Determination of the phylogenetic relationships among major groups of bacteria more difficult than determining the phylogenetic relationships among major groups of mammals because of frequent horizontal gene transfer.
How does horizontal gene transfer affect bacterial classification?In addition to being a key factor in the evolution of bacteria that can break down novel compounds like pesticides made by humans, horizontal gene transfer also plays a crucial role in the maintenance, transmission, and evolution of virulence. It is the main mechanism by which antibiotic resistance in bacteria spreads.
The evolution of Archaea and Bacteria involved horizontal gene transfer across the two domains, despite the fact that gene exchange is simpler in closely related organisms. If horizontal gene transfer prevents the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in the microbial world, it is debatable.
Learn more about horizontal gene here:
https://brainly.com/question/17291232
#SPJ4
1. Describe the
overall changes in
matter that occur
during the light-
independent
reactions. What does
the plant start with
and what does it end
with? What is the
source of energy that
powers this change?
Answer:
takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. Carbon dioxide is modified by series of chemical reactions to form carbohydrates. The energy for these reactions comes from ATP and NADPH generated during the light dependent process.
Explanation:
N/A
In the ovary, oocytes are held at metaphase II of meiosis until fertilization. How is this block released
In the ovary, oocytes are held at metaphase II of meiosis until fertilization.This block released, when Progesterone activates c-Mos, which further phosphorylates maturation promotion factor (MPF).
Maturation promoting factor :
One of the major protein kinases that activates and acts as the master regulator for the M-phase transition is Cdk1/cyclin B, also known as maturation promoting factor or MPF. It phosphorylates and activates other downstream protein kinases and directly phosphorylates several structural proteins involved in cellular reorganization.
It also play a major role in chromatin condensation by phosphorylating condensins; a role in NEBD by phosphorylating lamins, nuclear pore complexes, and inner nuclear membrane proteins; a role in fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus by phosphorylating Golgi matrix proteins; and a role in spindle formation by phosphorylating centrosome-associated proteins and MAPs.
Learn more about metaphase here :
https://brainly.com/question/16992029
#SPJ4
Hello,what is meant by the term Biome as used in ecosystem.
an area classified according to the species that live in that location is known as Biome...
Example= Desert.
Identify and describe the stages of cell growth and reproduction in both plant and animal cells.
The main phases of the cell growth in plants and animals include:
InterphaseNuclear divisionCytokinesisWhat is Cell division?This is the process in which the parent cells divide into two or more daughter cells.
Plants and animals both undergo meiosis and mitosis with the former being used during reproduction while the latter is used during growth etc.
Read more about Cell division here https://brainly.com/question/796780
#SPJ1
A high tide will occur A usually only once in a 24-hour period B only in bodies of water close to the moon C on both sides of the earth at the same time D when proximity to the sun makes the days longer
A high tide will occur on both sides of the Earth at the same time, the correct option is C.
What is a high tide?The tidal force causes Earth and its water to bulge out on the sides closest to and farthest from the moon. These water bulges are high tides.
The Moon's gravitational pull is pulling on the Earth and the ocean on the sides facing the Moon. The Earth compensates for the Moon's pulling by bulging out both toward and away from it.
Thus, the correct option is C.
For more details regarding high tide, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14683300
#SPJ1
Innate immunity Group of answer choices is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens. is nonspecific and present at birth. provides increased susceptibility to disease. involves T cells and B cells. involves a memory component.
Innate immunity is nonspecific and present at birth.
Invaders including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and poisons, as well as injuries or trauma, are first detected by the body's innate immune system. The innate immune system triggers cells to attack and eliminate the outsider or to start repair upon detection of these agents or events. It also informs and modifies the adaptive immune response, which follows this first line of defense.Innate immunity, also known as nonspecific immunity, is the defense mechanism you were born with.Unlike adaptive immune responses, which are tailored to a specific pathogen, innate immune responses are not. They rely on a collection of proteins and phagocytic cells, which can quickly activate in response to pathogen recognition and assist annihilate intruders.learn more about Innate immunity here: https://brainly.com/question/26322261
#SPJ4
The process of heredity discovered by Mendel filled the major gap in Darwin's theory of evolution, by identifying the source of the _________ found among the organisms of all species. This in turn provides the raw material from which natural selection 'selects.'
