The freezing point depression of a 0.1 m sodium chloride solution is nearly twice that of a 0.1 m glucose solution because sodium chloride is a stronger electrolyte than glucose.
What is glucose solution?Glucose solution is a liquid form of glucose, a simple sugar found naturally in fruits, vegetables and other foods. Glucose is an important source of energy for the human body, and it is a necessary component of many biochemical reactions. Glucose solutions are used in a variety of medical and scientific settings, such as to provide nutrition to hospitalized patients, to feed cells in tissue cultures, and to calibrate medical lab equipment. Glucose solutions are often prepared in a laboratory by dissolving a known amount of glucose powder in distilled water. The concentration of glucose in the solution is usually expressed as the percentage of glucose by weight. Solutions with a higher concentration of glucose are referred to as hypertonic, while those with a lower concentration are referred to as hypotonic.
When a solution contains an electrolyte, the ions it produces interact with the water molecules and reduce their ability to form hydrogen bonds. This reduces the amount of energy needed to freeze the solution and therefore decreases the freezing point. Since sodium chloride produces more ions than glucose, the freezing point depression of the sodium chloride solution is greater.
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Classify the following monosaccharides according to the position of the carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
The first structure is ketotetrose.
The second structure is ketohexose.
The third structure is aldohexose.
Monosaccharides are the most fundamental form of sugar and are the monomers from which all other types of carbohydrates are produced. They are also frequently referred to as simple sugars. In addition to this, they are the most basic form of sugar. The majority of the time, these compounds have a crystalline form, are white in color, and are soluble in water. Despite their common name, monosaccharides are not all sugars. Only certain monosaccharides have a flavor that can be described as sweet. The structure of the great majority of monosaccharides can be represented mathematically as CnH₂nOn. disaccharides and polysaccharides are created from monosaccharides, which are the foundational building blocks of carbohydrates. Sucrose, most commonly referred to as table sugar, is a disaccharide.
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What are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle?
The enzymatic cycle has four steps, and they include the following;
1. The reaction between the Enzyme and Substrate
2. The substrate/enzyme complex formation
3. Catalysis
4. Enzyme releases a product
A small molecule will attach to the enzyme's active site and stop the action. The plants adapt by changing amino acid(s) in the enzyme. They adjust the structure and are continuously active; the small molecule cannot limit this enzyme.
The four steps in an enzyme cycle are;
1. The substrate and enzyme are found in one region. There are times when there is more than one substrate molecule and the enzyme changes.
2. The enzyme will then be trapped on the substrate in the special region called the active site. The combination is called substrate/enzyme complex. The active site will be in a shaped special region for the enzyme, which fits around a substrate.
3. Catalysis will happen when the Substrate changes. It can be broken down or combined with other molecules forming something new. It will break and form chemical bonds; afterward, a product/enzyme complex will occur.
4. The enzyme will release a product. When the enzyme is relaxed, it will return to its original shape and be ready to work on the other substrate molecule.
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For work to be accomplished, an object must move in the same /BLANK\ as the applied /BLANK\ .
For work to be accomplished, an object must move in the same direction as the applied force.
What is work?Work in physics refers to the measure of energy expended in moving an object; most commonly, force times distance.
It is said that no work is done if the object does not move. When a force acts upon an object to cause a displacement (directional distance) of the object, it is said that work was done upon the object.
In order for work to be done, the object must move in the same direction as the force being applied to it.
Applied force is the force which is applied to an object by another object. For example, a person pushing a barrel is an example of applied force. When the person pushes the barrel then there is an applied force acting upon the barrel.
Therefore, the correct answers have been inserted into the blank in the main answer section.
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(a) Determine the ar geometry of Sef4 using the VSEPR model. Select The molecular geometry of SeF4 i (b) Explain why the molecular geometry of SeFs is different from that of IF, although they have similar electron-domain Although both Sefs and IF, have the electron-domain geometry of Select lone electron pair(s) in theSelect positions. Accordingly, the molecular geometry of Sefs is Select.. . IF has lone pair(s) of electrons whereas SeF4 has only ' | , but that of 1F3 is
Electron geometry is provided by four electron pair pairs. The lone pair would have molecular geometry and would result in lone pair-bonded pair repulsions.
