Explanation:
Essay writing is an important part of studying for a degree for three reasons: (1) It increases understanding and helps the process of learning because it pushes you, amongst other things, to clarify and sort out ideas and information, to analyse source material and to exercise critical judgement.
For the story : the unknown citizen
Close Read the Text
Revisit sections of the text you marked during
your first read. Read these sections closely
and annotate what you notice. Ask yourself
questions about the text. What can you
conclude? Write down your ideas.
CONNE
QUESTION
Close
Read
CONCLUDE
Analyze the Text
Think about the author's choices of patterns,
structure, techniques, and ideas included in
the text. Select one, and record your thoughts
about what this choice conveys.
Shortly after immigrating to America in 1939, the British poet W. H. Auden penned "The Unknown Citizen."
What is The Unknown Citizen?The Unknown Citizen is the poem was written in honor of a guy who recently passed away and who lived what the government considered to be an exemplary life. It is a type of sarcastic elegy.
Really, this life seems to have been perfectly mundane exemplary only in the sense that this individual never questioned or deviated from societal norms.
On the one hand, the poem indirectly criticizes the standardization of modern life, warning that when people only pay attention to the same status symbols and marks of achievement, they risk losing sight of what it means to be an independent (like having the right job, the right number of kids, the right car, and so forth).
Therefore poem also creates a terrifying image of a society where there is total conformity and totalitarian rule.
Learn more about The Unknown Citizen:
https://brainly.com/question/15415391
#SPJ1
How many types of processes are there in the process life cycle?
The BPM life cycle has four phases, process plan, framework arrangement, process establishment, and conclusion. The stages that an actual cycle or an administration framework goes through as it continues from birth to death. These stages incorporate origination, plan, sending, procurement, activity, support, decommissioning, and removal.
The general sort of interaction. There are three rudimentary cycle types (task, appearance, and control) and four compound interaction types (their blends). Each cycle type addresses a limitless number of explicit ideas.
The stages that an actual cycle or an administration framework goes through as it continues from birth to death. These stages incorporate origination, plan, organization, obtaining, activity, support, decommissioning, and removal.
Learn more about process life cycle:
https://brainly.com/question/14700878
#SPJ4
This unit focuses on literature from Africa and many of the texts have the shared topics of “People and the Complex Relationships They Share”. In at least one complete paragraphs, identify a text that deals with the topic “People and Complex Relationships They Share” and fully explain how the author shows complex relationships through direct characterization, indirect characterization, and plot events.
Answer:
she cleans her bedroom
some one has taken by book in this sentence change to passive
What’s Life on the sea story
Life began in the seas sometime between 3.1 and 3.4 billion years ago. But it didn’t move to land until about 400 million years ago, proving that our connection to the sea is far older than to land. Two thirds of the phyla, the major groupings of life on Earth, are exclusively or predominantly found in the ocean.
What does Steinbeck foreshadow in Chapter 2?
In Chapter 2 of Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck employs both direct and indirect characterization. Lennie mimicking George's actions exemplifies the use of indirect characterization.
This refers to the manner in which a character is depicted and how they are developed by their words, actions, and ideas, among other things, and how they are described as such.When describing the characters' appearances.
Typical behaviours, he employs direct characterization. He employs indirect characterization when describes their actions and tells us stories about them so that we may form our own impressions of who they are. He provides for everyone on the farm with this.
To know more about Steinbeck visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29419973
#SPJ4
Carla is giving a presentation about national parks in Rwanda, a country in central Africa. Several of the words she needs to use in her presentation are unfamiliar to her, and she is unsure of how to pronounce them.
What is the best way for Carla to prepare for her presentation?
by making a list of the unfamiliar words and planning to say them softly during the presentation
by making a list of the unfamiliar words and copying it several times
by practicing saying the unfamiliar words quickly so no one will notice if she says them incorrectly
by practicing saying the unfamiliar words to a friend several times
The best way for Carla to prepare for her presentation is
by practicing saying the unfamiliar words to a friend several times
What do you mean by presentation?A presentation is a method of communicating information from a presenter to an audience. Presentations are usually demonstrations, introductions, lectures, or speeches intended to inform, try and convince, inspire, inspire, build goodwill, or introduce a new idea/product. Preparation, institution, event planning, composing, use of visuals, stress management and answering questions are all typical requirements for presentations. "The core features of a presentation are the presenter, the audience, the message, the reaction, and the method for effectively delivering speech for organizational success."