Answer: mutation...
Explanation: it's most likely mutation since it's what creates adaptation and adaptation helps different creatures in natural selection
Question 31 of 34
Which situation shows a nonrenewable resource in use?
Answer:
chips made from silicon
Explanation:
Non renewable resources are natural substances that cannot be replenished when used for eg natural gas, coal, petroleum ,fossil fuels etc. Silicon is made when silica is heated with carbon after which the the product is reacted with hydrocarbons to polymerize them. Since the hydrocarbons are made from natural gas, oil ,it is non renewable
♡´･ᴗ･`♡
If a population has relatively few individuals in the young classes, but many in the medium-aged and old classes, what can we conclude about population growth
This tells us that the population is declining.
What is a declining population?Reduction in population sizeRepresented by urn-shaped pyramidLow number of individuals in pre-reproductive age group (young), maximum number of individuals in reproductive group (medium-aged) and few number in post-reproductive group (old).Learn about expanding population here:
https://brainly.com/question/2788642
#SPJ4
Why is determining the AVR important
Since 1996, Atmel has created the AVR family of microcontrollers, which Microchip Technology purchased in 2016. As contrast to the one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontroller families at the time, AVR was one of the first to utilise on-chip flash memory for program storage.
The theory of evolution by natural selection requires variability of a given trait. Why is variability necessary and where does it come from
Genetic variation is required for natural selection to operate. If all individuals possessed the same feature, there would be no relative variation in their reproductive success because they would all be equally suited to their environments.
A population's genetic variation can be measured to provide an idea of the range of genetic differences that are present in that community.
The genetic variation that exists throughout an entire species is typically referred to as the species' genetic diversity. Individuals might have distinct genetic variants due to variances in the DNA segments or genes they inherited from their parents. These variations are referred to as alleles. A population, for instance, is said to have a high level of genetic variety when there are many distinct alleles present at a single chromosome site. Natural selection can only increase or reduce the frequency of alleles that already exist in a population.
Mutations, which change the order of genes in DNA, are one way that genes can be different. Another source is gene flow, which is when genes move from one group of organisms to another. Lastly, sexual reproduction can cause genetic variation because it creates new combinations of genes.
Learn more about genetic variations here :
https://brainly.com/question/1619951
#SPJ4
In the CRISPR/Cas system __________. Multiple Choice restriction endonucleases digest viral genomes once they enter the cell if the viral DNA is not methylated bacteria integrate portions of the viral genome into their own so they have a molecular snapshot of their attacker to prevent future encounters methylated DNA sequences are hydrolyzed, effectively destroying the viral DNA methylase enzymes add methyl groups to the viral nucleic acids, preventing transcription
In the CRISPR/Cas system restriction endonucleases digest viral genomes once they enter the cell if the viral DNA is not methylated bacteria integrate portions of the viral genome into their own so they have a molecular snapshot of their attacker to prevent future encounters.
With CRISPR/Cas, it is simple to delete a gene of interest or, if a DNA template is included, to introduce a new sequence at the appropriate location. The technique has significantly shortened the time and cost required to create animal models with precise genomic alterations, which has had a significant impact on biomedical research. The CRISPR/Cas system is currently regularly used in mice for this reason by JAX researchers. Additionally, it is theoretically conceivable to implant DNA that corrects known mutations in human disorders like cystic fibrosis.learn more about CRISPR/Cas system here: https://brainly.com/question/24881426
#SPJ4
3. Watson and Crick determined that DNA reproduced by a ______ Watson-Crick_____________________ model, in which the daughter molecules contain _________ of the parent strands and _______ newly synthesized strand.
Watson and Crick determined that DNA reproduced by a Semiconservative Watson-Crick model, in which the daughter molecules contain one of the parent strands and one newly synthesized strand.