Tetrahedral geometry is the four-electron pair geometry.
Trigonal bipyramidal geometry with a four-electron pair and a single pair
(b). Electron geometry is created by five pairs of electrons. In order to reduce lone pair-bonded pair repulsions, the lone pair occupies an equatorial position, and the molecule would have molecular geometry.
Trigonal bipyramidal geometry is the five-electron pair's geometry.
See-saw geometry is the geometry with a five-electron pair and a single pair.
(c). The geometry of the electron is made up of six pairs. To reduce lone pair-lone pair repulsions, the two lone pairs would be in opposing locations, and the molecule would have molecular geometry.
Octahedral geometry is the geometry with the six electron pairs.
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Here Are Sketches Of Four Electron Orbitals:
Out of the sketch of the orbitals, the options are:
Electrons are in S orbital: yes.The list of electrons in an orbital is electrons B and C.Any of them in the p orbital: yes.List of the p orbital: electron D.What are orbitals?A three-dimensional representation of an electron's most likely position within an atom is called an orbital. The likelihood of discovering an electron near a hydrogen atom's nucleus is depicted in the diagram below. The 1s orbital has the highest likelihood, as you can see.
A p orbital resembles a pair of lobes on either side of the nucleus, or it has a slightly dambell-like structure. A p orbital electron has an equal chance of being in either half.
Therefore, the correct options are:
Electrons are in S orbital: yes.The list of electrons in an orbital is electrons B and C.Any of them in the p orbital: yes.List of the p orbital: electron D.To learn more about orbitals, refer to the link:
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below: the image is added.
How many grams of solute are needed to make 3450 ml of a 2.25 M solution of Ca(NO3)2?
1.567 g of solute is needed to make 3450 ml of a 2.25 M solution of Ca(NO3)2.
How does molarity work?The amount of a substance in a specific volume of solution is known as its molarity (M). The number of moles of a solute per liter of a solution is known as molarity. The molar concentration of a solution is another name for molarity.
What does a solution's molarity mean?Molarity (M), which is determined by dividing the solute's mass in moles by the volume of the solution in liters, is the most widely used unit to express solution concentration: liters of solution/moles of solute equals M. One liter of a solution with a 1.00 molar concentration (1.00 M) contains 1.00 moles of solute.
No. of moles of NO₃⁻ = (0.1528 mol/L) × (125.00/1000 L) = 0.0191 mol
Each mole of Ca(NO₃)₂ contains 2 moles of NO₃⁻.
No. of moles of Ca(NO₃)₂ = (0.0191 mol) × (1/2) = 0.00955 mol
Molar mass of Ca(NO₃)₂ = (40.078 + 14.007×2 + 15.999×6) g/mol = 164.086 g/mol
Mass of Ca(NO₃)₂ required = (0.00955 mol) × (164.086 g/mol) = 1.567 g
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When one s and three p orbitals hybridize?
Since the number of hybrid orbitals equals the number of atomic orbitals, 4 hybrid orbitals are created by combining 4 atomic orbitals of the same atom.
Thus, four hybrid orbitals with a tetrahedral structure will be formed by the 1 s and 3 p orbitals.
What is Hybridization ?The process of hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals with the same energy levels to create an equal number of new hybrid orbitals. This mixing typically produces hybrid orbitals with completely distinct energies, geometries, etc.
When two atomic orbitals in a molecule combine to generate a hybrid orbital, the energy of the orbitals of the individual atoms is redistributed to give orbitals of equivalent energy. Hybridization is the name of this procedure.
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Is Li and Cl likely to form ionic compounds?
Answer:
Well lithium is a metal and chlorine is a nonmetal. Therefore this is most likely going to be ionic
a sample of n2(g) effuses through an orifice in 125 seconds. how long will it take the same amount of propane, c3h8, to effuse through the same orifice under the same conditions?
After solving the equation the Molecular mass is 254 s is the answer.
What is Molecular mass?
Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms present in a molecule. It is an important property of molecules that is used in determining the chemical and physical properties of the molecule. Molecular mass is usually expressed in units of atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). It is important to note that the molecular mass of a compound is not necessarily equal to the sum of the atomic masses of its constituent atoms, as the atoms in a molecule may be bound together by covalent bonds, which can alter their individual masses. Molecular mass can be calculated by adding the masses of the individual atoms present in the molecule. This value can be used to determine the identity of the molecule and its properties. Additionally, the molecular mass of a compound can be used to calculate the molar mass of the compound, which can be used to calculate the amount of a substance present in a given volume.
First we calculate,
Molecular mass of propane C3H8
= 3 x 12 + 1 x 8
= 44 gm/ml
Now, calculate amount of propane, c3h8, to effuse through the same orifice under the same conditions:-
[tex]t_{N2}[/tex]/[tex]t_{C3H8}[/tex] = [tex]\sqrt{28 gm/ml/ 44gm/ml}[/tex]
= 0.49
[tex]t_{C3H8}[/tex] = 125 s/0.49
= 254 s is the answer.
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which of the following is an example of pure chemistry? a. an analytical chemist determining the best way to filter contaminants out of drinking water b. a biochemist studying how the ribosome (a large complex of proteins) works c. an inorganic chemist developing a new alloy for use on ships that is resistant to corrosion by sea water d. an organic chemist working to synthesize a new cancer drug
a biochemist investigating the function of the massive protein complex known as the ribosome
What action might a chemical analyst take?
In industry, academia, and government, analytical chemists are used in many facets of chemical research. They conduct fundamental laboratory research, create procedures and products, create analytical instrumentation, teach, and engage in marketing and legal activities.
What are the four types of chemical analytical techniques?
Analytical chemistry is important in four main areas since it is used in many different scientific fields. These fields include chromatography, potentiometry, acid-base techniques, and spectroscopy.
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a long-cherished dream of alchemists was to produce gold from cheaper and more abundant elements. this dream was finally realized when 198hg 80 was converted into gold by neutron bombardment. write a balanced equation for this reaction. include both the atomic number and mass number of each species.
In 1941, gold was created by neutron bombardment from mercury, but the isotopes were all radioactive.
Neutron bombardment: what happens?What is neutron irradiation? When a high-energy neutron bombards a nucleus to start nuclear fission, more neutrons are released during the process. A neutron has no charge, thus when it is pointed at the nucleus, it is not repulsed.
What occurs when uranium is irradiated with neutrons using the mentioned apparatus?When uranium-235 is irradiated with neutrons, the uranium atoms split, releasing heat and atoms with decreasing atomic numbers as well as more neutrons. Similar to typical fossil fuel power plants, this process, known as fission, may harness the heat produced to produce electricity.
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50 Points!! NEED ANSWER NOW WILL MARK BRAINLIEST
What kind of mutation does this image represent? Illustration of chromosome 5 mutation with q as the bottom and p as the top. One pair is of the same p and q and another pair 5p minus is one full and another has half p and full q.
A. deletion
B. duplication
C. insertion
D. inversion
E. substitution
The given image represents the deletion kind of mutation. Therefore, option (A) is correct.
What is the deletion in genetics?In genetics, a deletion can be described as a mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left while DNA replication. From a single base to an entire piece of chromosome any number of nucleotides can be deleted.
Some chromosomes have weak spots where breaks take place which results in the deletion of a part of the chromosome. The separation can be induced by heat, viruses, radiation, and chemicals. When a chromosome breaks, the missing piece of a chromosome is known as deletion.
The single base deletion mutations take place by a single base flipping in the template DNA, followed by DNA strand slippage.
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how many nítrate ions are present in 5.7 moles of calcium nitrate?
As a result, 5.7 of calcium nitrate contains 1.02 × 10²⁵ nitrate ions..
What is calcium nitrate?Called Norgessalpeter, calcium nitrate is an inorganic substance having the formula Ca(NO3)2x. The unusual anhydrous chemical absorbs moisture from the environment to form the tetrahydrate. Salts can be found in two different states: hydrated and anhydrous. Calcium nitrate is a chemical compound that dissolves in water and has several applications, including the treatment of water, fertilizers, concrete, and cold packs. Calcium nitrate is mostly utilized in wastewater treatment to eliminate hydrogen sulfide-related odors and guard against oxygen shortage.