Learn more about audience from
https://brainly.com/question/27559586
#SPJ1
What are the types of parenthetical?
Dashes are used to set off parenthetical elements and create a sense of interruption in the sentence.
What is parenthetical element?
A parenthetical element is an extra piece of information that is included in a sentence to provide additional context or detail. It is usually set off from the rest of the sentence by a pair of commas, brackets, or dashes. The information in a parenthetical element is not necessary to the sentence's meaning, so it can be omitted without changing the sentence's meaning. Examples of parenthetical elements include phrases, clauses, and words that provide additional information or clarification. For example, in the sentence "John, who is my best friend, is coming over later," the phrase "who is my best friend" is a parenthetical element. If omitted, the sentence would still make sense.
1. Dashes: Dashes are used to set off parenthetical elements and create a sense of interruption in the sentence.
2. Parentheses: Parentheses (sometimes referred to as round brackets) are used to set off parenthetical elements and separate them from the main body of text.
3. Brackets: Brackets (sometimes referred to as square brackets) are used to add additional information to a sentence, usually clarifying or providing additional details.
4. Ellipses: Ellipses are used to indicate an omission in a quotation or to indicate a pause in a sentence.
5. Commas: Commas are used to set off parenthetical elements with a more relaxed tone than dashes or parentheses.
To learn more about parenthetical element
https://brainly.com/question/28382230
#SPJ4
Which part of the Monkeys Paw would be considered part of the story falling action
Answer: The falling action in "The Monkey's Paw" is when Mr. White tries to use the monkey's paw to bring his son Herbert back to life, but ultimately decides to wish for the events of the previous two wishes to be undone.
Explanation:
What is the summary of Mending Wall?
The poem Mending wall tells the tale of two neighbors who cross paths each year in the spring to repair the stone wall dividing their fields. The poem shows how sturdy fences make friendly neighbors.
What does the phrase "Mending Wall" mean?The significance of "Mending Wall" is around the requirement of boundaries and walls in interpersonal relationships. The poem examines the speaker's and his neighbors' two opposing worldviews.
The purpose of Robert Frost's "Mending Wall"?Robert Frost composed "Mending Wall" to capture both the growing separation and America's changing demographics. He also intended it to convey the significance of having clear boundaries between groups of people in order to preserve peace.
To know more about the Mending wall visit :-
https://brainly.com/question/24299814
#SPJ4
What is an embargo policy?
The embargo policy gives everyone an equal chance to conduct fair and equal research for articles, speak with specialists at their universities.
Any information from an abstract or presentation that is under embargo is considered secret and cannot be released before the embargo date and time. This policy is applicable to all release formats, including meeting apps, equal research for articles, abstracts posted on the website of the journal Diabetes, and any other distribution channel. Protecting the scientific integrity of the abstract submissions presented at the ADA's Scientific Sessions is the goal of the embargo policy. Until the point of presentation or when they are given the go-ahead for public distribution, all contributions must be considered preliminary.
To learn more about research, visit brainly.com/question/18723483
#SPJ4
What is an example of a contamination?
Metal, glass, plastic, rubber, wood, stone, and bone are an example of a contamination are the most typical types of physical contamination.When a physical object penetrates food at some point during the production.
Preparation process, physical contamination occurs. In addition to posing a choking risk, physical items in meals frequently bring chemical pollutants.Physical dangers or foreign items are other names for physical pollutants. Examples include wire fragments in meat products and shrew teeth in harvested items.
If swallowed, glass, metal, bone, and pit shards can all result in significant injury.Chemical pollutants are substances that are hazardous to aquatic plants and animals. Chemical contamination is the phrase used to describe circumstances in which chemicals are present in places they shouldn't be or at amounts that are higher than usual.
To know more about Contamination visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29546263
#SPJ4
In context, adjusting capitalization as needed, which of the following would most appropriately be inserted at
the beginning of sentence 10 (reproduced below)?
The jailbreaking rats might have only been trying to silence their cohorts' distressing alarm calls.