According to Watson and Crick's theory, nitrogenous bases on opposing DNA strands form hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together. Each pair of bases forms a flat "rung" on the ladder-like structure of the DNA molecule. Base pairs don't just consist of any arrangement of bases.Watson and Crick proposed that DNA replicates in a "Semi-Conservative" way based on their understanding of the structure of DNA.According to this idea, the DNA double helix's two strands unwind and split, with each "parent" strand acting as a template for the creation of a new "daughter" strand.learn more about Watson-Crick model here: https://brainly.com/question/13244410
#SPJ4
In the russian federation, which official holds the most power? a. the duma b. the president c. the prime minister d. the monarch please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answer:
B. The President
Explanation:
Answer:
He is right. Can I have brainlyest
Explanation:
Attachment of the mitotic spindle fibers to the kinetochores is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?.
Attachment of the mitotic spindle fibers to the kinetochores is a characteristic of the Metaphase stage of mitosis.
The main stages of mitosis are as follows:
Prophase: During prophase, the chromatin material begins to condense into visible chromosomes.Metaphase: During metaphase, the chromosomes line up at the equator attached to spindle fibers. The mitotic spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.Anaphase: During anaphase, the chromosomes are pulled apart and homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles. Telophase and cytokinesis: During telophase nuclear membrane begins to appear and two distinct nuclear membranes are visible.hence metaphase is the correct answer.
learn more about metaphase here: https://brainly.com/question/19832009
#SPJ4
what is the produt of meilosis 1
Answer:
Explanation:
Meiosis one results in 2 haploid cells (duplicated), meanwhile meiosis two results in 4 haploid cells that are not doubled.4
The respiratory structure that contracts and relaxes to allow air to flow in and out of the lungs is the: Group of answer choices Larynx Epiglottis Diaphragm Alveoli
The respiratory structure that contracts and relaxes to allow air to flow in and out of the lungs is option(c) i.e, the diaphragm.
What is the diaphragm?The diaphragm, a delicate skeletal muscle that separates the chest from the belly, is located at the base of the chest. When you breathe in, it flattens and shrinks. As a result, the lungs experience a vacuum effect that draws air in. The diaphragm relaxes and the air is forced out of the lungs when you exhale.
signs of diaphragm issues:
Acid reflux, heartburn, coughing, and difficulty swallowing.alterations to skin tone (skin may turn blue).rapid heartbeat, pressure in the chest, and/or breathing difficulties (especially when lying down).Headaches.Hiccups that persist or recur frequently.Patients who need surgery for conditions affecting the chest, including diaphragm issues, are treated by a thoracic surgeon.
To know more about diaphragm refer to: https://brainly.com/question/12822939
#SPJ4
Select the pituitary hormone that increases the concentration of blood sugar A. cortisol B. growth hormone C. glucagon AND. epinephrine E. insulin
If I measured the overall diversity of a population that had gone through a recent bottleneck and then rapidly recovered its former population size, what would I find
If the overall diversity of a population is measured that had gone through a recent bottleneck and then rapidly recovered its former population size, it would have a lower than expected diversity based on its population size.
What is Population Bottleneck?A population bottleneck is a situation where the population is substantially reduced. A variety of occurrences, such as an environmental catastrophe, the extinction-level hunting of a species, or the destruction of an organism's habitat, might result in the bottleneck. Due to the loss of many alleles, or gene variants, present in the initial population, the population's gene pool decreases as a result of the population bottleneck. The event has resulted in an extremely low amount of genetic variation in the remaining population, which indicates that the population as a whole has few genetic traits.When a population bottleneck occurs and there are alleles present, the residual population is more susceptible to genetic drift.
To learn more about Population Bottleneck refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/26281510
#SPJ4
Several blood vessels of the human body contain receptors that sense when the blood pressure is too high. When these receptors are stretched (high blood pressure), they cause the slowing of the heartbeat and the widening of vessels to bring the pressure down to normal levels. This scenario is an example of a homeostatic mechanism that operates by: negative feedback. resource cycling. noncompetitive inhibition. competitive inhibition. positive feedback.
Several blood vessels of the human body contain receptors that sense when the blood pressure is too high. When these receptors are stretched (high blood pressure), they cause the slowing of the heartbeat and the widening of vessels to bring the pressure down to normal levels. This scenario is an example of a negative feedback.