What is calcium nitrate used for and its side effects?Calcium nitrate is a chemical compound that dissolves in water and has several applications, including the treatment of water, fertilizers, concrete, and cold packs. Calcium nitrate is mostly utilized in wastewater treatment to eliminate hydrogen sulfide-related odors and guard against oxygen shortage.
Lethargy, muscle weakness, vomiting, nausea, and constipation are all signs of hypercalcemia. Some calcium salts irritate the digestive tract. Dermal irritation may result from even brief skin contact with caustic calcium salts.
Briefing:1 mole of Ca(NO₃)₂ contains = 6.022 × 10²³ formula Units
So,
5.7 mole of Ca(NO₃)₂ will contain = X Formula Units
Solving for X,
X = (5.7 mol × 6.022 × 10²³ formula units) ÷ 1 mol
X = 3.43 × 10²⁴ Formula Units
As discussed,
1 Formula Unit of Ca(NO₃)₂ contains = 3 Ions
So,
3.43 × 10²⁴ Formula units will contain = X ions
Solving for X,
X = (3.43 × 10²⁴ Formula Unit × 3 Ions) ÷ 1 Formula Unit
X = 1.02 × 10²⁵ Ions
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Using this equation: HONH2 + H2O ⇔ HONH3+ + OH− a) Identify the acid on the left and its conjugate base on the right b) Identify the base on the left and its conjugate acid on the right Please show how you arrived at answers thank you!
a. The acid on the left is H₂O and its conjugate base on the right is OH⁻.
b. The base on the left is HONH₂ and its conjugate acid on the right is HONH₃⁺.
Chemical reactions between acids and bases always produce its conjugate base and its conjugate acid. According to Bronsted-Lowry
Acid on the left side of a chemical reaction always donates a proton (H⁺)Its conjugate base on the right side of a chemical reaction is the remaining acid after the acid is donated.Base on the left side of a chemical reaction always accepts a proton (H⁺)Its conjugate acid on the right side of a chemical reaction is the remaining base after the base accepts a proton.HONH₂ + H₂O ⇄ HONH₃⁺ + OH⁻
HONH₂ becomes HONH₃⁺
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design a synthesis of acetophenone from benzyl alcohol and methanol
To design a synthesis of acetophenone from benzyl alcohol and methanolBenzyl alcohol is converted to Benzaldehyde using PCC. Mean while methanol was converted to methyl bromide and Generated Grignard reagent.
Benzaldehyde react with Grignard reagent to give secondary alcohol which is oxidized to Acetophenone by PCC.benzaldehyde and methylmagnesium bromide are the appropriate starting material for AcetophenoneMethanol, the most basic alcohol (CH3OH), is a chemical key component in hundreds of everyday items such as plastics, paints, automobile parts, and building supplies. Methanol is also a clean energy source of information that is used to power cars, trucks, buses, ships, fuel cells, boilers, and cook stoves. . Chronic methanol vapour poisoning can cause eye inflammation (conjunctivitis), recurrent cramps, giddiness, insomnia, stomach disruptions, and visual failure.
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a soft drink bottle has fallen and brooked into many pieces
Answer:
c. colour
other options will have effect on the bottle
if we are heated a metal with 28g mass then we add it in a coffee cup with 28g water. the water temperature raised from 19 degree to 23.8 oc. what was the initial temperature of the metal. the water specific heat of water is 4.184 j/g oc.
Specific Heat of the metal will be = 4.184 J/C
Mass of metal = 28 g
Mass of water = 28 g
Rise in temperature = 23.8 - 19 = 4.8 C
Specific heat of water = 4.184 J/C
Let the specific heat of metal =S
The heat released by metal =mass of metal * specific heat of metal * Change in temperature
[tex]& =28\times S \times 4.8{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} \\& =134.4 S^{\circ} \mathrm{C}[/tex]
Heat absorbed by water = mass of water x specific heat of water x change in temp. [tex]=28 \times 4.184 \times 4.8=562.3296 J[/tex]
Using the principal of Caloriemeter:
We have, Heat released by metal = Heat absorbed by water
134.4S = 562.3296 =>4.184 J/C
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The correct question should be:
if we are heated a metal with 28g mass then we add it in a coffee cup with 28g water. the water temperature raised from 19 degree to 23.8 oc. what was the specific heat of the metal. the water specific heat of water is 4.184 j/g oc.