A. It is true that
B. They point out that
C. They claim it is obvious that
D. It appears that
Answer:
Swift’s father, Jonathan Swift the elder, was an Englishman who had settled in Ireland after the Stuart Restoration (1660) and become steward of the King’s Inns, Dublin. In 1664 he married Abigail Erick, who was the daughter of an English clergyman. In the spring of 1667 Jonathan the elder died suddenly, leaving his wife, baby daughter, and an unborn son to the care of his brothers. The younger Jonathan Swift thus grew up fatherless and dependent on the generosity of his uncles. His education was not neglected, however, and at the age of six he was sent to Kilkenny School, then the best in Ireland. In 1682 he entered Trinity College in Dublin, where he was granted his bachelor of arts degree in February 1686 speciali gratia (“by special favour”), his degree being a device often used when a student’s record failed, in some minor respect, to conform to the regulations.
Swift continued in residence at Trinity College as a candidate for his master of arts degree until February 1689. But the Roman Catholic disorders that had begun to spread through Dublin after the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) in Protestant England caused Swift to seek security in England, and he soon became a member of the household of a distant relative of his mother named Sir William Temple, at Moor Park, Surrey. Swift was to remain at Moor Park intermittently until Temple’s death in 1699.
Answer:
D. It appears that
Explanation:
Option D, "It appears that," is the most appropriate choice to insert at the beginning of sentence 10 because it indicates that the information in the following clause is based on observations or evidence, rather than being a statement of fact. This fits with the context of the sentence, which suggests that the behavior of the jailbreaking rats is being interpreted or inferred based on their actions.
Option A, "It is true that," would not be an appropriate choice because it asserts that the information in the following clause is definitely true, while the context of the sentence suggests that this is not necessarily the case.
Option B, "They point out that," would not be an appropriate choice because there is no mention of any specific group of individuals making a point or drawing attention to the information in the following clause.
Option C, "They claim it is obvious that," would not be an appropriate choice because it implies that there is a group of individuals making a statement about the information in the following clause, and there is no mention of any such group in the context of the sentence.
If a horse-fly traveled 180.2 miles at top speed in 2 hours, how far did it fly in one hour
Answer: 90.1 miles
Explanation:
180.2/2
90.1
How does Squealer explain that Napoleon is now in favor of the windmill?
Squealer explains to them that Napoleon is making a great sacrifice in taking the leadership responsibilities upon himself and that, as the cleverest animal, he serves the best interest of all by making the decisions.
What does Squealer admit about Napoleon and the windmill?In order to convince the animals that the windmill was really Napoleon's idea all along and that Snowball had stolen his designs, he sends Squealer to them. Napoleon had always been the one with the idea for the windmill, according to Squealer, and Snowball had stolen his designs. He claimed that Snowball was "bad," so Napoleon feigned to be against the windmill in order to get rid of him. Squealer persuades the animals by invoking doubt, assurance, and terror. In order for them to discount what they heard from him, he casts doubt on Snowball's bravery. Snowball had stolen Napoleon's plans, according to Squealer, who claimed that Napoleon had never genuinely been opposed to the notion in the first place. Deduce the reason why Napoleon altered.To learn more about about Napoleon refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/17508593
#SPJ4
How does the great sea turtle's role in the origin of the world explain the title of the story?
The power of the turtle brought heaven and earth together. The turtle is a work of nature with a flat bottom and a circular shell that carries itself above the ground like heaven.
Contrary to how most people today think of them, most ancient Native American societies held animals in high respect and considered them to be sacred beings. The creation myth "The World on a Turtle's Back," which highlights the relationships toward all living things, is used by the Iroquois, like most Native American tribes, to highlight the significance of living in peace with nature.
The world and its inhabitants are taken for granted in contemporary civilization, and people have begun to disregard the value of natural harmony.
The fable "The World on a Turtle's Back" provided numerous illustrations of harmony in nature, including how animals help people, the harmony of the animal kingdom, and how day and night are balanced.
To know more about turtle click here,
https://brainly.com/question/1250180
#SPJ4
What inspired Martin Luther King to write the I Have a Dream Speech?
Mahalia Jackson, a black woman, served as some of the inspiration for MLK's "I Have a Dream" speech. Jackson, referred to as the queen, was a well-known gospel singer Speech.