A response that is the opposite of the change noticed constitutes negative feedback (it functions to reduce the change)As a result of a change being sensed by a receptor and an effector being triggered to produce the opposite action, equilibrium is promoted.Homeostatic systems, such as the following, are examples of processes that use negative feedback loops:Thermoregulation (if body temperature changes, mechanisms are induced to restore normal levels)Control of blood sugar (insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high ; glucagon raises blood glucose when levels are low)Osmoregulation (ADH is secreted to retain water when dehydrated and its release is inhibited when the body is hydrated)The control of blood pressure is an illustration of a negative feedback loop. Receptors in the brain can recognize a rise in blood pressure.
learn more about negative feedback here: https://brainly.com/question/4636540
#SPJ4
Several blood vessels of the human body contain receptors that sense when the blood pressure is too high. When these receptors are stretched (high blood pressure), they cause the slowing of the heartbeat and the widening of vessels to bring the pressure down to normal levels. This scenario is an example of negative feedback.
What is negative feedback?Negative feedback is a response that is the exact opposite of the change observed (it functions to reduce the change)
Equilibrium is encouraged when a change is perceived by a receptor and an effector is activated to take the opposite action.
Negative feedback loops are employed by homeostatic systems, such as the following:
Thermoregulation (if body temperature changes, mechanisms are induced to restore normal levels)management of blood sugar (insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high ; glucagon raises blood glucose when levels are low)Osmoregulation (ADH is secreted to retain water when dehydrated and its release is inhibited when the body is hydrated).A negative feedback loop is demonstrated by controlling blood pressure. A rise in blood pressure can be detected by brain receptors.learn more about negative feedback here: brainly.com/question/4636540
#SPJ4
If a person is HIV positive, why does he or she need to eat 10% more calories than
do his or her noninfected counterparts?
1. HIV-positive people have a high red blood cell count.
2. HIV-positive people have a low red blood count.
3. HIV-positive people use less energy.
4. HIV-positive people use more energy
HIV-positive people use more energy. Thus, option "D" is correct.
Why HIV-positive people use more energy?These extra calories are needed by people with HIV because their immune system is constantly fighting off the HIV virus.
This is because HIV attempts to evade the infection even as the immune system attempts to eradicate it. The extra calories give the immune cells, which are extra strained, the energy to perform their functions.
Thus, option "D" is correct.
To learn more about HIV-positive click here:
https://brainly.com/question/25534600
#SPJ1
what are the bonds that hold two animo acids together called ? A.peptide bonds B.double bonds C. oxygen bonds D. ionic bonds
Answer:
Peptide bonds are the bonds that hold two amino acids together.
Hope its helpful!
The bonds that hold two amino acids together are called peptide bonds. Therefore option A is correct.
Peptide bonds are a type of covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of one amino acid and the amino group (-NH2) of another amino acid.
During a process called dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction, the carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the amino group of another, releasing a water molecule and forming a peptide bond.
This process links amino acids together to create polypeptide chains, which are the building blocks of proteins. The sequence and arrangement of amino acids in a protein determine its unique structure and function.
Therefore option A is correct.
Know more about polypeptide chains:
https://brainly.com/question/31104189
#SPJ3
the meninges along with the cerebrospinal fluid that circulates in between each meningeal layer function by
The meninges, along with the cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) that circulates in between each meningeal layer, function by: serving as shock absorbers for the brain and spinal cord.
Meninges :
The meninges are the three membranes which envelop the brain and spinal cord and separate them from the walls of their bony cases (skull and vertebral column). Meninges are classified as either spinal meninges, which encase the spinal cord, or cranial meninges, which surround the brain.
The major function of the meninges is to protect the brain and spinal cord from mechanical stress, to support the blood vessels and to create a continuous canal through which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows. The innermost meningeal layers (arachnoid and pia), collectively known as the leptomeninges, are where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) travels.
Learn more about meninges here :
https://brainly.com/question/14082093
#SPJ4
Which of Mendel's laws or principles states that gametes carry one allele for each trait?
