There is some flexibility in pairing between the 3' base of the codon and the 5' base of the anticodons.
The typical genetic code uses fewer than 61 transfer RNAs to convert 61 codons into 20 amino acids (tRNAs). This is made feasible by the tRNA's capacity to "wobble" at the third nucleotide in order to decode several codons. Although the anticodon-codon mapping of tRNA to mRNA is a need for some codon usage indices and can help us understand the development of different genetic codes, such assays are frequently too expensive and complex to detect experimentally. Instead, using the wobble laws and theoretical deductions about nucleotide binding, the codon reading is approximated. Unfortunately, all of the subtleties of codon reading are not covered by these principles. This study examines the tRNAs' ability to read codons and how evolution has affected codon usage
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orographic lifting is related to mountain barriers, and it is often associated with ________.
Orographic lifting is related to mountain barriers, and it is often associated with desert conditions on the leeward side of the mountains and excessive rainfall on the windward side.
When air masses have been forced to flow over high topography, the orographic effect occurs. Cooling occurs as air rises placed above a white mountains, and water vapour condenses. As a result, rain is commonly concentrated here on windward side of mountains and increases with elevation in the path of storm tracks.
Whenever an air mass is compelled to rise from a low elevation as it moves placed above a white rising terrain. As the air mass ascends, it rapidly cools adiabatically, raising the relative humidity to 100% and causing clouds as well as, under the right circumstances, precipitation.
Identical to orographic, when air is forced to rise as well as cool due to landscape features such as hills or mountains, this is referred to as lifting. Water vapour condenses into clouds if the temperature is low enough. Rain or snow provide additional cooling.
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for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, when the enzyme is denatured and loses its shape, what is affected?
The body temperature is controlled by the
Centre in the brain.
The thermoregulatory centre has
Which monitor the temperature of the blood.
We also find temperature receptors in the
.
These send electrical impulses down
neurones to the thermoregulatory centre in the brain.
The body temperature is controlled by the center in the brain. The thermoregulatory center has the receptors which monitor the temperature of the blood. We also find temperature receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain. These send electrical impulses down the neurons to the thermoregulatory center in the brain.
What is the thermoregulatory system?Thermoregulation is the mechanism by which mammals such as humans maintain their body temperature with tightly controlled self-regulation which is independent of the external temperature. These organisms are called homeotherms.
Temperature regulation is a type of homeostasis and is a means of preserving a stable internal temperature of the body in order to survive in the various environmental conditions. The thermoregulation system includes the hypothalamus in the brain, as well as the sweat glands, skin, and the circulatory system.
The human body maintains temperature at which the enzymes work best, which is around 37°C. This process is controlled by the thermoregulatory center which is present in the hypothalamus of the brain, and it contains the receptors which are sensitive to the temperature of the blood.
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Enzyme are added to a chemical reaction to lower the activation energy. What i an enzyme claified a?
a catalyt
an inhibitor
an accelerator
a depreant
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process.
Enzymes are molecules that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. Activation energy is the amount of energy that is required to initiate a chemical reaction.
Enzymes are classified as catalysts, inhibitors, accelerators, or depressants, depending on their function in the reaction. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself being changed in the process. This is the most common type of enzyme, and they are responsible for the majority of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms. Inhibitors are molecules that reduce the rate of a reaction by binding to the enzyme and slowing or stopping its activity.
Accelerators are molecules that increase the rate of a reaction by increasing the binding affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. Depressants are molecules that reduce the rate of a reaction by decreasing the binding affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.
Enzymes are important components of all biochemical reactions, as they are responsible for lowering the activation energy of the reaction and increasing the rate at which it occurs.
Without enzymes, many biochemical reactions would simply not occur in living organisms, as the activation energy required for them to occur would be too high. By adding enzymes to a chemical reaction, the activation energy is lowered and the reaction can occur more quickly and efficiently.