Which of the following elements will have more than 2 electrons and have a full outer orbital?
He
Ne
C
N
O
Protons All Elements' Neutrons & Electrons (List + Images) Atomic number: all protons, neutrons, and electrons 5 Boron is made up of 5 protons, 6 neutrons, and 5 electrons.
6 Carbon consists of 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Protons, neutrons, and electrons total seven for nitrogen. Oxygen contains 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. 34 more rows
Protons All Elements' Neutrons & Electrons (List + Images) 1 Atomic number All Elements Have Two Electrons. Diagram of 3 Shells 4 Neon Magnesium (5) Aluminum 6 Phosphorus 7 Sulfur 8 9 Argon Potassium 10 More things...
All elements' protons, neutrons, and electrons Diagram of a shell One proton, zero neutrons, and one electron make up hydrogen. Helium contains two protons, two neutrons, and two electrons.
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Do Scope 3 emissions include customers?
Yes, Scope 3 emissions include emissions that are a result of a Customer's activities but are not under its direct control.
These emissions can be caused by a wide range of activities, such as the use of products and services by customers. Therefore, customers' GHG emissions from using a company's products or services would be included in the company's Scope 3 emissions. For example, if a car manufacturer includes the GHG emissions from the use of its cars by customers in its Scope 3 emissions, this would include the emissions from the fuel burned by the customers while driving the cars.
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Is 20 grams of salt dissolved in 100 mL of water?
Yes, 20 grams of salt can be dissolved in 100 mL of water.
What is solubility?Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a liquid or to be dispersed in another substance. It is a physical property of a substance that determines how much of a solute can be dissolved in a particular solvent. Solubility is a measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given solvent at a particular temperature and pressure. Solubility is an important factor to consider when formulating products as it affects the concentration of the active ingredient or solute in the end-product.
The amount of salt that can be dissolved in a given amount of water is determined by the solubility of the salt. The solubility of salt in water is typically around 357 grams per liter, so 20 grams of salt can be dissolved in approximately 56 milliliters of water.
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Which will shows maximum depression in freezing point when concentration is 0.1 m?
K2SO4 has the most ions out of the options, which means its freezing point will degrade the most.
What substance has the lowest freezing point, 0.1 M?Which aqueous solution with a concentration of "0.1 M" will have the lowest freezing point
UThe answer is "K 2SO 4" ionises to produce three ions, increasing the effective molality of the solution by three times. Its freezing point is therefore the lowest.
Which substance has the highest freezing point for 0.1 M glucose?Since 1M glucose solution does not go through dissociation to produce more particles, it has a lower
which results in a higher freezing point
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The conjugate acid of CH3COO- is _____________. The conjugate acid of F- is _______________. The conjugate acid of CN- is ______________. The conjugate acid of PO43- is _____________.The conjugate base of CH3COOH is _________________. The conjugate base of HCl is ______________. The conjugate base of H2SO4 is _________________. The conjugate base of H2S is _______________. The conjugate base of H3PO4 is _________________. The conjugate base of NH4+ is ___________________.Na2HPO4 is soluble and exists in two units of the cation Na+ and one unit of the anion __________________. The conjugate base of this anion is _____________________. Na3PO4 is soluble and exists in three units of the cation Na+ and one unit of the anion ___________________. The conjugate acid of this anion is __________________.
So that is base. However, this base (CH 3COO) is actually a derivative of the acid (CH 3COOH), which is why CH 3COO is an acid's conjugate base. What distinguishes a conjugate base from an acid hbr?
H2CO3 is the conjugate acid. acid carbonate. What is CH3COO's conjugate acid? The conjugate acid for the acetate ion is acetic acid. What is the CH3COO- conjugate acid? What does the term conjugate base mean? An acid's conjugate base is what is left over after the acid has contributed its proton. Example: HX is the acid, and X- is the conjugate base. An acid's conjugate base is what is left over after the acid has contributed its proton. Acid is HX, while base is conjugate.
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If you start out with a 136 gram sample of Plutonium that has a half life of 8, how much will be left after 32 days?
To solve this type of question we must know the concept of rate law. Therefore, 8.242g will be left after 32 days. The kinetic for the decay of Plutonium is of first order kinetics.