Answer:
Law of Segregation: When gametes form, alleles are separated so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. Law of Independent Assortment: The segregation of alleles for one gene occurs independently of that of any other gene* Principle of Dominance: Recessive alleles will be masked by dominant alleles.
Explanation:
Law of Segregation: When gametes form, alleles are separated so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. Law of Independent Assortment: The segregation of alleles for one gene occurs independently to that of any other gene* Principle of Dominance: Recessive alleles will be masked by dominant alleles
When a population grows in proportion to its current size (e.g., bigger populations grow faster), that population is experiencing ________ growth. exponential logistic capacity density-dependent density-independent
The population is experiencing Exponential growth.
Exponential growth is a sample of records that shows a sharper will increase through the years. In finance, compounding creates exponential returns. savings bills with a compounding interest charge can show exponential growth.
The difference between geometric boom and exponential growth is, that geometric increase is discrete (due to the constant ratio) whereas exponential growth is continuous. With the geometric increase, a hard and fast range is increased to x while with an exponential increase, a hard and fast variety is raised to the x.
Exponential population increase is very lots crucial and vital to residing international as we all understand that modern-day populace worldwide is exceeding the wearing ability of earth due to its exponential growth that is ensuing in severe food disaster, water scarcity and economic fall down of the planet earth.
Learn more about Exponential growth here https://brainly.com/question/26106075
#SPJ4
One of the most important rain forest predators, attacking a wide range of different primates, is the monkey-eating eagle. We know this because
one of the most important rain forest predators, attacking a wide range of different primates, is the monkey-eating eagle. we know this because all forest primates have an identical alarm call that means, essentially, "Eagle!"
What are primates?Primates are those forest animals that has highly developed brain and backbone.
Some of them are predators while others are source of food for predators known as preys.
Example of such predators are the monkey eating eagles which are capable of hunting monkeys as their preys.
Learn more about predators here:
https://brainly.com/question/26286956
#SPJ1
Dna is more resistant to hydrolysis than rna. What feature of dna is responsible for this characteristic?.
The presence of a 2'-hydroxyl group in RNA
Deoxyribose does not include a 2′-hydroxyl group. The reason RNA is more susceptible to hydrolysis is because it has a 2'-hydroxyl group. The 3'-phosphate may be attacked by the 2'-OH, which might cause the phosphodiester link to be hydrolyzed.
African fish eagles are large raptors that have a wide range across sub-Saharan Africa. Which of these organisms do you think would have a niche similar to that of an African fish eagle?
A- American bald eagle
B- European blue jay
C- White-tailed deer
D- Mountain lion
The organism that would have a niche similar to that of an African fish eagle is the American bald eagle (option A).
What is a niche?A niche refers to a function within an ecological system to which an organism is especially suited.
The niche of an organism distinguishes that organism from other organisms and ensures its adaptation and survival.
According to this question, African fish eagles are large raptors that have a wide range across sub-Saharan Africa. They consume fishes mostly as preys.
This suggests that the organism that would have a niche similar to that of an African fish eagle is another organism with similar characteristics such as the American bald eagle.
Learn more about niche at: https://brainly.com/question/17438524
#SPJ1
A newly discovered species of bird is found to only lay a single egg and both parents are necessary to raise the chick to adulthood. What would be the most successful mating strategy for this species
monogamous is the answer.
When birds are vigilant, they rub together the swollen cloaca. The male sperm stored in his cloaca deposits in the female cloaca, where it travels up the chamber and eventually fertilizes the egg.
Most birds mate for only one season and for one reason. However, some species mate for life, while others mate multiple times during the season. Goose, swan, and eagle are known to have only one companion until one of them dies.
Monogamous is a mating system in which one adult male and one adult female are mated. Such a pair of turns can follow a single breeding attempt, breeding season, or many breeding seasons, such as mating mammals, geese, and swans.
Learn more about bird's mating here:https://brainly.com/question/4091499
#SPJ4
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
Minerals are micronutrients required by the body for various key functions. The mineral BLANK
is required to carry oxygen in the
blood to all body tissues, and BLANK is a rich source of this mineral.
The mineral options:
Calcium
Iron
Sodium
The second blank:
Vegetable oil
Red meat
Milk