Finally Free TV cameras broadcast Martin Luther King's image to a large audience as the March on Washington came to an end. He spoke slowly at first, but quickly demonstrated his talent for incorporating well-known allusions to the Bible, the US Constitution, and other timeless topics into his oratory Speech.
Martin Luther King Jr.'s well-known "I Have a Dream" speech might not have taken place without Mahalia Jackson. Jackson, also referred to as the Queen of Gospel, was a musical icon who contributed to spreading gospel music outside of the church. In my ideal, my four young children would someday reside in
To learn more about I Have a Dream please click on below link
https://brainly.com/question/28637273
#SPJ4
What are 10 pairs of homophones?
Homophones are words that sound the same but have entirely distinct meanings. For example, the words be and bee sound identical, but the one is a verb while the second is the name of an insect
Certain words complement one another like bread and water. Bread and water are two words that are usually used in that sequence. To put it another way, we don't say water and bread. This is referred to as a nonreversible word pair.
Baring vs. bearing. Baring means "to bare," while bearing means "to bear."Bolder vs. boulder. Bolder is more bold, and boulder is more rock.Canon vs. cannon. Cite vs. sight Creak vs. creek. Hole vs. whole. Incite vs. insight.It's vs. its.To know more about Homophones:
https://brainly.com/question/9282347
#SPJ4
Is a plane a defined or undefined term?
In geometry, an angle is created by joining two rays at their ends.
These rays are known as the sides or arms of the angle. Read on to learn about the many components of an angle. Various Angles. The two primary parts of an angle are the arms and the vertex. The Angle's Arms. The arms of the angle are the two rays that intersect at a common point to produce the angle. Look at the illustration below, which demonstrates that the angles OA and OB are its two arms. that the angle, is a shared terminus between the two rays. Look at the illustration where the O is designated as the intersection of the two arms. Calculating an angle. Angles are expressed in degrees. A whole angle of 360° is created by one complete rotation around a point.
Learn more about Angles here:
https://brainly.com/question/23981707
#SPJ4
What happens in Chapter 4 of The Scarlet Letter?
In Chapter 4 of The Scarlet Letter, to ensure the father's execution for his purported crime.
The dialogue between Hester and her husband Chillingworth in the fourth chapter of "The Scarlet Letter" takes place in person. He was given permission to enter the facility so that he could treat Hester medically. She felt incredibly uncomfortable in his presence. Hester was aware of him, but no one else could see who he really was. She now wondered if he had come up there to hurt her. His primary motivation for showing up was to find out who the baby's father was.
Chillingworth was concerned about the fact that the child was born outside of marriage. In order to get retribution, he sought information about the individual who had committed adultery with his wife. He considered exacting retribution on the offender. Additionally, he promised to "read it on his heart" as soon as he could. The "scarlet letter" that Hester must wear her entire life is represented by "it" in this instance. Concerns have been raised about the characters' identities. Everyone wishes to keep certain aspects of one another's identities a secret. The way Chillingworth responded when asked about the man Hester had an affair with indicates that he wished to exact revenge on the man.
To learn more about The Scarlet Letter here:
https://brainly.com/question/3400608#
#SPJ4
Why teaching is not everyone cup of tea?
Not everyone is made out for teaching. It necessitates a specific atmosphere, attitude, and frame of mind.
I discovered that becoming a teacher is a really noble but challenging vocation. It requires a lot of sacrifices, frame of mind, but it also makes you feel content. Teaching is a difficult process that involves transferring knowledge and abilities to pupils in a way that is simple and easy to understand. As a result, not everyone will enjoy it. A good teacher possesses the following characteristics: communication, listening, collaboration, adaptability, empathy, and patience. An engaging classroom presence, a belief in real-world learning, the exchange of best practices, and a lifelong love of learning are all characteristics of effective teaching. A good teacher can have a huge impact on a student's life, influencing everything from classroom learning to long-term success.
To learn more about teaching:
https://brainly.com/question/4070027
#SPJ4
What conflict occurs in the passage an internal conflict within the mother who wants her daughter?
who feels used an external conflict between the mother and the neighborhood over the social pressure on the mother to be successful.
What conflict occurs in the passage?Important-Answers In the passage, what conflict occurs: an internal conflict within the mother Internal conflict exists within the narrator's mother, who cannot decide whether or not her daughter is talented.
