cell. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is used during genome replication to generate a negative-sense antigenome, which is then used as a template to generate a new positive-sense viral genome. One type of antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV is protease inhibitors. The goal of these drugs is to reduce the amount of HIV virus in the body (known as the viral load) to undetectable levels. This slows the progression of HIV and aids in the treatment of symptoms.
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The dominant gene is expressed when present; the recessive gene is expressed only in the absence of the dominant gene.1)Polygenic inheritance2)Dominant-recessive inheritance3)Incomplete dominance4)Sex-linked inheritance5)Multiple-allele inheritance
Polygenic inheritance, Dominant-recessive inheritance, Incomplete dominance, and Multiple-allele inheritance are all types of inheritance in which the dominant gene is expressed when present and the recessive gene is expressed only in the absence of the dominant gene. Sex-linked inheritance is a type of inheritance in which the expression of a trait is determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes.
1) Polygenic Inheritance: This type of inheritance occurs when the phenotype (physical characteristics) of an organism are determined by two or more genes. The phenotype is determined by the interaction between these genes, as well as the environment. For example, the colour of a flower may be determined by the interaction between multiple genes, as well as the environment in which the flower is grown.
2) Dominant-Recessive Inheritance: This type of inheritance occurs when one gene is dominant and the other is recessive. A dominant gene is expressed when present, while a recessive gene is expressed only in the absence of the dominant gene. For example, the colour of a person's eyes may be determined by a dominant gene for brown eyes and a recessive gene for blue eyes.
3) Incomplete Dominance: This type of inheritance occurs when neither of the two alleles are completely dominant over the other. Instead, the phenotype of the organism is a combination of the two alleles. For example, the colour of a flower may be determined by two alleles that produce a pink colour when combined.
4) Sex-Linked Inheritance: This type of inheritance occurs when a gene is located on the X or Y chromosome.
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which of the following statements describes the role of the transport protein in facilitated diffusion?
Transport proteins provide the energy for diffusion of the solute.
Transport proteins organize the phospholipids to allow the solute to cross the membrane.
Transport proteins provide a protein site for ATP hydrolysis, which facilitates the movement of a solute across a membrane.
Transport proteins allow solutes to move passively down their concentration gradients across the membrane.
Transport proteins provide a low-resistance channel for water molecules to cross the membrane.
Statement D: Transport proteins allow solutes to move passively down their concentration gradients across the membrane.
and statement E: Transport proteins provide a low-resistance channel for water molecules to cross the membrane
describes the role of the transport protein in facilitated diffusion.
The passive transport (without the use of energy) of molecules down the concentration gradient is known as facilitated diffusion. It is a selective process, meaning that only specific molecules and ions can pass through the membrane.
However, it blocks the passage of other molecules across the membrane. The diffusion of molecules through the membrane is aided by the electric charge and pH.
The two main groups of proteins that mediate assisted diffusion are:
Carrier proteins Channel proteinsSpecial channel proteins which allow easy movement of water are known as aquaporins, which are described in statement E.
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Question 27 The Eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg symbolizes A. negative economic impact of prohibition laws B. a moral center in the novel C. growing economic prosperity through industry D. Gatsby's hopes and dreams for the future
Answer:
B. a moral center in the novel
True or False, Control is an intermittent activity that requires periodic attention from managers once or twice a month.?
It is true that control is an intermittent activity that requires periodic attention from managers once or twice a month.
Control to exercise restraining or directive influence over. Control is an intermittent activity that needs periodic attention from managers once or double a month. as a result of it makes an attempt to eliminate or shorten the delay between performance and feedback regarding the performance.
In the context of management theory, intermittent management provides a spectrum of potentialities between the 2 extremes of continuous-time and discrete-time management: the control signal consists of a sequence of (continuous-time) parameterised trajectories whose parameters are adjusted intermittently.
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You have three islands that are an equal distance from source populations for immigrants. You would expect S value (number of species at equilibrium) on each island to be _____, extinction rates to be _____, and the rates of extinction to be _____.the same; the same; the same
You would expect the S value (number of species at equilibrium) on each island to be the same extinction rates to be the same and the rates of extinction to be the same.
Extinction happens when species are faded because of environmental forces consisting of habitat fragmentation, weather trade, natural disaster, over-exploitation by using people, and pollution, or because of evolutionary modifications in their members (genetic inbreeding, poor reproduction, decline in population numbers).
An extinction occasion is a giant and fast decrease in the biodiversity in the world. Such an occasion is recognized via a pointy change inside the diversity and abundance of multicellular organisms.