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in a genome-wide expression study using a dna microarray assay, what is each spot used to detect?a. location of a protein produced by a cellb. location of a gene within a cellc. expression of a specific gene by a celld. fate of proteins produced by a celle. type of chemical modification of proteins produced by a cell
Answer: epressi
Explanation: In a genome-wide expression study using a DNA microarray assay, each well is used to detect the
location of a protein produced by a cell.
location of a gene within a cell.
expression of a specific gene by a cell.
fate of proteins produced by a cell.
type of chemical modification of proteins produced by a cell.
FILL IN THE BLANK. if a sperm cell contains 8 chromosomes, it comes from an animal that has ______ chromosomes.
If a sperm cell contains 8 chromosomes, it comes from an animal that has 16 chromosomes.
This is because the animal's sperm cells and egg cells (also known as gametes) contain half the number of chromosomes as the animal's somatic cells (also known as diploid cells). During fertilization, the sperm cell and egg cell combine to form a zygote, which contains the full complement of chromosomes for the animal. For example, a human sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes, and a human egg cell contains 23 chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes in the fertilized egg.
Tsunamis begin when some kind of trigger, such as an earthquake, landslide, or volcano, causes a large part of the surface of the water to rise or fall. after this sudden displacement of water, _____ acts to balance the water levels back, resulting in a tsunami. question 18 options: gravity the tides the after affects of a hurricane an earthquake
The force that seeks to balances the water levels is the force of gravity.
What is a Tsunami?The term Tsunami has to do a sudden disturbance that occurs in the water. The hurricane does begin when there is a rise of the warm water an this causes a convection current to have been set up in the water and then the water is pushed up towards the land and begin to flow in a forceful manner in the tides.
We know that the Tsunami is able to cause a lot of damage such as earthquake when it is moving in the full force of it and can even lead to the death of so many people.
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two identical daughter cells results from mitosis and cytokinesis. in what ways are they “identical”
Two daughter cells produced from mitosis and cytokinesis are "identical" in the sense that they have the same genetic makeup as the parent cell from which they were produced. This means that they have the same number of chromosomes and the same genetic material (DNA) as the parent cell. As a result, the two daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell from which they were produced. This is different from meiosis, in which the daughter cells produced are not genetically identical to each other or to the parent cell.
Imagine an audience/group of peers, parents, community members. What questions
would you ask them to get them talking to each other and sharing ideas about the
ethics of your case?
Answer:
Ask questions like...
What would you do if you were in this situation?
What should be the consequences of this person's (someone involved in the case) actions? And is this justified/were there actions justified?
How could someone's background influence their positions in the case and do you share any of these qualities?
Explanation:
Ask questions that cause the audience to take a personal approach in an ethics case in order to help them become more engaged.
classify each phrase as applying to the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle, or both types of reproductive cycles of phages. drag the descriptions into the appropriate bins.
Lytic: New phages are assembled from viral DNA and Proteins, cell is lysed, and the host is destroyed.
Lysogenic: Cell reproduces normally, and the viral DNA integrates into the chromosome of the host cell.
Both: Viral genes are being replicated.
A gene is the fundamental physical and purposeful unit of heredity. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules referred to as proteins.
Our genes incorporate instructions that inform your cells to make molecules referred to as proteins. Proteins perform various features on our body to keep us healthy. Every gene includes commands that determine your functions, together with eye color, hair shade, and height. Few genes act as commands to make molecules referred to as proteins.
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the release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells can inhibit further release of insulin from the same cells. this is an example of which type of hormone action?
Insulin released from pancreatic beta cells may prevent more insulin release from the same cell. This is an illustration of how an autocrine hormone works.
Insulin is released when glucose and other carbohydrates that are digested by islets are consumed. The liver absorbs glucose & stores it as glycogen when the pancreatic B cells are activated too release insulin into to the circulation. Insulin then travels to body cells to help them absorb more glucose. Increased blood glucose levels cause insulin to be released. The – angiotensin – aldosterone system somatostatin is secreted by the delta cell, which makes up 4% of the islet cells. The islets of Langerhans' delta cells release somatostatin, which prevents the pancreas from secreting insulin. Several agonists, including prostaglandins, galanin, somatostatin, and norepinephrine
(The release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells can inhibit its further release from the same cells. This is an example of _______ hormone action.