This thing causes friction between the narrator and her mother. Narrator's mother, at that point, has her training a wide range of amazing things, for example, recalling nation capitals, doing math in her head, and remaining on her head without using her hands. Finally, her mother decides on Jing-mei learning to play the piano.
Narrator's mother wants her to learn piano and perform in front of everyone, but narrator is less interested in learning piano, despite her mother's wishes.
To learn more about passage refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/11801559
#SPJ4
the purpoes of a caption is to ?
Answer:
The purpose of a caption is to provide a brief description or explanation of the content of an image, video, or other visual media. Captions are typically placed beneath or next to the visual media that they are describing, and are intended to provide additional context or information that may not be immediately obvious from the image itself.
Captions can serve a variety of purposes, depending on the context in which they are used. In news or journalism, for example, captions may be used to provide information about the location, date, or subject of a photo or video. In educational materials, captions may be used to explain complex concepts or processes that are illustrated in an accompanying image or diagram.
Overall, the purpose of a caption is to provide additional information or context about the content of a visual media, which can help viewers to understand and engage with the material more effectively
Answer:
he purpose of a caption is always to clarify the meaning of an image.
Explanation:
Here is an example, within the context of a scholarly paper, a caption is often used to explain what is represented in the data of a chart of graph.
How does the conclusion of the prologue support the author's purpose sugar changed the world?
The author's purpose in the conclusion of the prologue of the passage from Sugar Changed the World is supported by the following topics:
A. It introduces the topic that will be addressed next.
B. It provides information about the authors.
What is the purpose of sugar?Although sugar is mostly used for its sweet flavour, it also serves a variety of additional purposes in food science.The functions of added sugar in food as a sweetener, preservative, texture modifier, fermentation substrate, flavouring and colouring agent, and bulking agent are the most significant.Both the food we prepare at home and the manufactured items we find on the shelves of our local store contain sugars. Sugars enhance the flavour and texture of many foods, making them more pleasant.Additionally, they increase viscosity, serve as a bulking agent, and extend the shelf life of food.The body can function normally without additional carbohydrates.Many people consume too much sugar through added sugar-containing beverages and foods.To learn more about the purpose of sugar refer to:
brainly.com/question/26279167
#SPJ4
How are sonnets and blank verse similar?
While blank poetry and sonnets are comparable, they are not the same. Shakespearean sonnets, while not blank verse, are a good example of iambic pentameter.
What distinguishes blank verse from a sonnet?If a line of poetry contains five iambs, which are two-syllable pairs with the second syllable underlined, it is considered to be written in iambic pentameter. Shakespeare's sonnets serve as samples of iambic pentameter but do not represent blank verse. Why? Shakespearean sonnets, as opposed to blank verse, which does not rhyme.
Free verse poetry and blank verse poems, despite sharing a similar name, are significantly different. Poetry that does not follow rhyme or meter conventions is known as free verse and has gained popularity since the nineteenth century. Since the sixteenth century, prominent poets including William Shakespeare, John Milton, William Wordsworth, and many others have used blank verse poetry. It follows a strict metrical pattern, in contrast to free verse.
To know more about iambic pentameter visit:
https://brainly.com/question/3841005
#SPJ4
What is z-score of value 27 given a set mean 24 and standard deviation is 27?
Z = 1.5
Detailed explanation:.Z= x-mean/ standard deviation
The following equation can be used to determine the z-score:
X stands for the value.
Let's now enter everything provided into the formula:
Value = 27 Mean = 24
Standard deviation equals 2 Z = 27-24/2
Solve Z= 3/2
Z=1.5 Consequently, 1.5 is the z-score.
learn more about Z-score from here:
https://brainly.com/question/15016913
#SPJ4
Question 50.
If you were King and Queen Macbeth, what could you do to resolve this situation peacefully? Explain your reasoning.