The main cutting-edge causes of extinction are the loss and degradation of habitat (Deforestation), over-exploitation, invasive species, climate exchange, and nitrogen pollutants.
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the maintenance of a resting membrane potential is due to three factors:(1) the concentration of k (click to select) the membrane is (click to select) than that (click to select) the membrane.(2) the concentration of na (click to select) the membrane is (click to select) than that (click to select) the membrane.(3) the membrane is (click to select) permeable to k than na .
the maintenance of a resting membrane potential is due to three factors:(1) the concentration of k (click to select) the membrane is (click to select) than that (click to select) the membrane
What do you mean by resting membrane potential ?
The resting membrane potential is a voltage across the cell membrane of a resting or non- signaling neuron.
It can be determined by concentration gradients of ions across the membrane and by membrane permeability to each type of ion, a single neuron with resting membrane potential is about -70 mV (mV=millivolt)
At resting condition, more sodium ions outside the neuron and more potassium ions inside that neuron.
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Evolution occurs: a) only when the environment is changing. b) only through natural selection. c) almost entirely because of directional selection. d) only via natural selection, genetic drift, migration, or mutation. e) by altering physical traits but not behavioral traits.
Answer:
e. by altering physical traits but not behavioral traits.
Explanation:
Genetic variations can arise from gene variants (also called mutations) or from a normal process in which genetic material is rearranged as a cell is getting ready to divide (known as genetic recombination). Genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function can introduce different traits in an organism
sum1 help me on disss
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The reactants are on the left side of the chemical equation. They react together to form new substances, forming the products which are on the right side of the equation.
Which of the following predicts what would happen if glucose moved by facilitated diffusion instead?
Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport, which means that it does not require the expenditure of energy in order to move molecules across a membrane. Although it is a slower process, it still allows molecules such as glucose to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
If glucose moved by facilitated diffusion instead of its normal active transport, it would still move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, but the rate of this process would be much slower. This would mean that the cells of the body would not be able to obtain glucose as quickly as they normally do, leading to a decrease in the amount of energy available for their metabolic processes. This, in turn, could affect the rate of cell growth, as well as the rate of cell division.
In addition, the slower rate of glucose diffusion could cause a decrease in the amount of glucose available to the body’s organs and tissues, leading to a decrease in their overall functioning. This could have a wide range of implications, from impairing the immune system to causing fatigue and lethargy.
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Most people have observed it "rain" in the produce department of grocery stores, where water spra
green leafy vegetables from a misting system. How does this practice help to keep vegetables fresh
crisp?
A:Extra water creates a hypertonic solution around plant cells, which causes water to diffuse
the cell plasmolysing the cells.
B:Extra water creates a hypotonic solution around plant cells, which causes water to diffuse
the cell creating turgor pressure.
C: Extra water makes plants shiny, increasing the likelihood that consumers will purchase the
plants.
D:Extra water creates an isotonic solution around plant cells, which causes water to diffuse i
and out of the plant cells making them flaccid.
AAnswer: B:Extra water creates a hypotonic solution around plant cells, which causes water to diffuse the cell creating turgor pressure.
True or False, scientists gradually build an increasingly accurate and detailed understanding of the natural world.
True. Scientific research is a process of slowly piecing together a greater understanding of the natural world.
Exploring the Natural World Through Scientific ResearchScientific research is an ongoing and iterative process of gradually increasing our understanding of the natural world. Through experiments, observations, and data collection, scientists have been able to build a greater and more detailed idea of the physical and biological processes that govern our environment.
By exploring the unknown, conducting experiments to test hypotheses, and analyzing the data generated from these experiences, scientists can piece together an ever-increasing and accurate picture of the natural world. This process of discovery leads to further questions and research, and helps to explain the complexities of the surrounding universe.
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select the true statements about the citric acid cycle. two molecules of coenzyme a are produced per turn of the citric acid cycle. the citric acid cycle is an aerobic process. the citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. the major reactants in the citric acid cycle are acetyl coa, nad nad , gdpgdp , and fadfad . in the citric acid cycle, acetyl-coa is degraded to produce nadhnadh and fadh2fadh2 .
The true statements about the citric acid cycle is two molecules of coenzyme a are produced per turn of the citric acid cycle.
The Krebs cycle, also known as the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle, is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix and involve the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce carbon dioxide and the reduction of coenzymes to produce ATP for the electron transport chain.