A)retinoid
B)autocrine
C)juxtaposed
D)arachidonic)
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the hereditary determinant of a trait or a section of dna that codes for a protein. State True or False your answer:
a. True
b. False
Answer:
a. True
Explanation:
Gene: A segment of a DNA molecule (a sequence of bases) that codes for a particular protein and determines the traits (phenotype) of the individual. A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism.
between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination?
We can deduce from the list of chromosomes and the aforementioned question that we should expect 15% recombination between the W and G genes since the map distance between them is equivalent to 15 centimorgans. It's a choice (B).
What is centimorgan?The unit for describing a 1% recombination frequency used to measure map distance is the centimorgan (cM). The lowest frequency of recombination, or 3%, is predicted to occur between W and E based on this criterion, we can deduce. Assume P is the epistatic gene in charge of regulating the development of the tail.
The male lacks a tail and is recessive homozygous for the tail length gene, so the genotype of the male is PPtt, in accordance with the question, and the genotype of the female is ppTT. The dominant epistatic allele P specifies that there is no tail formation in the female, who has a long tail. The genotype PpTt and phenotype "no tails" are present in the offspring that is born following mating. Two springs with the same PpTt genotype are being crossed right now. In order to determine the resulting ratio, Punnett square can be used.
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Complete question is " The following is a map of four genes on a chromosome. A---5--W--3--E------12------G. Between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination?
a. A and G
b. W and G
c. W and E
d. A and W
e. E and G".
Kepler’s first law states that the orbits of planets are ellipses with the Sun at one
.
Answer:
Kepler's First Law: each planet's orbit about the Sun is an ellipse. The Sun's center is always located at one focus of the orbital ellipse. The Sun is at one focus. The planet follows the ellipse in its orbit, meaning that the planet to Sun distance is constantly changing as the planet goes around its orbit
7. When a bacterium releases inter-species chemical molecules used for quorum sensing, what other bacteria can
detect and respond to that signal?
all bacteria in the area
only bacteria that are from the same family
only the exact same type of bacteria
all virulent bacteria in the host organism
Answer: only the same bloof cell type
Explanation:
it say in the book
Mineralized remains of organisms and the rock layers in which they were found, shows where and when dead organisms lived and how they were structured. is the meaning of _____
Mineralized remains of organisms and the rock layers in which they were found, shows where and when dead organisms lived and how they were structured. is the meaning of evidence of the existence of living organisms in the past, and they can provide information about the conditions and environments in which these organisms lived
Mineralized remains are fossilized remains of organisms that have been preserved in rock. They can include bones, shells, and other hard structures that have been replaced by minerals over time. The rock layers in which these remains are found can provide information about the age and environment of the organisms, as well as their evolutionary relationships to other organisms. By studying mineralized remains and the rock layers in which they were found, scientists can learn about the history of life on Earth and how different organisms have evolved and adapted to their environments over time. In summary, "mineralized remains of organisms and the rock layers in which they were found" refers to evidence of past life that can provide information about where and when dead organisms lived and how they were structured.
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the autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.
True, the autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.
There are two parts that make up the autonomic nervous system: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. Based on the target tissue, both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems can act in either an excitatory or an inhibitory manner.
The excitatory effects of the sympathetic nervous system lead to a faster heart rate, but at the expense of decreased digestion (inhibitory). Inhibitory effects are exerted by the parasympathetic neural system, which also prompts an increase in digestive activity (excitatory). So the statement is true.
The complete question is attached.
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which is more likely to result in a nonfunctional protein insertion of one base or insertion of 3 base
A frameshift mutation is more likely to cause a protein to become dysfunctional. A point mutation might preserve the original amino acid sequence and the resulting protein, acting as a quiet mutation.
A frameshift mutation changes the base sequence in codons by causing the insertion and deletion of nucleotide bases. This alters the AA (amino acid) sequence and the proteins that follow. A silent mutation, which is a component of a point mutation, preserves the AA sequence and the protein that follows.