As King and Queen Macbeth, there are several steps that we could take to try to resolve the situation peacefully:
Acknowledge and address any grievances that may have led to the conflict. It is important to listen to the concerns of those who may be dissatisfied or angry and try to find ways to address their issues.Seek mediation or outside assistance to facilitate a resolution. This could include bringing in a neutral third party to help facilitate communication and negotiation, or seeking the assistance of a mediator or arbitrator.What are other steps to ensure peace and resolve conflict?As a king or Queen, one can be able to resolve conflict also by:
Engage in dialogue and negotiate a mutually acceptable solution. This could involve finding common ground and compromising on certain issues in order to reach a resolution that is acceptable to all parties involved.Use diplomatic measures and try to build bridges between the conflicting parties. This could involve sending envoys or diplomatic missions to engage in dialogue and work towards a peaceful resolution, or hosting events and gatherings to foster understanding and cooperation.Lastly, Seek to de-escalate tensions and prevent the situation from escalating further. This could involve taking steps to reduce the risk of violence, such as disarmament or demilitarization efforts, or implementing measures to prevent the spread of propaganda or misinformation that could incite further conflict.
Learn more about conflict resolution from
https://brainly.com/question/24769299
#SPJ1
Which two statements express themes of the poem?
Actions intended for good do not always yield goodness.
People tend to believe that bygone days are better.
Wars are never truly won because of their human cost.
The things visible to the eye are not as they seem.
The elderly dwell on the strength of their younger days.
Answer:
The two statements that express the poem's themes are: The things visible to the eye are not as they seem, and The elderly dwell on the strength of their younger days.
Explanation:
The poem 'The Sower' talks about the narrator seeing an old and wrinkled man who is sowing seeds in a field. At first, the narrator feels pity for the old man, as he looked 'both deaf and blind' while he flung seeds with 'shrivelled hands'. But the narrator starts to look at the old man with a stirring heart when he hears what he is singing to himself while working.
The old man sings about his 'holy Past' and envisions bringing the 'Old world' back by planting it in the New. The change in the original perspective of the old man from a pitiful and frail person to a man who thinks he has the power to bring back the past is expressed by the sentence the things visible to the eye are not as they seem.
The sower is now a weak old man. The physical manifestations of his age are lengthily described in the poem by the terms 'shrivelled hands' and 'hair as white as mountain snow'. However, even though he seems powerless, he still sings to himself about the Old world, which is his past. He remembers the 'happy days' when he was young and how they were 'righteous, fair, and true.' Even if these days have passed, the old sower still clings to their memories and gets the strength to go through his current days. This is aptly expressed by the sentence the elderly dwell on the strength of their younger days.
For more questions about The Sower, please refer to the question below:
https://brainly.com/question/27982591?referrer=searchResults
What are the advantages of using cartoons in the teaching and learning situation?
Students are encouraged by cartoon to focus on the larger ideas and consider how specific details affect the bigger image.
What is the primary benefit of cartoons?Numerous children's animated series impart crucial lessons about kindness, honesty, and other virtues. Children are learning how they can be better individuals within their own lives by witnessing these teachings play out on screen.
Why do educators employ cartoons?Cartoons and comics are two effective teaching tools that can be used in the classroom with students of all levels. They are successful because they give students opportunities to use fundamental abilities like writing, reading, speaking, and communication through relevant learning situations.
To know more about cartoon visit:
brainly.com/question/18001009
#SPJ4
What should you do if the Libero rotate to the front row?
If the Libero rotate to the front row, notify the second refree as soon as possible.
The libero may only serve in one position in the serving order. If the libero is in the set incontinently previous to moving to a serving position there doesn't have to be a rally between libero reserves if the libero serves the coming rally. In one gyration, a Libero may serve after replacing the player in position.
A libero in inner volleyball is a back- row protective specialist. Since they only play in the middle and back row, those players are frequently shorter than the front- row blockers and blockbuster but have impeccable ball- control chops. The position was created to promote ball- control.
To learn more about libero here
brainly.com/question/29788141
#SPJ4
What are 10 examples of transitions?
There are transitions between paragraphs. A word or two (for example, similarly), a phrase or a sentence can serve as a transition time, Example,Contrast.,Comparison., Cause and effect between paragraphs.
There can be transitions at the conclusion of the first paragraph, the start of the second paragraph, or both.And, additionally, besides, too, additionally, both-and, another, equally important, first, second, etc., once more, further, last, ultimately, not only-but also.
As well as, in the second place, next, likewise, likewise, in fact, as a result, Your transition phrase should accomplish two things: establish the topic of its paragraph and provide context within your essay as a whole.Think about the following sentence as an effective transition between paragraphs.
To know more about Transitions visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29775567
#SPJ4