Hans Krebs proposed the intricate cycle, which earned it the name Krebs cycle. In 1953, he received the Nobel prize for his contribution. The acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidized to make two molecules of CO2 in a succession of eight steps, while also producing one ATP. Additionally, reduced high-energy molecules like NADH and FADH2 are created. Catabolic reactions occur within cells during cellular respiration. It is a biochemical process by which waste materials are removed and nutrients are broken down to generate energy, which is then stored in the form of ATP. The process of aerobic respiration needs oxygen.
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Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slides of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers?Collagen is the toughest of the fibers. If you saw collagen in high amounts, that would indicate strength in the connective tissue.
B. Connective tissues high in collagen fibers is the strongest type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers.
The name "connective tissue" refers to the mesodermal tissue that acts as a matrix beneath the epithelium layer and as a linking or supporting framework for the majority of the body's organs.
The correct response is collagen-rich connective tissues. The strongest of all the fibers is known to be collagen. Collagen is a sign of a strong connective tissue when it is present in large numbers.
The strongest of the fibers is collagen. Collagen in large concentrations would be a sign of the connective tissue's strength.
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Corrected Question:
Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slides of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers
A. connective tissue high in ground substance
B. connective tissues high in collagen fibers
C. connective tissue high in elastic fibers
D. connective tissue high in reticular fibers
Match each part of a tooth with the correct description, Living, bone-like tissue covered with cementum 1. Crown Cusps 2. Neck Covering that resists abrasion 3. Root 4. Pulp cavity In the socket 5. Dentin Has nerves and blood vessels 6. Enamel Under the gum Question 20 (3 points) Match each part of the stomach with the correct description. From esophagus 1. Cardiac opening To the small intestine To the sm 2. Fundus Left 3. Greater curvature Right 4. Lesser curvature 5. Pyloric opening Superior region 6. Body Largest portion
1. Crown-Covering that resists abrasion,2. Neck-Living, bone-like tissue covered with cementum,3. Root-Has nerves and blood vessels, 4. Pulp-cavity In the socket, 5. Dentin- Under the gum 6. Enamel-Cusps .
What are a tooth's four primary components?Four dental tissues make up your teeth. Enamel, dentin, and cementum are three of the hard tissues. The tooth's pulp, which is composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves, is the fourth tissue and is a soft, non-calcified tissue.
Cement is a living tissue, right?Dental cementum is a live tissue that keeps developing throughout time. The calcified substance that coats the outside of the tooth root serves as an attachment point for the periodontal ligaments that secure the tooth to the alveolar bone in the socket.
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you make dilute 1 nm solutions each of glycogen, amylose and amylopectin in water, fully solubilizing the polysaccharide molecules in a test tube. you then add a reagent to each tube that is nonfluorescent when free in solution, but reacts irreversibly with polysaccharide non-reducing ends to introduce a covalently-bound fluorescent tag. after the reagent is allowed to react completely with the polysaccharide in each tube, rank the resulting polysaccharide solutions based on fluorescence:
Dilution is the process of lowering a solute's concentration in a solution. It usually just involves mixing the solution with more solvent, such more water.
A solution is diluted when more solvent is added without increasing solute. The final mixture is thoroughly mixed to make sure that every component is the same.Gases and vapors diluted in air, for instance, are directly related in the same way. However, it could be more difficult to achieve thorough mixing of gases and vapors.For instance, a solution has a given salt concentration if 10 grammes of salt (the solute) are dissolved in 1 litre of water (the solvent) (molarity). This solution's salt concentration decreases when 1 liter of water is added. 10 grammes of salt are still present in the diluted solution (0.171 moles of NaCl).
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Which statement accurately reflects the order of relationship between humans and the other apes, going from most closely related to most distantly related? group of answer choices sister taxa with chimpanzees and bonobos, then gibbons, gorillas, and orangutans sister taxa with chimpanzees and gorillas, then bonobos, orangutans, and gibbons sister taxa with chimpanzees, then bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons sister taxa with chimpanzees and bonobos, then gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons
Option A. Sister taxa with chimpanzees and bonobos, then gorillas, orangutans, and gibbon. Statement accurately reflects the order of relationship between humans and the other apes, going from most closely related to most distantly related.
Within the early segment of brain development, human brain cells spend greater time within the metaphase of mobile division, probably contributing to the differences in primate evolution. Chimps have an extra chromosome. whilst human genomic make-up only consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes, other extraordinary apes have 24.
A number of research across the a long time have cautioned that pound-for-pound, chimpanzees might be as an awful lot as three to nearly 5 times more potent than a strapping human, or as low as 2.5 times. New examine suggests human brains are strongly formed by external affects. compared with most different animals, chimpanzees are pretty sensible: They paintings with equipment, speak with complex vocalizations, and are desirable problem-solvers.