A frameshift mutation is a genetic change brought on by an insertion or deletion that changes how the DNA sequence is read. A chain of numerous smaller molecules known as nucleotides makes up a DNA sequence. Codons are units of reading that consist of three nucleotides and are used to represent specific amino acids or stop signals in DNA (or RNA) nucleotide sequences. To create a chain of amino acids and a protein, the codon sequence is read sequentially from the nucleotide sequence during translation.
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Which of the following is the biodiversity hot spot?OceansRiversDesertsForests
Answer:desert
Explanation:
a photoreceptor is exposed to a flash of darkness. how does the membrane potential of the photoreceptor and its corresponding on-center bipolar and on-center ganglion cells change?
Instead of an action potential, photoreceptors show a graded change in membrane potential in response to light.
Additionally, they have a resting membrane potential of about -40 mV and hyperpolarize when exposed to light.
In the absence of light, an influx of sodium and calcium through open ion channels that are controlled by cGMP causes the photoreceptor to become depolarized. When it is dark, the photoreceptor has high quantities of cGMP. The G-protein transducin, phosphodiesterase (PDE), and the opsin proteins are also deactivated. Darkness causes photoreceptors to become depolarized (dark gray in color), which causes them to release more glutamate than usual.
These photodetectors get hyperpolarized by light, which reduces their glutamate release (light blue color).
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which complexes in the electron transport chain do not contribute to the pumping of protons in to the intermembrane space?
(A) The majority of the energy in mitochondria is NOT directly influenced by Complex II. Instead, this protein oxidizes FADH2 and transfers the electron to coenzyme.
In contrast to complex burn, complex second does not transport protons to the intermembrane space, hence it contributes less energy to the total electron transport chain. Complex seconds is a parallel electron carriers pathway to complex burn. The majority of the energy in mitochondria is NOT directly influenced by Complex II. Instead, this protein oxidizes FADH2 and transfers the electron to coenzyme Q. In order to move hydrogen atoms from the matrices into the intermembrane gap, the other complex all employ electron energy.Contrary to Complex I, Complex II does not transport protons to the intermembrane gap, making it a parallel electron carriers channel to Complex 1. Coenzyme Q, which takes proton from the matrix at complexes I or II & releases them into the inner membrane at complex III, carries protons across the membrane.
(Which complexes in the electron transport chain do NOT contribute to the pumping of protons in to the intermembrane space?
I and V
III and IV
II and V
I and II)
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FILL IN THE BLANK. a spinal reflex requires the participation of each of the following, except __________.
A spinal reflex requires the participation of each of the following, except cerebral cortex.
Spinal cord reflexes are basic actions that are induced by central nervous system (CNS) circuits that are totally contained inside the spinal cord. The sensory afferent fibres that elicit these reflexes reach the spinal cord and directly or indirectly trigger spinal motor neurons via a chain of one or more spinal interneurons.
The stretch reflex, Golgi tendon reflex, crossed extensor reflex, and withdrawal reflex are all examples of spinal reflexes. The monosynaptic reflex arc is the most basic type of spinal reflex, including four components: The receptor (in this case, the muscle spindle). The withdrawal reaction (reflex), also known as the nociceptive flexion reflex, is a spinal cord natural response that is important in shielding the body from damaging stimuli.
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Why is it important for the oxygen that enters your bloodstream to reach your cells?
what are some ways to stop coral bleaching and what is your opinion about coral bleaching?
The ways to stop coral bleaching and what is your opinion about coral bleaching are:
When you visit coral reefs, dive responsibly.Wear sunscreen that is reef-friendly.Consume sustainable seafood.Green up your lawn care.Be a volunteer!Never leave a trace and Be water wise.What is my opinion about coral bleaching?Events of coral bleaching that cause a considerable loss of coral can cause dramatic changes in fish communities. This may result in fewer catches for fishermen pursuing reef fish species, which may have an effect on the availability of food and related economic activity.
Corals will eject the algae (zooxanthellae) dwelling in their tissues if the water is too warm, which will turn the coral entirely white. The term for this is coral bleaching.
Therefore, Climate change is the main factor causing coral bleaching. A warming globe results in a hotter ocean, and coral can drive away algae with a shift in water temperature of as little as 2 degrees Fahrenheit. Other factors, such as incredibly low tides, pollution, or too much sunlight, can also cause coral to bleach.