What is the expression for rate law for first order kinetics?There are two kinds of rate law in chemical kinetics one is differential rate law and other is integrated rate law.
The rate law for first order kinetics is
K=(2.303/T)×log(a/a-x)
half life=0.693/K
Where
k - rate constant
t - time passed by the sample
a - initial amount of the reactant
a-x - amount left after the decay process
K=0.693/half life
K=0.693/ 8
=0.086
0.086=(2.303/ 32)×log( 136/a-x)
0.086=0.07×log( 136/a-x)
1.22=log( 136/a-x)
136/a-x=16.5
a-x=8.242g
Therefore, 8.242g will be left after 32 days.
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Why is the freezing point of depression of 0.1 m NaCl solution nearly twice that 0.1 m glucose?
This is due to the fact that NaCl molecules are much smaller than glucose molecules.
What is molecules?Molecules are the smallest particles of a substance that can still be identified as that substance. They are composed of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. Molecules are the fundamental building blocks of all matter, both living and nonliving. The number and type of atoms in a molecule determine its chemical identity.
The smaller molecules of NaCl can fit into the water molecules more easily than the larger glucose molecules, causing more water molecules to be displaced and therefore a higher freezing point.
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Why is freezing point depression 0.21 m sodium chloride solution nearly twice that of 0.1 m glucose solution?
NaCl, as an electrolyte, dissociates almost completely to give 'Na(+) and Cl(-)' ions, whereas glucose, as a non-electrolyte .
What is depression at the freezing point?A solute's freezing point is completely based on its concentration, not on its mass or chemical composition. A typical instance of freezing point depression is when salt reduces the freezing point of water in cold weather.
Frost point When solute molecules are added to a solvent, a colliding phenomenon known as depression results.
As a result, the freezing temperatures of all solutions are lower than those of pure solvents and are inversely related to the solute's molality.
study the freezing point.
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Cotton in solid but it floats on water. Why?
What is parabola give example?
Parabola is line formed from fixed points on a plane curve.
Parabola is described as a plane curve generated by a point moving so that its distance from a fixed point is equal to its distance from a fixed line and the intersection between a right circular cone and a plane parallel to an element of the cone.
The name "parabola" is given due to Apollonius, who discovered many properties of conic sections. It means "application", referring to "application of areas" concept, which has a connection with this curve, as Apollonius had proved. The focus–directrix property of the parabola and other conic sections exists due to Pappus.
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What is limit and exposure?
Answer:
An exposure limit is a legal or upper or lower level used as a safety measure to prevent health and safety risks caused by excessive exposure to a poisonous or harmful chemical. Exposure limits are simply the limitations established for substances that endanger human life and/or health.
Explanation:
Please help me :,(……
Answer:
Study 'atom'
Explanation:
atoms are in the building blocks for molecules. the atom has protons and neutrons in its nucleus and electrons revolving around it. An atom can survive in its surrounding by either sharing electrons or by transferring electrons. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. They are also called subatomic particles. When atoms lose electrons they get positively charged, and when they gain electrons they get negatively charged. When a metal is reacting with a non-metal, the metal is positively charged and transports an electron to the non-metal. The metal becomes positively charged and the nonmetal becomes negatively charged. the metal becomes the cation and the nonmetal becomes the anion. Thus, reactivity can cause gain or loss of charges.
A bond angle is the angle formed by the nuclei of _____ surrounding atoms with the nucleus of a central atom.
Answer: two;ideal;identical
Explanation:
The angle between two bonds on the same atom is known as the bond angle. It varies according to the number of lone pairs, hybridization, atom repulsion, and each atom's electronegativity.
What bond angle is the angle formed by the nuclei?The geometric angle formed by two adjacent bonds is known as a bond angle. Simple molecules can take on a variety of forms, such as: Atoms are connected in a straight line in a linear model.
The number of lone pairs an atom contains frequently influences the bond angle. In the case of an atom with no lone pairs, the form is trigonal planar, and the bond angle is 120°. The molecule has a 118 bond angle and one lone pair that generates a bent shape.
Therefore, We predict that the two zones of electron density will align themselves with a 180° bond angle on either side of the centre atom using the VSEPR theory.
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