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A researcher hypothesizes that plant Ieaf cells express fewer genes in the middle of the night compared to right before the sun rises She tests her hypothesis by introducing DNase into the cells at both timnes. She finds that DNA Is cut ruch more right before the sun rises and that more mRNA is present in the cells at that time. The best interpretation of these results Is that only post-translational modification contributes to gene regulation between the two night periods chromatin regulation is a crucial component f plant gene regulation overnight plants do not change gene expression between the two night periods
The best interpretation of these results Is that, key element of plant gene regulation is through chromatin regulation. All eukaryotes include chromatin that is crammed into nucleosomes.
Members of the histone protein family make up the bulk of the chromatin regulation protein component. Histone proteins may come near to DNA because of their positive charge. H3 and H4 are core histones that bind to DNA before other gene regulation and are located in the interior of the nucleosome. When DNA gene regulation is significantly compressed, the chromatin regulation architecture prevents transcription factors, polymerases, and other nuclear proteins from reaching it. Fruit production involves a series of developmental gene regulation stages, and crop output is greatly influenced by the fruit set process.
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Which of the following is not a function of a cytoskeleton in a cell?
A. Intracellular transport
B. Maintenance of cell shape and structure
C. Support of the organelles
D. Cell motility
E. None of these
Cytoskeleton is not associated with the intracellular transport. The microtubules and microfilaments, are the components of cytoskeleton and are responsible for cellular and intercellular movements Rest of the options are functions of cytoskeleton is a cell.
The cytoskeleton is an intricate, dynamic network of linking protein filaments that is present in all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is composed of the same proteins in all species. Its three main constituents are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Each of these has the ability to quickly expand or disassemble, depending on the demands of the cell.
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differential surface interactions and surface templating of nucleotides (dgmp, dcmp, damp and dtmp) on oxide particle surfaces
The DUMP molecule acts as a direct precursor for the production of dttp.
Deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP), a type of uridine monophosphate (UMP) that has undergone oxygenation, is a precursor to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), a substance needed for the production of DNA nucleotides. By substituting a hydrogen atom for the hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon of ribose, UMP is deoxygenated to form dUMP.
In its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP), a deoxynucleotide, is also known as deoxyuridylic acid or deoxyuridylate. It belongs to the group of chemical substances known as pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates.
In the multienzyme complex responsible for deoxynucleotide production, thymidylate synthase interacts with dCMP deaminase to convert dUMP to dTMP. Hexameric human dCMP deaminase has 178 amino acids, a zinc-binding domain, and.
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Why is it thought that glycolysis is the first catabolic pathway to have evolved in the metabolism of all cellular systems?
Glycolysis produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms. It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. Glycolysis is the first step that breaks down glucose and MUST be done before any further metabolic pathways can break down the glycolysis products. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm which mean it would have been able to be used before the bacteria that formed the mitochondria invade the cell that gave rise to all eukaryotes, indicating it must have been a very fundamental early pathway. Glycolysis does not require any of the membrane-bound organelles of the eukaryotic cell which evolved approximately 1 billion years after the prokaryotic cells. Before there was oxygen in the earth's atmosphere, there was only anaerobic processes - So they must have developed first. The primary method for anaerobic bacteria is glycolysis because it provides energy without oxygen. Aerobic processes require a huge number of specific proteins, whereas glycolysis has a minimal number of proteins involved. The oldest known fossils of bacteria date back 3.5 billion years when appreciable quantities of oxygen were not accumulated in the atmosphere -- so therefore since glycolysis does not require Oxygen and is thought to be the first catabolic pathway to have evolved.
Nearly all sorts of organisms have evolved a metabolic process and anaerobic energy source called glycolysis. The Embden-Meyerhof pathway is another name for the process, given in honour of the key figures in its discovery and comprehension.
It serves a purpose in anaerobic respiration because it doesn't need oxygen, but it is also the initial stage in cellular respiration. Molecules of glucose, the most important organic fuel for plants, microorganisms, and animals, are oxidised during the process. a majority of cells favour glucose Per glucose molecule, glycolysis uses up 2 ATP molecules and generates 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates. The citric acid cycle or other processes can both employ pyruvate as a precursor.In the end, glycolysis divides glucose into two pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis can be thought of as having two stages that take place in the cytosol of cells. Due to the use of two ATP molecules, the first phase is known as the "investment" phase, while the second is known as the "payoff" phase. Each of these processes is performed by a different enzyme, with phosphofructokinase serving as the most crucial regulator because it regulates the rate of glycolysis.
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