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At an archeological site, you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. Choose the correct classification.
a. Short
b. Irregular
c. Long
d. Sesamoid
The cylindrical-shaped bone is about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide is a short bone.
Bones are made from calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and different minerals, as well as the protein collagen. Bones function as the skeleton of the human body, permitting frame elements to move and protective organs from effect harm. they also produce pink and white blood cells.
Bones offer support for our bodies and assist form our shape. Even though they may be very light, bones are sturdy enough to help our entire weight. Bones also shield the frame's organs. The skull protects the mind and paperwork the shape of the face.
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check all that are true statements regarding the anatomy and structure of the sympathetic division.
a. the neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral homs of their spinal cods segments
b. the preganglonic sympathetic axons remain in the spinal cods for a large distance before leaving
c. the sympathetic trunk ganglias house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies
d. the splanchic nerves are composed preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a symphatetic trunk ganglion
a)The neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of their spinal cord segments. c)The sympathetic trunk ganglia house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies. d)The splanchnic nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion. are true statements regarding the anatomy and structure of the sympathetic division.
The sympathetic division expands (dilates) the airways to facilitate breathing and raises heart rate and the power of cardiac contraction. The body expels the energy it has been holding onto. Strengthening of the muscles. This separation also makes the palms sweat, the eyes enlarge, and the hair stand on end. The best-known function of your sympathetic nervous system is how it reacts to risky or stressful circumstances. Your sympathetic nervous system becomes active in these circumstances to assist you escape danger by increasing your heart rate, delivering more blood to your body's oxygen-depleted regions, and other actions.
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if the genotype aa is embryonic lethal and the genotype aa is fully viable but sterile, what genotype frequency would be found in adults in an equilibrium population for a heterozygous genotype?
Due to their sterility and lethality, AA and AA are unable to breed. Because all AA would perish, only heterozygotes would produce 2/3 Aa and 1/3 aa. The idea of random mating is not required.
A person having the genotype Aa can produce both A and a gametes. Given that this is a random process, the person will typically produce an equal quantity of each gamete. (For each gamete, the frequency is half.)
Homozygotes are people having the genotypes AA and aa (i.e., they have two copies of the same allele).
People who have the genotype Aa are heterozygotes (i.e., they have two different alleles at the A locus).
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1 how did there get to be such a wide variety of life
2 what does the statement extinction and speciation are both part of evolution
3 why do scientists who study evolution think of 20 milllion years as a short time
100 points if you answer!!!
see ya <3
The modern definition of evolution in biology often refers to changes in the proportions of biological kinds through time in a population.
What is Evolution?This entry's main objective is to provide a general summary of current evolution-related topics with connections to entries with more in-depth discussion because the subject of evolution is too vast to be covered in detail in one post.
An overview of evolution definitions is given at the start of the article, which is followed by a discussion of the many modes of evolution and associated philosophical questions.
There are more specific definitions of evolution in the literature, some of which do not suit this basic description; the one provided at the beginning of this section is quite general.
Even though Charles Darwin's writings (see the section on Darwinism) are typically the starting point for modern understandings of evolution, it's significant to note that in the first edition of On the Origin of Species, he refers to "descent with modification" rather than evolution.
Therefore, The modern definition of evolution in biology often refers to changes in the proportions of biological kinds through time in a population.
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what is the term for the concept that two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche simultaneously and continuously?
The term for the concept that two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche simultaneously and continuously is called the competitive exclusion principle.
When there are two species that have exactly the same functions and positions in an ecological niche, then this means that these species cannot co-exist in that ecosystem. Such a competition between two species is referred to as the competitive exclusion principle.
According to the competitive exclusion principle, the two species have the same position in the ecological niche which means that they will fight for the same resources and space. Hence, it is not possible for these two species to survive together in an ecological niche.
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Movement of water molecules along their concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane is known as
A
Plasmolysis
B
Osmosis
C
Hydrophosis
D
Diffusion
Answer:
B. Osmosis
is the answer